ASTM D7143-17

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7143 − 17
Standard Practice for
Emission Cells for the Determination of Volatile Organic
Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7143; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This practice complements Guide D5116 and Practice D6670.
NOTE 2—Direct-reading instruments can also be applied for specific
1. Scope
objectives.
1.1 This practice is intended for determining volatile or-
NOTE 3—Some volatile inorganic compounds can, in principle, also be
ganiccompound(VOC)emissionsfrommaterialsandproducts
analyzed (for example, ammonia).
using emission cells. It can be applied in principle to most
1.6 An example of an emission cell is described in Appen-
construction materials and many products used indoors. Ob-
dix X2 of this practice.
jectives include:
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
1.1.1 To provide manufacturers, builders, and end users
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
withemissiondatausefulforevaluatingtheimpactofbuilding
standard.
products, new or old, on indoor air concentrations in a model
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
room.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1.2 To promote the development of products with lower
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
VOC emissions.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.2 This practice is for identifying emitted VOCs and for
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
determining the area specific emission rate of VOCs from
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
newly produced building products under defined climate con-
ditions. The method can also be applied to aged products.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 In accordance with the definition of an emission cell, it
2.1 ASTM Standards:
is also possible to perform nondestructive emission measure-
D1356Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
ments on building products on-site in buildings. However, the
Atmospheres
procedure for such measurements is not described in this
D1914PracticeforConversionUnitsandFactorsRelatingto
practice.
Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
1.4 This practice describes the design, construction, perfor-
D5116Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber De-
mance evaluation and use of emission cells for VOC emission
terminationsofOrganicEmissionsfromIndoorMaterials/
testing. Sampling, transport and storage of materials to be
Products
tested, and preparation of test specimens are also described.
D5197TestMethodforDeterminationofFormaldehydeand
OtherCarbonylCompoundsinAir(ActiveSamplerMeth-
1.5 Air sampling and analytical methods for the determina-
odology)
tion of VOCs are described in Practice D6196. Alternative
D5337Practice for Flow RateAdjustment of Personal Sam-
sampling and analytical approaches for formaldehyde and
pling Pumps
other carbonyls are described in Test Method D5197.
D6196Practice for Choosing Sorbents, Sampling Param-
NOTE1—Allvolatile(vapor-phase)carbonylsexceptformaldehydecan
be analyzed by either Practice D6196 or by Test Method D5197.
eters and Thermal Desorption Analytical Conditions for
Monitoring Volatile Organic Chemicals in Air
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD22onAirQuality
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved March 1, 2017. Published April 2017. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D7143–11 (2016). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI:10.1520/D7143-17. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7143 − 17
D6330Practice for Determination of Volatile Organic Com- EPA-600/4-89/017U.S. EPA Compendium of Methods for
pounds(ExcludingFormaldehyde)EmissionsfromWood- Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient
Based Panels Using Small Environmental Chambers Un- Air. This report contains U.S, EPA Method TO-17—
der Defined Test Conditions DeterminationofVolatileOrganicCompoundsinAmbient
D6670Practice for Full-Scale Chamber Determination of Air using Active Sampling onto Sorbent Tubes.
Volatile Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/ Nordtest NTBuild 438 (1995)Building Materials: Emission
Products of Volatile Chemicals—Field and Laboratory Emission
D7339Test Method for Determination of Volatile Organic Cell
CompoundsEmittedfromCarpetusingaSpecificSorbent
3. Terminology
Tube and Thermal Desorption / Gas Chromatography
3.1 Definitions—For definitions and terms commonly used
2.2 Others Standards and Documents:
inASTM standards, including this practice, refer to Terminol-
EN 196-1Methods of Testing Cement—Part 1: Determina-
ogy D1356. For definitions and terms commonly used when
tion of Strength
testing materials and products for VOC emissions, refer to
EN 428Resilient Floor Coverings—Determination of Over-
GuideD5116.Foranexplanationofgeneralunits,symbolsand
all Thickness
conversion factors, refer to Practice D1914.
EN 430Resilient Floor Coverings—Determination of Mass
per Unit Area
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
EN 927-1Paints and Varnishes—Coating Materials and
3.2.1 For the purposes of this practice, the following terms
Coating Systems for Exterior Wood
and definitions apply.
EN 1937Test Method for Hydraulic Setting Floor Smooth-
3.2.2 emission cell—a portable device for the determination
ing and/or Leveling Compounds—Standard Mixing Pro-
of volatile organic compounds emitted from indoor materials/
cedures
products.
EN 13892-1Methods of Test for Screed Materials—Part 2:
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The emission cell is placed against the
Sampling, Making, and Curing Specimens for Test
surface of the test specimen, such that the surface of the test
ISO 554Standard Atmospheres for Conditioning and/or
specimen itself becomes part of the emission cell. This is the
Testing
fundamental difference between emission cells and emission
ISO 1765 Machine-Made Textile Floor Coverings—
chambers. The air inlet of the emission cell is designed such
Determination of Thickness
that the flow of air is directed over the surface of the test
ISO 2811Paints and Varnishes—Determination of Density
specimen.
