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ASTM D5684-06

(Terminology)

Standard Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings

Standard Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of all terminology developed by Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile Floor Covering.
1.2 This terminology is unique to the pile floor covering industry. Meanings if the same terms used outside the industry can be found in other compilations or in other dictionaries of general usage.
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D 5684 is also useful for managing the Terminology of the Subcommittee.
1.4 Terms listed under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D13.21.
1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see Terminology D 123.
1.6 This terminology is a compilation of all terminology developed by Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile Floor Covering.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2006
ICS
97.150 - Floor coverings
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.21 - Pile Floor Coverings
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5684-04a - Standard Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Replaced By
ASTM D5684-07 - Standard Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings
Effective Date
01-Mar-2007
Referred By
ASTM D5848-20 - Standard Test Method for Mass Per Unit Area of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6283-21 - Standard Test Method for Tuft Element Length of Uncoated Pile Yarn Floor Coverings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM D2646-18 - Standard Guide for Backing Fabric Characteristics of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM D5823-19 - Standard Test Method for Tuft Height of Pile Floor Coverings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7983-17(2022) - Standard Test Method for Shrinkage of Carpet Backing Fabrics
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7267-19a - Standard Test Method for Edge Ravel Resistance of Finished Loop Pile, Pile Yarn Floor Covering
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM D5793-18(2022) - Standard Test Method for Binding Sites per Unit Length or Width of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM D123-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7241-22 - Standard Test Method for Pile Thickness of Finished Multilevel Pile Yarn Floor Covering
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM D6859-18 - Standard Test Method for Pile Thickness of Finished Level Pile Yarn Floor Coverings
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM D5417-21 - Standard Practice for Operation of the Vettermann Drum Tester
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM F3383-19a - Standard Test Method for Filament Bind of Single Fibers in Synthetic Turf
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM D2859-16(2021) - Standard Test Method for Ignition Characteristics of Finished Textile Floor Covering Materials
Effective Date
01-Jun-2006

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ASTM D5684-06 - Standard Terminology Relating to Pile Floor Coverings
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5684–06
Standard Terminology
1
Relating to Pile Floor Coverings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5684; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 5823 Test Method for Tuft Height of Pile Floor Cover-
ings
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of all terminology
D 5848 Test Method for Mass Per Unit Area of Pile Yarn
developed by Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile Floor Covering.
Floor Coverings
1.2 This terminology is unique to the pile floor covering
D6119 Practice for Creating Surface Appearance Changes
industry. Meanings if the same terms used outside the industry
in Pile Yarn Floor Covering from Foot Traffic
can be found in other compilations or in other dictionaries of
D 6283 Test Method for Tuft Element Length of Uncoated
general usage.
Pile Yarn Floor Coverings
1.3 In addition to being a specialized dictionary, D 5684 is
D 6540 Test Method for Accelerated Soiling of Pile Yarn
also useful for managing the Terminology of the Subcommit-
Floor Covering
tee.
D 6719 Guide for Test Methods and Practices for Evaluat-
1.4 Terms listed under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee
ing Pile Yarn Floor Covering
D13.21.
D 6859 Test Method for Pile Thickness of Finished Level
1.5 For definitions of other textile terms see Terminology
Pile Yarn Floor Coverings
D 123.
D 6962 Practice for Operation of a Roller Chair Tester for
1.6 This terminology is a compilation of all terminology
Pile Yarn Floor Coverings
developed by Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile Floor Covering.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.1 Definitions:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
attached cushion, n— for pile yarn floor covering, a material,
D 1335 Test Method for Tuft Bind of Pile Yarn Floor
bonded to the backing fabric side of a pile yarn floor
Coverings
covering to provide additional dimensional stability, thick-
D 2646 Test Methods for Backing Fabric Characteristics of
ness, and padding.
Pile Yarn Floor Coverings
DISCUSSION—Suchproductsasfoam,rubber,andurethaneareusedas
D 3936 Test Method for Resistance to Delamination of the
attached cushion. (D 3936)
Secondary Backing of Pile Yarn Floor Covering
D 5251 Practice for the Operation of the Tetrapod Walker
back coating, n— in textile floor covering, an adhesive
Drum Tester
compoundappliedforsuchpurposeaslockingpileyarntufts
D 5252 Practice for the Operation of the Hexapod Tumble
into a carpet backing, bonding a secondary backing to a
Drum Tester
primary backing, increasing fabric body or stiffness and
D 5417 Practice for Operation of the Vettermann Drum
increasing dimensional stability. (D 5793,D 5848)
Tester
backing , n— in pile yarn floor covering, all materials in a pile
D 5793 Test Method for Binding Sites per Unit Length or
floor covering other than the pile yarn. (D 5793,D 5848,
Width of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings
D 6719)
backing fabric, n— in textiles, a fabric into which a pile yarn
is inserted; or a reinforcing layer which is adhered to the
1
ThisterminologyisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles
reverse side of a fabric.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.21 on Pile Floor Coverings.
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2006.PublishedJuly2006.Originallyapproved
DISCUSSION—In woven and knitted pile yarn floor coverings the
in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D 5684 – 04a
backing fabric is created at the same time the pile yarn is bound to the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
backing fabric, but, in tufted pile yarn floor coverings, the backing
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnual Book of ASTM
fabric is made prior to the operation in which the pile yarn is fastened
Standardsvolume information, refer tot he standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. to the backing fabric. (D 2646,D 5793,D 5848, D 6719 )
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5684–06
binding site, n— for pile yarn floor covering, a point at which (D 1335,D 2646, D 3936, D 5251, D 5252,D 5417,
the pile yarn is, or can be, bound to the backing fabric. D 5793,D 5823, D 5848, D 6119, D 6283, D 6540, D 6719,
D 6859, D 6962)
DISCUSSION—In any machine-made pile yarn floor covering, the
floor covering, n— an essentially planar material, having a
binding sites occur in an orderly and repetitive array at uniform
relatively small thickness in comparison to its length or
intervals both in the lengthwise and widthwise directions of t
...

