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ASTM E1546-00e1

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards

Standard Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the development of fire-hazard-assessment standards.
1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standards that will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmful to people, animals, or property.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jul-2003
ICS
13.220.01 - Protection against fire in general
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.33 - Fire Safety Engineering
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1546-00 - Standard Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Replaced By
ASTM E1546-07 - Standard Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards
Effective Date
01-Jul-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1776-22 - Standard Guide for Development of Fire-Risk-Assessment Standards
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM E176-21ae1 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM E162-22 - Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D3675-22 - Standard Test Method for Surface Flammability of Flexible Cellular Materials Using a Radiant Heat Energy Source
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM E2900-19 - Standard Practice for Spacecraft Hardware Thermal Vacuum Bakeout
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM D5425-23 - Standard Guide for Development of Fire Hazard Assessment Standards of Electrotechnical Products
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM E2061-23 - Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation Vehicles
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM E2280-21 - Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care Facilities
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003
Referred By
ASTM F1870-22 - Standard Guide for Selection of Fire Test Methods for the Assessment of Upholstered Furnishings in Detention and Correctional Facilities
Effective Date
10-Jul-2003

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ASTM E1546-00e1 - Standard Guide for Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
e1
Designation:E1546–00
Standard Guide for
1
Development of Fire-Hazard-Assessment Standards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1546; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE—A safety hazards caveat and “no quantitative measurements” statement were added to the Scope in October 2004.
1. Scope dards are expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects,
specification writers, and authorities having jurisdiction.
1.1 This guide covers the development of fire-hazard-
4.2 As a guide, this document provides information on an
assessment standards.
approach to the development of a fire hazard standard; fixed
1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standards
procedures are not established. Limitations of data, available
that will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmful
tests and models, and scientific knowledge may constitute
to people, animals, or property.
significantconstraintsonthefire-hazard-assessmentprocedure.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.3 While the focus of this guide is on developing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
firehazard-assessment standards for products, the general con-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cepts presented also may apply to processes, activities, occu-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
pancies, and buildings.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative
5. Key Elements
measures.
5.1 This guide uses as its key elements the following:
2. Referenced Documents 5.1.1 The purpose of a fire-hazard-assessment standard is to
2
provide a standardized procedure for assembling a compilation
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of information relevant to the fire hazard of a product under
E 176 Terminology of Fire Standards
specific conditions of use.
E 603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
5.1.2 The information assembled should be relevant to the
2.2 Other ASTM Document:
3 purpose of assessing the fire hazard of the specific designated
Form and Style for ASTM Standards
product within the range of designated fire scenarios.
2.3 National Fire Protection Association:
4 5.1.3 The information assembled should be explicit and
NFPA 901 Uniform Coding for Fire Protection
quantitative and should provide a sufficiently thorough exami-
3. Terminology nation of the product’s fire hazard under the conditions defined
by the scope of the specific standard, so as to permit valid
3.1 Definitions—See Terminology E 176. Terms used for
choices and decisions with respect to the fire hazard of that
developing this standard are shown in Appendix X1. When
product.
revisions are finalized inTerminology E 176, the revised terms
5.1.4 A persuasive scientific case must be made in the
will be included in this guide.
documentation of a specific fire-hazard-assessment standard
4. Significance and Use
that the procedures, data, and hazard measures specified by the
standard will address questions about a product’s fire hazard
4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the
with sufficient accuracy and validity that a more thorough
development of fire-hazard-assessment standards. Such stan-
assessment procedure would not materially alter any decisions
thatmightbemadebasedonthestandard.Ifsuchacasecannot
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE05onFireStandards
be made for all products to be addressed, then the hazard
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.33 on Fire Safety Engineering.
assessment should specify those conditions under which a
Current edition approved July 10, 2000. Published September 2000. Originally
published as E 1546 – 93. Last previous edition E 1546 – 99.
more thorough fire-hazard-assessment procedure should be
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
used.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1.5 The absence of a data source, test method, or calcu-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. lation procedure of sufficient scope and proven validity to
3
Available from the ASTM International website, www.astm.org.
support the needs of a particular fire-hazard-assessment proce-
4
Available from NFPA, 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, MA
dure may not be a sufficient reason to use a data source, test
02269-9101.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United Sta
...