ISO 3233Paints and Varnishes—Determination of Percent-
3.2.2.2 Discussion—An example emission cell is described
age Volume of Non-Volatile Matter by Measuring the
in Appendix X2.
Density of a Dried Coating
ISO 3251Paints and Varnishes—Determination of Non-
4. Summary of Practice
Volatile Matter of Paints, Varnishes, and Binders for
4.1 Emission cells are suitable for relatively-homogeneous
Paints and Varnishes
indoormaterials/products,whichpresentaplanarsurfacetothe
ISO 8543Textile Floor Coverings—Methods for Determi-
emission cell.
nation of Mass
NOTE 4—Small emissions chambers are similarly limited with respect
ISO 16000-6Indoor Air—Part 6: Determination of Volatile
to sample inhomogeneity. To overcome this issue, with either emission
Organic Compounds in Indoor and Test Chamber Air by
cells or small emission chambers, multiple measurements should be made
Active Sampling on Tenax TA Sorbent, Thermal Desorp-
from different parts of the same sample in order to obtain an average
tion and Gas Chromatography Using MS/FID
emission measurement.
ISO 16000-9Indoor Air—Part 9: Determination of the
4.2 Indoor materials/products which have a planar surface
Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from Building
(wood-based panel products, dried paints or coatings, flooring
Products and Furnishing—Emission Test Chamber
products, textiles, foams, polymer sheeting, dried adhesive
Method
layers, and so forth) or which can be made to present a planar
ISO 16000-10Indoor Air—Part 10: Determination of the
surface to the emission cell (polymer beads, carpet, mold
Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from Building
cultures in Petri dishes, and so forth) are placed under the
Products and Furnishing—Emission Test Cell Method
emission cell such that the test specimen itself forms one face
ISO 16017-1 Indoor, Ambient and Workplace Air—
of the emission cell. Pure, humidified air is passed into the cell
SamplingandAnalysisofVolatileOrganicCompoundsby
through a baffle around the perimeter such that it passes over
Sorbent Tube/Thermal Desorption/Capillary Gas
the whole surface of the test specimen. The temperature and
Chromatography—Part 1: Pumped Sampling
humidity are closely controlled. As air passes over the test
specimen, vapor-phase organics emitted from the surface are
Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Avenue
Marnix 17, B-1000, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cen.eu. Available from National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Order No.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO PB90-116989, 5301 Shawnee Rd., Alexandria, VA 22312, http://www.ntis.gov.
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Available from Nordtest, Slettetoften 9, DK-2630 Taastrup, Denmark, http://
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org. www.nordtest.info.
D7143 − 17
swept away from the test specimen in the flow of air. The ated by chemical degradation of the indoor material/product
air/vapor exit (exhaust) point is usually located centrally, caused by specific atmospheric agents such as water, ozone or
immediatelyabovethetestspecimensurface,toavoidunswept NO ).
x
volumes and sink effects (see 7.6 and Appendix X2). The
6. Principles
exhaustairisfullymixedsuchthatairsampledattheexitpoint
6.1 General Principles:
is representative of the air in the cell. Approximately 80% of
6.1.1 Area specific emission rates at a given lapsed time (t)
the flow of air into the cell is pumped onto two sample tubes.
are calculated from the masses of target volatile organic
The excess air is allowed to exhaust through an overflow vent
compounds collected on the sample tubes, the flow of air
toensurethataslightpositivepressureismaintainedinsidethe
pumpedthrougheachsampletube,thetotalflowofairentering
cell to prevent ingress of background air.
the emission cell, the duration of the test and the exposed
4.3 Theairflowrateissetsuchthattheairvelocityoverthe
surface area of the test specimen.Area specific emission rates
surface of the test specimen has no effect on the area specific
atagivenlapsedtime(t)canalsobeexpressedasafunctionof
emission rate (see 6.4). The emission tests are carried out at
the emission cell air concentrations for eachVOC and the area
fixedtimesafterpreparationofthetestspecimen(forexample,
specific air flow rate, q.
after2hours,24hours,72hours,10days,28days,56days,or
6.1.2 Air velocity at the surface of the test specimen
182 days (26 weeks)). Throughout the entire test period, test
(AppendixX3andAppendixX4)isacriticalparameterforthe
pieces shall either be kept under the emission cell under the
analysis of wet-applied indoor materials/products during the
flow of pure, humidified air, or stored in a clean, well-
drying/curingstagewhenthedominantemissionmechanismis
ventilated environment, under controlled conditions of tem-
evaporation (external diffusion) (see 6.4).
perature and humidity, with no risk of contamination from
6.2 Using Emission Data to Estimate Contribution to Atmo-
other samples or other emission sources.
