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ASTM D7140/D7140M-22

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method to Measure Heat Transfer Through Textile Thermal Barrier Materials

Standard Test Method to Measure Heat Transfer Through Textile Thermal Barrier Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures the level of heat transfer through the thermal barrier textile material within a specific period of time.  
5.2 This test method is used to evaluate thermal barriers and determine if they are able to withstand impingement by an open flame.  
5.2.1 This test method is used to evaluate heat transfer when thermal barrier textile materials are used in conjunction with materials that demonstrate any of the following behaviors when exposed to high heat:  
break open
charring
dripping
embrittlement  
ignition
melting
shrinkage  
5.3 This test method cannot be used in place of the full scale test method U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) 16 CFR 1633.
Note 1: This test method is intended to be used to evaluate thermal barrier textile material, used as the thermal barrier component for mattresses that are tested to comply with 16 CFR 1633. Data obtained by using this method is intended to provide information as to whether it would be helpful to proceed with the full scale testing.  
5.3.1 This test method can be used as part of a supplier quality assurance program.  
5.4 This test method is not intended to be used in evaluating heat transfer of thermal barrier textile materials used in protective clothing.  
5.5 This test method is not recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, since information on interlaboratory precision is incomplete. In some cases the purchaser and the supplier shall agree to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials and establish their own interlaboratory precision and bias, and also agree on acceptability limits.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of heat transfer of textile materials which are used as thermal barriers when exposed to a calibrated convective and radiant energy heat source for 60 s.  
1.1.1 This standard is used to determine if the heat transfer is sufficient to ignite flammable materials which are contiguous to the textile thermal barriers.  
1.2 This standard is used as a means to differentiate textile materials.  
1.3 This test method is not intended to measure the insulation properties of materials used in protective clothing.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Jul-2022
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.52 - Flammability
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7140/D7140M − 22
Standard Test Method to
Measure Heat Transfer Through Textile Thermal Barrier
1
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7140/D7140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of heat transfer
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
of textile materials which are used as thermal barriers when
D4391 Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of
exposed to a calibrated convective and radiant energy heat
Textiles
source for 60 s.
1.1.1 This standard is used to determine if the heat transfer
2.2 Other Standards:
is sufficient to ignite flammable materials which are contiguous
Code of Federal Regulations – Title 16 – Consumer Product
to the textile thermal barriers.
Safety Commission Part 1633, Standard for the Flamma-
3
bility of Mattress Sets
1.2 This standard is used as a means to differentiate textile
materials.
3. Terminology
1.3 This test method is not intended to measure the insula-
3.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: break
tion properties of materials used in protective clothing.
open, charring, dripping, embrittlement, exposure energy to
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
thermal end point, heat flux, ignition, melting, shrinkage.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1.1 For all terminology relating to D13.52, Flammability,
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
refer to Terminology D4391.
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
3.2 For all terminology related to Textiles see Terminology
used independently of the other, and values from the two
D123.
systems shall not be combined.
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the
4. Summary of Test Method
responseofmaterials,products,orassembliestoheatandflame
4.1 A textile thermal barrier that is used to prevent transfer
under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate
of heat to flammable materials which are contiguous to this
all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the
barrier are exposed to a controlled radiant and convective heat
materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
source for 60 s.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.2 The heat transfer is measured using a data collection
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
system.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health and environmental practices and deter-
4.3 Performance of thermal barrier textile material is deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. mined by the amount of heat transferred through the specimen.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- 5. Significance and Use
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5.1 This test method measures the level of heat transfer
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
through the thermal barrier textile material within a specific
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
period of time.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.52 on Flammability. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2022. Published August 2022. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D7140 – 13(2017). Available from U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), 4330 East
DOI: 10.1520/D7140_D7140M-22. West Hwy., Bethesda, MD 20814, http://www.cpsc.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7140/D7140M − 22
5.2 This test method is used to evaluate thermal barriers and 6.2 Liquid propane or natural gas with appropriate reducer
determine if they are able to withstand impingement by an and valving arrangement.
open flame.
6.3 A gas rotomete
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7140/D7140M − 13 (Reapproved 2017) D7140/D7140M − 22
Standard Test Method to
Measure Heat Transfer Through Textile Thermal Barrier
1
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7140/D7140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of heat transfer of textile materials which are used as thermal barriers when exposed
to a calibrated convective and radiant energy heat source for 60 s.
1.1.1 This standard is used to determine if the heat transfer is sufficient to ignite flammable materials which are contiguous to the
textile thermal barriers.
1.2 This standard is used as a means to differentiate textile materials.
1.3 This test method is not intended to measure the insulation properties of materials used in protective clothing.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used
independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,
products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D4391 Terminology Relating to The Burning Behavior of Textiles
1
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.52 on Flammability.
Current edition approved July 15, 2017Aug. 1, 2022. Published August 2017August 2022. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 20132017 as
D7140 – 13.D7140 – 13(2017). DOI: 10.1520/D7140_D7140M-13R17.10.1520/D7140_D7140M-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7140/D7140M − 22
2.2 Other Standards:
State of California, Technical Bulletin 603 Requirements and Test Procedures for Resistance of a Mattress/Boxspring Set to a
3
Large Open Flame, January, 2004
Code of Federal Regulations – Title 16 – Consumer Product Safety Commission Part 1633, Standard for the Flammability of
3
Mattress Sets
3. Terminology
3.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: break open, charring, dripping, embrittlement, exposure energy to thermal
end point, heat flux, ignition, melting, shrinkage.
3.1.1 For all terminology relating to D13.52, Flammability, refer to Terminology D4391.
3.2 For all terminology related to Textiles see Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A textile thermal barrier that is used to prevent transfer of heat to flammable materials which are contiguous to this barrier
are exposed to a controlled radiant and convective heat source for 60 s.
4.2 The heat transfer is measured using a data collection system.
4.3 Performance of thermal barrier textile material is determined by the amount of heat transferred through the specimen.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method measures the level of heat transfer through the thermal barrier textile material within a specific
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics for resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because the between-laboratory precision is poor. In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available test method, even though the test method is not recommended for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples should be used that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors which may include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, fabric finishing treatments and refurbishing method. Testing before refurbishing may be adviseable. The pilling resistance of a specific fabric in actual wear varies more with general conditions of use and individual wearers than in replicate fabric specimens subjected to controlled laboratory tests. This experience should be borne in mind when adopting levels of acceptability for any series of standards.  
5.3 Pills vary appreciably in size and appearance and de...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the propensity of a fabric to form pills and other related surface changes on textiles using the random tumble pilling tester. The procedure is generally applicable to all types of woven and knitted apparel fabrics.  
Note 1: For other test methods for the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3514/D3514M, and D4970/D4970M.  
1.2 Some fabrics that have been treated with a silicone resin may not be satisfactorily tested by this procedure because the silicone resin may transfer onto the cork liners in the test chamber and cause erroneous results.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4157-13(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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