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4.1 This standard is to be used by those concerned with the development of fire-test-response standards.  
4.2 The resultant fire-test-response standards are intended to be useful in one or more of the following areas, among others: product development, quality control, product comparisons, screening, information to be used as part of a fire hazard or a fire risk assessment, and regulatory purposes.  
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5.1 The process of model evaluation is critical to establishing both the acceptable uses and limitations of fire models. It is not possible to evaluate a model in total; instead, this guide is intended to provide a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities for a specific use. Validation for one application or scenario does not imply validation for different scenarios. Several alternatives are provided for performing the evaluation process including: comparison of predictions against standard fire tests, full-scale fire experiments, field experience, published literature, or previously evaluated models.  
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5.3 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with other guides under development by Committee E05. It is intended for use by:  
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1.1 This guide provides a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities of a fire model for a specific use. The intent is to cover the whole range of deterministic numerical models which might be used in evaluating the effects of fires in and on structures.  
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ASTM E2653-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine Precision Estimates for a Test Method with Fewer Than Six Participating Laboratories

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 ASTM regulations require precision statements in all test methods in terms of repeatability and reproducibility. This practice is used when the number of participating laboratories or materials being tested, or both, in a precision study is less than the number specified by Practice E691. When possible, it is strongly recommended that a full Practice E691 standard protocol be followed to determine test method precision. Precision results produced by the procedures presented in this standard will not have the same degree of accuracy as results generated by a full Practice E691 protocol. This procedure will allow for the development of useful precision results when a full complement of laboratories is not available for interlaboratory testing.  
5.2 This practice is based on recommendations for interlaboratory studies and data analysis presented in Practice E691. This practice does not concern itself with the development of test methods but with a standard means for gathering information and treating the data needed for developing a precision statement for a test method when a complete Practice E691 interlaboratory study and data analysis are not possible.
SCOPE
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5.1 These test methods are intended to provide a basis for evaluating the time period during which a beam, girder, column, or similar structural assembly, or a nonbearing wall, will continue to perform its intended function when subjected to a controlled, standardized fire exposure.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use by those undertaking the development of fire-hazard-assessment standards. Such standards are expected to be useful to manufacturers, architects, specification writers, and authorities having jurisdiction.  
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1.2 This guide is directed toward development of standards that will provide procedures for assessing fire hazards harmful to people, animals, or property.  
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1.4 Both fire-hazard assessment and fire-risk assessment provide information that can be used to address a larger group of fire scenarios. Fire-hazard assessment provides information on the maximum potential for harm that can be caused by the fire scenarios that are analyzed or by any less severe fire scenarios. Fire-risk assessment uses information on the relative likelihood of the fire scenarios that are analyzed and the additional fire scenarios that each analyzed scenario represents. In these two ways, fire-hazard assessment and fire-risk assessment allow the user to support certain statements about the potential for harm caused by something when it is involved in fire, generally.  
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Standard Guide for Measurement of Gases Present or Generated During Fires