spheric VOC Concentration Indoors:
6.2.1 Providedtheareaspecificairflowrateoverthesurface
NOTE 5—The air flow rate at the surface of the test specimen is
particularly critical for wet indoor materials / products where the primary of the test specimen is similar to that found in the built
emission process is evaporation (external diffusion). In these cases, while
environment, and provided the surface of the indoor material/
it will remain possible to compare emission data from wet samples
product is sufficiently homogeneous to ensure that the area of
collected using similar emission cells under identical conditions, the
thetestspecimenexposedintheemissioncellisrepresentative
non-uniformity and relative slowness of the air velocity at the surface of
of the whole; area specific emission rates determined by these
thetestspecimen,willmakeitdifficulttocompareemissioncelldatawith
that obtained using an emission chamber (see Appendix X4). tests can be used to estimate the likely contribution to
NOTE 6—Similar limitations make it difficult to compare emission data atmospheric VOC concentrations from that indoor material/
from two different small chambers or from the same chamber under
product in real use, at time (t) after installation/application
different operating conditions, if that data is obtained during the drying/
(assuming similar nominal conditions of temperature and
curing stages of a wet product.
humidity).
4.4 ThesampletubesusedforcollectingVOCsareanalyzed
6.3 Intercomparison of Emission Data:
bythermaldesorption:gaschromatography(GC);usuallywith
6.3.1 Provided the test conditions are duplicated, area spe-
mass spectrometry (MS) and flame ionization detection (FID)
cific emission rate data generated from these tests may be used
to identify and quantify the target volatile organic compounds
for comparison with area specific emission rate data produced
as described in Practice D6196, ISO 16000-6 or ISO 16017-1.
for the same or similar products by other laboratories using
The measured masses of volatile organic compounds retained
similar emission cells.
bythesorbenttubesarethenusedtodeterminetheareaspecific
NOTE 7—The principles described in 6.2 and 6.3 are true for all
emission rates of the material or product.Alternative sampling
applicable product types, whatever the dominant process of emission.
and analytical techniques are used for formaldehyde (and for
6.4 Effect of the Emission Mechanism on Test Data and
other carbonyls) as described in Test Method D5197.
Comparison of Test Data:
6.4.1 Provided the dominant emission mechanism is (inter-
5. Significance and Use
nal) diffusion, not evaporation (external diffusion), area spe-
5.1 Indoormaterials/productsareproductsormaterialsused
cific emission rate data will be broadly independent of air
for construction works or in the indoor environment. The area
velocity over the surface of the indoor material/product. This
specific emission rates of volatile organic compounds from an will remain true provided the surface air velocity exceeds the
indoor material/product may be used to estimate the expected
minimum velocity required to prevent build up of vapor-phase
contribution of emissions from that material/product to the contaminants at the surface of the indoor material/product (see
atmosphere of a given indoor environment.
Appendix X4).
6.4.2 Provided the dominant emission mechanism from a
5.2 Emission data may also be used to compare and catego-
material/product is internal diffusion, it is possible to compare
rize different indoor materials/products of similar function.
area specific emission rates generated from emission cells
5.3 Emission cell testing of area specific emissions may under different air flow conditions or to compare area specific
alternatively be used for studying secondary interactions (for emission rate data generated by emission cells with that
example, sink effects (absorption and re-emission of volatile obtained using test chambers (Guide D5116 or ISO 16000-9)
organics by the indoor material/product) or emissions gener- (see Appendix X4).
D7143 − 17
NOTE 8—Evaporative emissions predominate during the drying/curing
nents: emission cell, clean air generation and humidification
stages of wet-applied products and are significantly affected by the
system and monitoring and control systems (to ensure that the
following factors: sample conditioning procedures; timing of the test;
test is carried out in accordance with specified conditions).
loading factor (and related vapor concentration within the cell); and air
Appropriate sample tubes are also required.
velocity over the test specimen surface. Comparative tests on wet-applied
products during the drying/curing stage should therefore be carried out
NOTE 13—Analysis of VOC or carbonyl samples collected from
using identical equipment, conditions and procedures and using an air
7 emissions cells can be carried out remotely.
velocity which approximates to that seen in real-world use (1-3). These
restrictions apply in principle to both cells and small chambers.
7.1.2 For rigid (non-compressible) materials/products with
NOTE 9—Emissions testing of wet-applied materials/products is typi-
asmoothplanarsurface,theemissiontestcellisplaceddirectly
cally carried out after the drying/curing stage, when internal diffusion-
onto the surface of the test specimen. Other compressible or
controlledemissionprocessespredominate.Thisismorerepresentativeof
real-world use. People or animals are unlikely to occupy a room or textured products shall be placed in specially constructed test
building until wet-applied coatings have dried or cured.
specimen holders (see 7.7).
6.5 Precautions for Inhomogeneous Materials:
7.2 Emission Cell Construction Materials:
6.5.1 If the indoor material/product under test is not homo-
7.2.1 The emission cell itself and all parts of the sampling
geneous (for example, natural wood), the test will have to be
system that come into contact with emitted VOCs (all tubing
repeated for multiple test specimens of the same material in
andcouplings)arenormallymadeofsurfacetreated(polished)
order to establish a mean area specific emission rate. This is
stainless steel or glass. However, in all cases the requirements
also true in principle for emissions testing using small cham-
specified in 7.3 and 7.5 shall be fulfilled.
bers.