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ASTM D7330-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Assessment of Surface Appearance Change in Pile Floor Coverings Using Standard Reference Scales

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of surface appearance change in pile yarn floor covering is useful in quality and cost control during manufacture of pile yarn floor covering. This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between laboratory precision are acceptable, and this test method is commonly used in trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such comparative tests that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved shall be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
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1.1 This test method covers the assessment of changes of surface appearance of pile floor coverings after exposure to actual or simulated foot traffic. This test method applies to pile yarn floor coverings that are, or have been, installed; laboratory floor-trafficked samples; or textiles floor coverings trafficked by mechanical traffic simulators. The subjective assessment is facilitated by use of reference scales that are based on digital images of representative pile yarn floor covering styles and constructions.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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ASTM D5793-18(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Binding Sites per Unit Length or Width of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful in quality and cost control during manufacture. Both appearance and performance of pile yarn floor coverings can be affected by the number of binding sites per length and width.  
5.2 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is statistical bias between them using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use test samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn form the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in the disparate results during initial testing, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the know bias.
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1.1 This test method describes the measurement of the number of binding sites per unit length or width of machine-made, woven, knitted, and tufted pile yarn floor covering both before and after adhesive backing application.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7241-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pile Thickness of Finished Multilevel Pile Yarn Floor Covering

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of pile thickness of multilevel pile yarn floor covering is useful in quality and cost control during manufacture of pile yarn floor covering. The appearance and performance may be affected by changes in pile thickness of pile yarn floor coverings. This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between laboratory precision are acceptable, and this test method is commonly used in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such comparative tests that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of pile thickness of finished multilevel pile yarn floor covering using a thickness measuring instrument having a stationary surface (platen), a circular pressure foot under specified force, and capable of being moved vertically above the platen.  
1.2 This test method is applicable only to finished multilevel loop pile constructions.
Note 1: Determination of pile thickness of multilevel pile yarn floor coverings was previously contained within Test Method D418. For user convenience, Subcommittee D13.21 subdivided Test Method D418 into separate standards of which this test method is one.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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ASTM D7983-17(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shrinkage of Carpet Backing Fabrics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be useful in characterizing and comparing shrinkage properties of both primary and secondary backing fabrics. This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and this test method is commonly used in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is statistical bias between them using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use test samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in the disparate results during initial testing, and that are randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the laboratories should be compared using statistical test for unpaired data at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
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1.1 This test method covers the procedure for evaluating shrinkage, in both wet and dry conditions, of woven, knitted and nonwoven backing fabrics designed for use in the manufacture of pile yarn floor coverings. Determination of carpet backing shrinkage was previously contained within Test Methods D2646. For consistency, Subcommittee D13.21 extracted this portion and created a separate test method.  
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1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D6540-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Accelerated Soiling of Pile Yarn Floor Covering