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Because of the loss of life in fires from inhalation of fire gases, much attention has been focused on the analyses of these species. Analysis has involved several new or modified methods, since common analytical techniques have often proven to be inappropriate for the combinations of various gases and low concentrations existing in fire gas mixtures.  
4.2 In the measurement of fire gases, it is imperative to use procedures that are both reliable and appropriate to the unique atmosphere of a given fire environment. To maximize the reliability of test results, it is essential to establish the following:  
4.2.1 That gaseous samples are representative of the compositions existing at the point of sampling,  
4.2.2 That transfer and pretreatment of samples occur without loss, or with known efficiency, and  
4.2.3 That data provided by the analytical instruments are accurate for the compositions and concentrations at the point of sampling.  
4.3 This document includes a comprehensive survey that will permit an individual, technically skilled and practiced in the study of analytical chemistry, to select a suitable technique from among the alternatives. It will not provide enough information for the setup and use of a procedure (this information is available in the references).  
4.4 Data generated by the use of techniques cited in this document should not be used to rank materials for regulatory purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 Analytical methods for the measurement of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen halides, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, and hydrocarbons are described, along with sampling considerations. Many of these gases may be present in any fire environment. Several analytical techniques are described for each gaseous species, together with advantages and disadvantages of each. The test environment, sampling constraints, analytical range, and accuracy often dictate use of one analytical method over another.  
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1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assembles to heat and flame under controlled conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
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Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended primarily for users and developers of mathematical fire growth models. It is also useful for people conducting fire tests, making them aware of some important applications and uses for small-scale fire test results. The guide thus contributes to increased accuracy in fire growth model calculations, which depend greatly on the quality of the input data.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes data required as input for mathematical fire growth models.  
1.2 Guidelines are presented on how the data can be obtained.  
1.3 The emphasis in this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
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ASTM E535-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard is to be used by those concerned with the development of fire-test-response standards.  
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4.4 This practice is not intended to provide guidance for the preparation of fire hazard assessment standards or fire risk assessment standards.  
4.5 This practice is not intended to provide guidance for the preparation of standards not related to fire-test responses of materials, products or assemblies.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a supplement to Form and Style for ASTM Standards,2 which shall be consulted in writing all ASTM standards.  
1.2 This practice contains, directly or by reference, all of the information required to comply with the policy on fire standards and the additional guidelines recommended by Committee E05.  
1.3 This practice, intended to assist ASTM Committees, establishes guidelines and criteria for the preparation of fire-test-response standards (that is, standards for response to heat or flame under prescribed conditions).  
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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ASTM
ASTM E1355-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The process of model evaluation is critical to establishing both the acceptable uses and limitations of fire models. It is not possible to evaluate a model in total; instead, this guide is intended to provide a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities for a specific use. Validation for one application or scenario does not imply validation for different scenarios. Several alternatives are provided for performing the evaluation process including: comparison of predictions against standard fire tests, full-scale fire experiments, field experience, published literature, or previously evaluated models.  
5.2 The use of fire models currently extends beyond the fire research laboratory and into the engineering, fire service and legal communities. Sufficient evaluation of fire models is necessary to ensure that those using the models can judge the adequacy of the scientific and technical basis for the models, select models appropriate for a desired use, and understand the level of confidence which can be placed on the results predicted by the models. Adequate evaluation will help prevent the unintentional misuse of fire models.  
5.3 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with other guides under development by Committee E05. It is intended for use by:  
5.3.1 Model Developers—To document the usefulness of a particular calculation method perhaps for specific applications. Part of model development includes identification of precision and limits of applicability, and independent testing.  
5.3.2 Model Users—To assure themselves that they are using an appropriate model for an application and that it provides adequate accuracy.  
5.3.3 Developers of Model Performance Codes—To be sure that they are incorporating valid calculation procedures into codes.  
5.3.4 Approving Officials—To ensure that the results of calculations using mathematical models stating conformance to this guide, cited in a submission, show clearly that the model is used withi...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities of a fire model for a specific use. The intent is to cover the whole range of deterministic numerical models which might be used in evaluating the effects of fires in and on structures.  
1.2 The methodology is presented in terms of four areas of evaluation:  
1.2.1 Defining the model and scenarios for which the evaluation is to be conducted,  
1.2.2 Verifying the appropriateness of the theoretical basis and assumptions used in the model,  
1.2.3 Verifying the mathematical and numerical robustness of the model, and  
1.2.4 Quantifying the uncertainty and accuracy of the model results in predicting of the course of events in similar fire scenarios.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Guide
    10 pages
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