7.2.2 The sealing material (gasket or o-ring) which links
6.6 Controlling Key Test Parameters:
together the emission cell and the test specimen (or test
6.6.1 In order to produce meaningful area specific emission
specimen holder) shall be low emitting and low absorbing and
rate data from emission cells or chambers (large or small), the
shall not contribute to the emission cell background concen-
following key parameters must meet minimum performance
tration. It shall be easy to remove and replace the o-ring or
criteria:
gasket to facilitate cleaning of the emission cell.
6.6.1.1 Background interferences (see 8.2).
7.3 Air Supply and Mixing Facilities:
6.6.1.2 Control of humidity and temperature (see 8.1).
6.6.1.3 Control of the air velocity at the surface of the test 7.3.1 The emission cell shall be supplied with pure and
specimen (see 7.3 and Appendix X3) and throughout the humidified air and have a device for controlling the air flow
ratewithanaccuracyof 63%.Theairvelocityintheemission
emissioncellsuchthattherearenounsweptvolumes(volumes
of still air) and ideally such that it closely matches that cell shall be distributed over the entire test specimen surface
(see Appendix X3). There should be no volumes of still air
expected under real use conditions. The latter is particularly
relevant during evaporative (external) diffusion. within the cell. Inlet air flow rates between 200 and 1400
mL/min are typical for the type of emission cell described in
NOTE 10—The relationship between air flow rate into the emission cell
Appendix X2 (see 8.3).
andairvelocityatthesurfaceofthetestspecimen,forthetypeofemission
cell described in Appendix X2, is discussed in Appendix X2 and
7.4 Air Leaks:
Appendix X3.
7.4.1 Theemissioncellshallbeoperatedaboveatmospheric
6.6.2 Examples are presented in Table X2.1. Typical inlet
pressure to avoid any influence from the laboratory atmo-
air flow rates are in the order of 200 to 1400 mL/min, for the
sphere. This is achieved by ensuring that the sum of the pump
type of emission cell described in Appendix X2 (see 8.3).
sampling flows is <90% (typically 75–80%) of the inlet flow
6.6.2.1 Thorough mixing of the air such that the concentra-
rate. The excess air shall exit through an exhaust vent.
tionatthesampling(exit/exhaust)pointisrepresentativeofthe
7.4.2 Theemissioncellisconsideredsufficientlyleak-freeif
air within the emission cell (see 7.3).
the inlet air flow differs from the sum of the outlet air flows
6.6.2.2 Air leaks (see 7.4).
(pump flow rates plus exhaust flow) by less than 10%. This
6.6.2.3 Recovery and sink effects (see 7.6 and Appendix
should be checked at the start of every recovery test (see 7.6),
X5).
background test (see 12.1) and emissions test (see 12.6).
7. Apparatus 7.4.3 Indoor materials/products that are permeable to air
NOTE 11—General specifications and requirements, which apply to all
shall be placed in air tight test specimen holders or sealed on
types of emission cells, are given in 7.1 to 7.7 below. An example
to air tight, inert base plates to avoid permeation through the
emission cell is described in Appendix X2.
back of the test specimen.
NOTE 12—Quality assurance/quality control activities shall be carried
out as described in Annex A1.
7.5 Air Sampling:
7.1 Introduction:
7.5.1 The air at the emission cell outlet shall be used for
7.1.1 A complete emission cell system, designed and oper-
sampling. Sampling of the outlet air (for example, with a
ated to determine area specific emission rates of VOCs from
sampling pump) is achieved by connecting sample tubes to the
building products, shall comprise the following key compo-
outlet couplings of the emission cell. The sum of sampling air
flows shall be less than 90% (typically 75–80%) of the inlet
air flow to the emission cell. The excess air shall exit through
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
this standard. an exhaust vent.
D7143 − 17
7.5.2 A multiport sampling manifold can provide the flex- 7.7 Test Specimen Holders:
ibility for duplicate air sampling. The sampling manifold shall
7.7.1 Test specimen holders shall be designed such that the
enter directly into the outlet air stream of the emission cell. If
weight of the emission cell is carried by the rim of the test
aductisused,itshallbeasshortaspossibleandmaintainedat
specimen holder, not the material itself. Test specimen holders
the same temperature as the emission cell.
shallhaveaflatrimwithdimensionssuchthattheemissioncell
o-ringorgasketsealseffectivelyontotherimoftheholder.The
NOTE 14—The exhaust from the emission cell should be ducted into a
internal dimensions of the holder shall match that of the
fume hood, ensuring that any chemicals emitted from the test specimen
are isolated from the laboratory environment. exposed area of the test specimen within the cell.The depth of
the test specimen holder shall be adjustable such that the test
7.6 Recovery and Sink Effects:
specimen surface can be raised or lowered to an appropriate
7.6.1 TherecoveryofatargetVOCcanbedeterminedusing
height so that the internal volume of the emission cell is
a VOC source of known specific emission rate in the emission
unaffected(relativetoitsvolumewhenplaceddirectlyontothe
cell. This test can be carried out, for example, using
surface of rigid products).
permeation, or diffusion-controlled, vials of pure liquidVOC ,
x
7.7.2 Preparation of test specimens for insertion into test
sunk into a polished steel or glass plate and placed centrally
specimenholders,insuchawayastominimizeedgeeffects,is
undertheemissioncell(seeAppendixX5).Theconcentrations
described in 10.4.
generated shall be of similar magnitude to those expected
during the emission tests of indoor materials/products.
