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ASTM E2194-09

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented Materials

Standard Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Instrumental Measurement Angles—This practice is designed to provide color data at specific measurement angles that can be utilized for quality control, color matching, and formulating in the characterization of metal flake pigmented materials.
Materials—This practice provides meaningful color information for metal flake pigmented materials. This practice has been tested and verified on paint and coatings, and the same principles should apply to plastics containing metallic flake. For materials containing pearlescent materials refer to Practice E 2539.
Utilization—This practice is appropriate for measurement and characterization of metal flake pigmented materials. These data may be used for quality control, incoming inspection, or color correction purposes.
Specimen Requirements—Even though a pair of specimens have the same color values at three angles, if there are differences in gloss, orange peel, texture, or flake orientation, they may not be a visual match.
Note 2—Information presented in this practice is based upon data taken on metallic materials coatings. Applicability of this practice to other materials should be confirmed by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, and parameters needed to make precise instrumental measurements of the colors of gonioapparent materials. This practice is designed to encompass gonioapparent materials; such as, automotive coatings, paints, plastics, and inks.
1.2 This practice addresses measurement of materials containing metal flake and pigments. The measurement of materials containing metal flakes requires three angles of measurement to characterize the colors of the specimen. The optical characteristics of materials containing pearlescent and interference materials are not covered by this practice.
Note 1—Data taken by utilizing this practice are for gonio-appearance quality control purposes. This procedure may not necessarily supply appropriate data for spatial-appearance or pigment identification.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2009
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.12 - Gonioapparent Color
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2194-03 - Standard Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented Materials
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Replaced By
ASTM E2194-12 - Standard Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented Materials
Effective Date
01-Apr-2012
Referred By
ASTM E2539-14(2021) - Standard Test Method for Multiangle Color Measurement of Interference Pigments
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Referred By
ASTM E1164-12(2023)e1 - Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Referred By
ASTM E805-22 - Standard Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009
Referred By
ASTM E179-17(2022) - Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
Effective Date
01-Jun-2009

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E2194–09
Standard Practice for
Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented
1
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2194; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Surfaces that exhibit different colors depending on the angles of illumination or sensing are said to
be “gonioapparent.” Colorimetric values of reflecting gonioapparent materials are derived from
spectrometric (narrow band) or colorimetric (broad band) measurements of reflectance factor, at
various aspecular angles. When using spectral values, tristimulus values are computed using the CIE
Standard Observer and the spectrum of the illuminant, as described in Practice E308. This practice,
E2194, specifies the measurement of color observed at various aspecular angles.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This practice covers the instrumental requirements, 2.1 ASTM Standards:
standardization procedures, material standards, and parameters E284 Terminology of Appearance
needed to make precise instrumental measurements of the E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by
colors of gonioapparent materials. This practice is designed to Using the CIE System
encompass gonioapparent materials; such as, automotive coat- E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
ings, paints, plastics, and inks. Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
1.2 This practice addresses measurement of materials con- E1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of
taining metal flake and pigments. The measurement of mate- Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
rials containing metal flakes requires three angles of measure- E1708 Practice for Electronic Interchange of Color and
ment to characterize the colors of the specimen. The optical Appearance Data
characteristics of materials containing pearlescent and interfer- E2539 Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of Inter-
ence materials are not covered by this practice. ference Pigments
3
2.2 CIE Document:
NOTE 1—Data taken by utilizing this practice are for gonio-appearance
Publication No. 15:2004 Colorimetry
quality control purposes. This procedure may not necessarily supply
4
2.3 NIST (NBS) Publication:
appropriate data for spatial-appearance or pigment identification.
LC-1017 Standards for Checking the Calibration of Spec-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
trophotometers
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.12 on Gonioap- the ASTM website.
3
parent Color. AvailablefromU.S.NationalCommitteeoftheCIE(InternationalCommission
Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally on Illumination), http://www.cie.co.at/index_i.e.html.
4
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E2194 - 03. DOI: Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
10.1520/E2194-09. Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2194–09
5
2.4 ISO Publication: 6. Apparatus
ISO International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in
6.1 Instrument—This practice requires measurement at
Metrology (VIM)
multiple aspecular angles, usually accomplished by the use of
a multiangle spectrometer as specified in this practice to
3. Terminology characterize metal flake pigmented materials. Measurement
with a single geometry cannot characterize the gonioappear-
3.1 Terms and definitions in Terminology E284 are appli-
ance of these materials.
cabletothispractice.SeeSection“SpecializedTerminologyon
6.2 Standardization—A standardization plaque with as-
Gonioapparent Phenomena.”
signedspectralreflectancefactorortristimulusvaluestraceable
3.2 Definitions—Usually the term metallic refers to a metal
to a national standardizing laboratory for each specified as-
material. However, this standard employs the alternative defi-
pecula
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E2194–03 Designation: E 2194 – 09
Standard Practice for
Multiangle Color Measurement of Metal Flake Pigmented
1
Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2194; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Surfaces that exhibit different colors depending on the angles of illumination or sensing are said to
be “gonioapparent.” Colorimetric values of reflecting gonioapparent materials are derived from
spectrophotometricspectrometric (narrow band) or colorimetric (broad band) measurements of
reflectance factor, at various angles of illuminating or sensing. aspecular angles. When using spectral
values, tristimulus values are computed using the CIE Standard Observer and the spectrum of the
illuminant, as described in Practice E 308. This practice, E 2194, specifies the measurement of color
observed at various aspecular angles.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, and parameters needed
to make precise instrumental measurements of the colors of gonioapparent materials. This practice is designed to encompass
gonioapparent materials; such as, automotive coatings, paints, plastics, and inks.
1.2This practice addresses measurement of materials containing metal flake and pigments. The optical characteristics of
materials containing pearlescent and interference materials are not covered by this practice. The measurement of materials
containing metal flakes requires three angles of measurement to characterize the colors of the specimen.
1.2 This practice addresses measurement of materials containing metal flake and pigments. The measurement of materials
containing metal flakes requires three angles of measurement to characterize the colors of the specimen.The optical characteristics
of materials containing pearlescent and interference materials are not covered by this practice.
NOTE 1—Datatakenbyutilizingthispracticeareforgonio-appearancequalitycontrolpurposes.Thisproceduremaynotnecessarilysupplyappropriate
data for spatial-appearance or pigment identification.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D2244Practice for Calculation of Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
2
E 284 Terminology of Appearance
E 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System
2
E 805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
2
E1164Practice for Obtaining Spectrophotometric Data for Object Color Evaluation
Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
E 1345 Practice for Reducing the Effect of Variability of Color Measurement by Use of Multiple Measurements
2
E 1708 Practice for Electronic Interchange of Color and Appearance Data
2
E1767Practice for Specifying the Geometry of Observations and Measurements to Characterize the Appearance of Materials
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.12 on Metallic and
Pearlescent Colors.
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2003. Published May 2003.on Gonioapparent Color.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 2194 - 03.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 06.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2194–09
Practice for Electronic Interchange of Color and Appearance Data
E 2539 Practice for Multiangle Color Measurement of Interference Pigments
3
2.2 CIE Document:
Publication No. 15.2Colorimetry 2nd Edition Publication No.
...