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to soil test specimens in the absence of abrasive wear and texture changes under controlled conditions using a standard synthetic soil, or as a preliminary step to other procedures.  
5.2 This test method will provide a uniformly soiled test specimen to evaluate, is reproducible (see section 11), and is economical for Testing Laboratories.  
5.3 This test method has been found to give results similar to the actual floor service soiling, but its use is recommended only as a screening test method and not as a replacement for floor testing.  
5.4 The acceptance criteria of this test method shall be set by mutual agreement between the purchaser and supplier.
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1.1 This test method describes the equipment, and the test method for assessing the propensity of pile yarn floor coverings to soiling in the absence of abrasive wear and texture changes, using a standard synthetic soil composition.  
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ASTM D6719-22e1(Guide)
Standard Guide for Standard Test Methods and Practices for Evaluating Pile Yarn Floor Covering

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is useful to select test methods or practices, or both, that are commonly used in industry for evaluating pile yarn floor covering. Refer to the test method or practice cited for the property of interest for significance and use statements.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides users with an index of procedures in the form of test methods, practices, and related documents that are currently used in industry for determination of properties of pile yarn floor covering. This guide is not considered as all-inclusive for testing procedures related to pile yarn floor covering.  
1.1.1 It is the responsibility of the user to choose from this guide those procedures that provide test information on properties of interest for pile yarn floor covering that relate to its physical and esthetic properties and performance.  
1.1.2 Procedures for properties appear in the following sections:    
Property  
Section  
Surface Appearance Change  
8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.31, and 8.35  
Antimicrobial  
8.5  
Binding Sites  
8.6  
Backing Characteristics  
8.7  
Colorfastness to Light, Crocking,
Ozone, Water, and Oxides
of Nitrogen  
8.8 – 8.12  
Carpets, Cleaning  
8.13 and 8.14  
Conditioning  
7  
Delamination Resistance  
8.15  
Fiber Analysis  
8.16  
Flammability  
8.17 – 8.20  
Pile Thickness  
8.21  
Mass per Unit Area  
8.22  
Soiling  
8.23 – 8.25  
Stain Resistance  
8.26  
Static  
8.27  
Tuft Bind  
8.28  
Tuft Height  
8.29  
Tuft Element Length  
8.30  
Durability  
8.32  
Edge Ravel  
8.33  
Dimensional Stability  
8.34  
Fluorine Content  
8.36  
Colorfastness to Sodium  
8.37  
Installation of Commercial Carpet  
8.38  
Installation of Residential Carpet  
8.39  
Maintenance and Cleaning
of Commercial Carpet  
8.40  
Maintenance and Cleaning
of Residential Carpet  
8.41  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are non-rationalized mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1 Some of the listed procedures may cite other units as standard. In this event, language of the procedure is controlling.  
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ASTM D7570-17(2021)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Dimensional Stability of Pile Yarn Floor Covering

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of dimensional change of pile yarn floor covering is useful in quality and cost control during manufacture of pile yarn floor covering. The appearance and performance may be affected by the changes in the dimensions of pile yarn floor covering. This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipment because current estimates of between laboratory precision are acceptable, and this method is commonly used in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of dimensional changes in the lengthwise and width-wise direction and distortion likely to occur when pile floor coverings are exposed to various conditions of moisture and heat. This method is applicable to all pile floor coverings including carpet module form.  
1.2 This method is applicable to machine made pile yarn floor covering.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversion to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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ASTM D5417-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Operation of the Vettermann Drum Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This equipment may be used to bring about the changes in texture on the surface of pile floor covering caused by mechanical action.  
5.2 The acceptance criteria of this practice shall be set by mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the equipment and operation of the Vettermann drum tester for testing pile yarn floor covering to produce changes in appearance and color due to changes in surface structure by mechanical action.  
1.2 This practice is only applicable for use in testing unused pile floor covering of all types. It is not applicable for use in testing used pile yarn floor coverings.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1335-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tuft Bind of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1335 for tuft bind of pile yarn floor coverings is being used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results using this test method, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended from the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test samples that are homogeneous as possible and are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test samples should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis, and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.2 The satisfactory performance of a pile yarn floor covering depends to a considerable extent on the maintenance of its original appearance. In a cut pile yarn floor covering an inadequate tuft bind may result in complete loss of pile in areas exposed to severe wear. In a looped pile yarn floor covering with inadequate tuft bind the pile loops may be pulled out to form unsightly long loops which may be hazardous.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of force required to pull or break a tuft from a pile floor covering sample.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to both cut and loop pile yarn floor covering.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D3936-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Resistance to Delamination of the Secondary Backing of Pile Yarn Floor Covering

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2 may be advisable.  
5.2 In a case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test samples that are as homogenous as possible and are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test samples then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.3 This test method is useful to evaluate quality and cost control during the manufacture of pile yarn floor covering. Both appearance and performance of the pile floor covering can be affected by delamination of the secondary backing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resistance to delamination of the secondary backing applied to some pile yarn floor coverings.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to all backings including natural manufactured fibers or attached cushion.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off