NOTE 20—Typical test specimen holders for the type of emission cell
describedinAppendixX2comprisecylinderswithaninternaldiameterof
NOTE 15—If a compound more volatile than toluene is being tested for
15 cm and with adjustable depth. They also have a flat rim, >1-cm wide,
recovery, it may be necessary to cap the vial, for example with a ground
with an appropriate diameter to match that of the sealing o-ring of the
glass plug with a capillary hole through it, to reduce the rate of emission.
emission cell.
7.6.2 Recovery tests shall be performed in the emission cell
7.8 Equipment:
using at least toluene and n-dodecane (see Note 17). An
7.8.1 The apparatus necessary for carrying out tests with an
example polar compound such as ethylhexanol should also be
emission cell are listed below:
used if any of the target VOCs are polar. Emission cell air
7.8.1.1 Clean air supply (for example, pressurized purified
concentrations shall be determined several times during the
air or synthetic air in gas cylinders),
recovery test, typically 24–72 h after start of the test (see Note
7.8.1.2 Emission cell system,
19).Emissioncellairconcentrationsshallbedeterminedusing
theprocedureoutlinedin12.6andanaverageairconcentration 7.8.1.3 Humidification system,
established. At the end of the recovery test, the actual weight
7.8.1.4 Humidity and temperature monitoring systems,
loss of the permeation, or diffusion-controlled, emission
7.8.1.5 Capped,conditionedsampletubescontainingoneor
source, shall be measured and used to generate an expected
more sorbents. (Tenax TAsorbent is most commonly used and
average vapor concentration in the emission cell during the
is suitable for most compounds ranging in volatility from
recovery test. The experimentally determined mean emission
n-hexane to n-hexadecane. Further advice on sorbent selection
cell concentration of vapor must be at least 90% of that
(for example, for more or less volatile compounds) and on the
expected from the actual weight loss of the emission source.
preparation and use of sorbent tubes for thermal desorption is
7.6.3 Theresultsofthisrecoverytestshallbereportedinthe
given in Practice D6196, ISO 16017-1, ISO 16000-6, and US
test report as concentration expected versus concentration
EPA Method TO-17.) Each measurement typically requires
measured.
four or five identical sample tubes: one or two for collecting a
sample from the blank emission cell as a background check
NOTE 16—Dehumidified air should be present in the case of determi-
(see 12.1), two for air sample collection during the emissions
nation of the recovery of hygroscopic VOCs such that weight measure-
mentsarenotaffectedbythesorptionofwater.(Thismaynotbenecessary
test (see 12.5), and one to be used as a blank.
for permeation tubes, depending on the material of construction of the
permeation tube). NOTE21—Asuitableinternalstandard(forexampledeuteratedtoluene)
NOTE 17—Failure to meet the minimum recovery requirements can be can be added to blank tubes prior to air sample collection if desired.
theresultofleaks,poorcalibrationoftheanalyticalsystem,and,possibly, Recovery of the internal standard, determined during subsequent TD-
sink/wall effects, especially for polar high boilingVOCs. It is a test of the GC-MS analysis, can then be used as a check on the entire process of
performance of the whole procedure. Sink and adsorption characteristics sample tube storage, air sample collection and analysis (see A1.4).
are very much dependent on the type of compound emitted. Additional
7.8.1.6 Two sampling pumps capable of pumping flows of
recovery tests using target VOCs with different molecular weight and
80-500 mL/min through sorbent tubes and calibrated in accor-
polarity can be used to increase understanding of these effects.
NOTE 18—Emission cells as described in Appendix X2 have an exit
dancewithPracticeD5337.Constantflowtypepumps,offering
centrally located, immediately above the surface of the test specimen and
electronic mass flow control, are recommended.
have polished, inner walls formed into a shallow trumpet shape which
7.8.1.7 One or more calibrated air flow meters.
narrows towards the vapor exit. This reduces turbulence and helps
7.8.1.8 Suitable test specimen holders (if required, see 7.1).
eliminate volumes of still air thus minimizing risk of condensation and
sink effects
7.8.1.9 Facilities for recovery testing (see Appendix X5).
NOTE 19—Recovery tests can be carried out over shorter periods of
7.8.1.10 Either a cleaning agent for the emission cell or a
time (for example, 1–24 h) for more volatile analytes.
vacuum oven for heating and cleaning the emission cell.
NOTE 22—The apparatus listed here is for sampling general VOCs and
is described in more detail in Practice D6196. Alternative sampling
D7143 − 17
apparatus for formaldehyde and other carbonyls is described in Test
9. Verification of Test Conditions
Method D5197.