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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or spectrocolorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by spectrophotometry using a bidirectional (0:45 or 45:0) optical measuring system. The method for color and color difference measurement using filter colorimeters is contained in Test Method E1347.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (see also Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 Object-color specimens of any gloss level for color assessment.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens with physically flat, smooth surfaces from which to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.3 Retroreflective specimens.
Note 1: To ensure inter-instrument agreement in the measurement of specimens with intermediate gloss, for formulation, or of retroreflective specimens, significantly tighter tolerances than those given in Practice E1164, Influx and Efflux Conditions, 45°:Normal (45:0) and Normal:45° (0:45) Reflectance Factor section, may be required for the instrument angles of illumination and viewing. Information on the required tolerances is being developed.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment, for which the use of hemispherical measurement geometry, as with an integrating-sphere type instrument, is preferable (see Guide E179).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar 45:0 or 0:45 geometry.  
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any non-fluorescent, flat object-color specimen. It is especially recommended for measuring retroreflective specimens and specimens of intermediate gloss.  
1.3 Procedures required for the measurement of fluorescent object color are given in Practice E991 and Practice E2153.  
1.4 Procedures required for the measurement of color using filter colorimeters are contained in Test Method E1347 and this standard does not address those instruments.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2301-12(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Daytime Colorimetric Properties of Fluorescent Retroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for High Visibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety Applications Using 45°:Normal Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtaining tristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colorimetry using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.  
5.2 The CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer is used to calculate the colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications because in practice these materials are primarily viewed from a distance where they subtend less than 4° of the visual field.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to object-color specimens of any gloss level.  
5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materials the colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.
Note 1: Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance components from the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningful information to evaluate independently the luminescent and diffuse reflective efficiency and consistency of these materials.  
5.6 This test method is the referee method for determining the conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the colorimetric properties (CIE tristimulus values, luminance factors, and chromaticity coordinates) of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials when illuminated by daylight.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to any sheeting or marking material having combined fluorescent and retroreflective properties used for daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E179-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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