9.1 General:
9.1.1 All control measures shall be traceable to a certified
8. Test Conditions
standard in accordance with the quality assurance and quality
8.1 Temperature and Relative Humidity:
control schemes (see Annex A1).
8.1.1 Temperatureandrelativehumidityinsidetheemission
9.2 Temperature and Relative Humidity Control Systems:
cell shall be 23 62°C and 50 65% RH during the emission
9.2.1 Control of temperature can be made by placing the
test (see ISO 554) unless there is some specific alternative
emission cell within a location controlled to the required
testing requirement (for example, if the indoor material/
temperature.
product is used at elevated temperatures in real world
9.2.2 Control of relative humidity can be made by various
applications, or if it is only used in dry (for example, desert)
systems(forexample,usingintegratedhumidificationoftheair
environments).
supply).
9.2.3 Temperature and relative humidity shall be measured
8.2 Quality of SuppliedAir and Background Concentrations
independently of the systems for controlling the temperature
of VOCs:
and relative humidity.
8.2.1 Supplied air shall not contain any VOCs at levels
9.3 Test Conditions in the Emission Cell:
greater than the emission cell background requirements.
9.3.1 Temperature, relative humidity, and air flow rate shall
8.2.2 The sum of VOC (TVOC) (see Practice D6330)
be measured with the following accuracy:
background concentration shall be lower than 20 µg.m–3. The
9.3.1.1 Temperature 60.1°C,
background concentration of any single target VOC shall be
9.3.1.2 Relative humidity 63% RH, and
lower than 2 µg.m–3.
9.3.1.3 Air flow rate 63%.
8.2.3 EmissionstestsforspecifictargetVOCscanbecarried
9.3.2 The relative humidity shall be measured at the outlet
out at lower concentrations, but background levels of target
fromtheemissioncell.Thetemperaturesensorsshallbeplaced
compounds shall be shown to be below 10% of measured
either in the emission cell or in the air outlet.
emission cell concentrations in all cases.
9.4 Air Flow Rate and Air Velocity in the Emission Cell:
8.2.4 Water used for humidification shall not contain inter-
9.4.1 Theinletandoutletairflowratesshallbecheckedand
fering VOCs.
readjusted prior to air sampling using a non-restricting cali-
8.3 Air Velocity:
bratedgasflowmeter.Theairflowratesshallnotvarybymore
8.3.1 The air velocity over the surface of the test specimen
than 63% of the set value. For the type of emission cell
shallbeintherangeof0.003m.s–1to0.1m.s–1(seeAppendix
described in Appendix X2, typical (inlet) air flow rates are in
X2 and Appendix X3) which, for the type of emission cell
the range of 200–1400 cm3.min–1 and typical pumped sample
described in Appendix X2, will require an inlet air flow rate in
collection flow rates are in the order of 80–500 cm3.min–1.
the range 100 to 2800 mL/min (see Table X2.1). Typical inlet
Theairvelocityintheemissioncellcanbecalculatedfromthe
air flow rates are in the range 200 to 1400 mL/min with
air flow rate (see Appendix X2 and Appendix X3).
associated tube sampling rates of 80 to 500 mL/min, respec-
NOTE 27—If the test is carried out with a gas volume meter/flow meter,
tively.
which is not permanently installed, be aware that the back pressure,
introducedbythemeter,canlowertheflowratethroughtheemissioncell.
NOTE 23—Air velocity is generally significant for evaporative con-
trolled (external diffusion) emissions, for example, from liquid products
9.5 Air Leaks Into or Out of the Emission Cell:
before they have dried/cured (see Section 6). This depends on the
9.5.1 Air leaks into or out of the emission cell shall be
substrate.
checked at the beginning of every recovery, background and
NOTE 24—For certain types of material/product, secondary source
emissions test (see 7.4).
emissions can occur at high air velocities.
NOTE 25—Examples of air velocity calculations are given in Appendix
10. Test Specimens
X2 and Appendix X3.
10.1 Studies of the emission of volatile organic compounds
8.4 Relationship Between Air Flow Rate, Air Change Rate,
from unused indoor materials/products in emission cells re-
and Vapor Concentrations:
quire proper handling of the test specimen prior to testing, and
8.4.1 Vapor concentrations inside the emission cell depend
during the testing period.
on air flow rate, the exposed surface area of the test specimen
10.2 This practice is generic and can be applied to many
and the area specific emission rate.
different indoor materials/products. Types of indoor materials/
8.4.2 Theairchangerateissimplyafunctionofthevolume
products are defined as solid, liquid and combined. For each
of the cell and the air flow rate and has no independent impact
type of product the sampling procedure, transport conditions,
onVOCemissionsorvaporconcentrationsinsidetheemission
storage, and substrate used (which can all affect emissions)
cell.
shall be specified in the test report. For individual materials/
products within each product class, the preparation of the test
NOTE 26—Example air change rates for one type of emission cell are
shown in Table X2.1 of Appendix X2. specimen is prescribed in Annex A2 and Annex A3.
D7143 − 17
NOTE 28—Depending on the inhomogeneity of the material/product, it
storedinthatspecimenholder(eitherundertheemissioncellor
can be necessary to make measurements on multiple test specimens from
in the conditioned storage area) throughout the duration of the
the same sample to determine the mean specific emission rate (see 6.5).
emissions test.
10.3 Product Sampling and Sample Transport/Storage:
10.4.3 If the material/product is permeable, secure the
10.3.1 Sampling of Indoor Materials/Products to be Tested: underside of the test specimen to a sheet of clean glass or
stainless steel using non-contaminating aluminum tape (see
10.3.1.1 Samples of materials/products collected at the
A2.3.1).
point of manufacture shall be taken from the normal manufac-
turing process. Product samples can also be collected from
11. Emission Cell Preparation
retail stores.
10.3.2 Sample Packaging and Transport: 11.1 The emission cell shall be cleaned in accordance with
either 11.2 or 11.3.
10.3.2.1 Samplesshallbethoroughlyprotectedfromchemi-
calcontaminationoranyphysicalexposure(forexample,heat,
NOTE31—Itwillbenecessarytoremovethesealingmaterial(gasketor
light, humidity, and contaminated atmospheres). For solid
o-ring) before cleaning the emission cell by either method.
products, this can usually be achieved by shipping the product
11.2 Cleaning Using a Detergent:
inside the manufacturers packaging or, if this is too large for
11.2.1 The emission cell can be cleaned by washing the
practical purposes, by selecting a sample (Annex A2), wrap-
innersurfacewithadilutedalkalinedetergent,followedbytwo
ping it separately in aluminum foil and then placing it in a
separate rinsings with freshly distilled water.The inner surface
polyethylene bag. Alternatively, each sample can be wrapped
is then washed with non-denatured ethanol or another appro-
in aluminized packaging lined with polyethylene or clear
priate solvent.
polyvinylfluoridefilm.Samplesshouldbewrappedwithinone
11.3 Cleaning by Thermal Desorption:
hour of selecting them at the production line. Liquid products
11.3.1 Theemissioncellcanalsobecleanedbyheatingina
shall be shipped in unopened cans, tubes, and so forth (see
vacuum oven at elevated temperature (70°C to 100°C) for
Annex A3).
approximately two hours.
NOTE 29—Transportation of collected samples can affect the emission
characteristics of the product. The possible effects of temperature,
12. Test Method
humidity and high VOC levels are of particular concern.
12.1 Measuring Background Concentrations:
10.3.3 Sample Description:
12.1.1 An air sample of the emission cell background is
10.3.3.1 The sample shall be labeled with the details of the
taken before the start of an emission test to quantify any
source (store or manufacturer), source location, type of
background contribution of volatile organic compounds from
product, date of manufacture (if known), any identification
the air supply or from the emission cell apparatus itself.
numbers, (for example, batch numbers), and details of the
12.1.2 Place the emission cell, complete with its sealing
complete chain of custody between source and receipt at the
material (o-ring or gasket) on a clean and planar surface (for
laboratory.
example, a glass or stainless steel plate). Set the air flow to a
10.3.4 Sample Storage Prior to Testing:
similarratetothattobeusedforemissionstestingandflushthe
10.3.4.1 In many cases it is necessary to store the sample in
emission cell with clean, humidified air, to vent, for approxi-
thelaboratorybeforestartingthetest.Thesampleshallbekept
mately 15 minutes. Check for leakage in accordance with 7.4.
in its packaging (see 10.3.2), and stored under normal indoor
Connect one or two conditioned sample tube and pump
conditions (23 65°C, 50 65% RH) before testing begins.
assemblies to the outlet ports of the emission cell, setting
similarsampleflowstothosetobeusedformaterialsemissions
NOTE 30—Storage may affect the emission properties due to ageing of
testing (see 12.6). Check the inlet and sampling air flows
the sample even if it is well wrapped. It is recommended to minimize the
quickly at the beginning of the background test (see 7.4).
storage time of the sample before it is prepared for emissions testing.
12.1.3 Background concentrations shall meet the require-
10.4 Test Specimen Preparation:
ments in 8.2.
10.4.1 The procedures to be used for preparing different
12.2 Test Specimen Location in the Emission Cell:
types of sample/test specimen for emissions testing are pre-
12.2.1 Iftheindoormaterial/producttobetestedisnottobe
scribedinAnnexA2andAnnexA3anddescribedinAppendix
stored under the emission cell, it must be placed (or replaced)
X6. The period of time between unpacking the sample and
under the emission cell at least 15 minutes prior to air sample
preparation of the test specimen shall be as short as possible
collection (in the case of most dry materials/products) or at
andshallberecorded.Afterpreparationofthetestspecimen,it
least two hours prior to air sample collection whenever the test
shall immediately be put in conditioned storage in accordance
specimen is a dried/cured coating or target compounds include
with Section 8 and 12.5 or under the emission cell itself. This
highly polar species. The supply of clean humidified air must
time shall be regarded as the starting time of the emission test
beturnedonassoonastheemissioncellisplacedoverthetest
(that is, t=t ).
specimen.Thepositioningoftheemissioncellshallensurethat
10.4.2 If the indoor material/product is compressible or
theairflowisdistributedovertheentireemittingsurfaceofthe
texturedandrequiresatestspecimenholder,thesizeofthetest
test specimen.
specimentakenshouldbesuchthatitisatightfitinsidethetest
specimen holder to eliminate edge effects. Once a test speci-
NOTE 32—The action of placing the emission cell on the surface of the
men has been placed inside a holder at time t it should be productormaterialmustnotdistortthetestspecimensurface.Iftheindoor
D7143 − 17
material/product is compressible or textured, it must be placed in a
tubes carefully before analysis following guidance given in
suitabletestspecimenholdersuchthattheweightofthecellsealsontothe
Practice D6196 or Test Method D5197, appropriately.
rim of the test specimen holder not onto the product itself (see 7.1).
12.8 Cleaning the Emission Cell after Use:
12.3 Preparation for Air Sample Collection:
12.8.1 At the end of air sample collection, the emission cell
12.3.1 Theinletairflowrateshouldbeselectedbasedonthe
shall be cleaned in accordance with Section 11.
target air velocity or area specific air flow rate. For the type of
emissioncelldescribedinAppendixX2,exampleinletairflow
13. Calculation of Area Specific Emission Rates (SER )
a
rates and respective air velocities and area specific air flow
and Expression of Results
rates are given in Table X2.1. Two conditioned and calibrated
13.1 Calculation of SER —The process of determining area
a
sample tube and pump assemblies should be connected to the
specific emission rates from experiments using emission test
outletportsoftheemissioncell.Whenthepumpsareswitched
cells is based on the same fundamental principles as used for
on, this marks the beginning of air sample collection. Quickly
other emission test apparatus. See Guide D5116, Test Method
check for leaks (see 7.4).
D7339, ISO 16000-6, ISO 16000-9, and ISO 16000-10.
NOTE 33—In order to ensure that the air inside the test cell is
13.2 Calculation of SER from Experimental Parameters
a
maintained at slight positive pressure, the sum of the sampled air flows
and Data—Assuming Negligible Background—Parameters
must not exceed 90% of the inlet air flow. This means that if the inlet air
flow rate is required to be set at 200 mL/min, the two air samples are known or determined during the emission test are as follows:
typically collected at 80 mL/min. Similarly if the inlet air flow rate is
13.2.1 A=Surface area of test specimen exposed to the
2 2 4
requiredtobesetat500mL/min,thetwoairsamplesareusuallycollected
clean humidified air (cm =(m ×10 )).
at 200 mL/min.
13.2.2 M and M =Mass of each target VOC retained by
1 2 x
12.4 Time for Measurements of Emission Cell Air Concen-
the first and second sample tubes respectively
–3
tration:
(µg=ng×10 )—Determined using a calibrated thermal
desorption-GC-MS/FID analytical system and following Prac-
12.4.1 The concentration measurements shall be carried out
tice D6196, ISO 16000-6, ISO 16017-1, or equivalent.
atpredefinedsamplingtimes,dependingontheobjectiveofthe
Alternatively, use Test Method D5197 for formaldehyde.
test. Emission test duration is determined by the objective of
the test. (More information on test duration is given in 12.6.) 13.2.3 F=Flow rate of pure, humidified air into the cell
(cm3.min–1=(m3.h–1×10 /6)).
NOTE 34—Typical sample collection times are 2 hours, 24 hours, 72
13.2.4 F and F =Pump air flow rates through the first and
1 2
hours, 10 days, 28 days, 56 days, and 182 days (26 weeks) after
secondsampletubesrespectively(cm3.min–1=m3.h–1×10 /
preparation of the test specimen at time t .
6).
NOTE 35—The mid-point of the period of air sample collection is
13.2.5 T=Duration of test (min=h×60).
considered the sampling time.
3 3 6
13.2.6 V=Volumeofair(cm =(m ×10 ))passedintothe
12.5 Storage of Test Specimen between Emission Tests:
cell during the emission test=F×T.
12.5.1 Throughout the entire test period, test specimens 3 3 6
13.2.7 V and V =Volumes of air (cm =(m ×10 ))
1 2
shall either be kept under the test cell under the flow of pure
pumped through the first and second sample tube respec-
humidified air, or stored in clean, well-ventilated
tively=F ×T and F ×T, respectively.
1 2
environments, under controlled conditions of temperature and
13.2.8 C =Concentration of x vapor within the emission
x
humidity, with minimal risk of contamination from other –3
cell (ng.cm–3=µg.m–3×10 )=mean of that determined
samples or other emission sources (see Section 8).
from sampleTube 1 (M /V ) and that determined from sample
1 1
12.6 Air Sample Collection: Tube2(M /V ).
2 2
12.6.1 Two air samples shall be collected at each sampling
NOTE 36—This practice requires the use of two parallel sample tubes
time whenever practicable. The duration of each air sample monitoring the exhaust gases from the emission cell, whenever practi-
cable. C derived from sample Tube 1 shall agree within 10% to that
coll
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