ASTM E1132-21

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it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: E1132 − 13 E1132 − 21
Standard Practice for
Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to
Respirable Crystalline Silica
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1132; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Appendix X1 editorially corrected in August 2013.
INTRODUCTION
Silicon dioxide (silica, SiO ) is encountered in nature and industry in a wide variety of forms. These
range from essentially anhydrous types with or without a very high degree of crystallinity, to highly
hydroxylated or hydrated types which are amorphous by x-rayX-ray diffraction examination.
Crystalline silica exists in a number of forms or polymorphs. The three major forms, quartz,
cristobalite, and tridymite, pertain to this practice. Quartz (or alpha quartz) is the more common form
encountered as airborne particulates. Two of the polymorphs, cristobalite and tridymite, are formed at
elevated temperatures and are much less common in nature, but might be encountered in several
occupations where silicas are fired (calcined) at high temperatures. These silica materials have a
broad range of physical and chemical properties.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This practice covers a description of several actions that should be taken to reduce the risk of harmful occupational exposures
to humans in environments containing respirable crystalline silica. This practice is intended for, but not limited to, industries
regulated by the U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) and the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA). A separate practice,practice designed for the unique conditions of the construction industry has been
designated Practice E2625.
1.2 Nothing in this practice shall be interpreted as requiring any action that violates any statute or requirement of any federal, state,
or other regulatory agency.
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.80 on Industrial
Heath.
Current edition approved July 1, 2013Nov. 1, 2021. Published July 2013November 2021. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20062013 as
E1132 - 06.E1132 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/E1132-13E01.10.1520/E1132-21.
Smith, DeaneD. K., Opal, cristobalite,“Opal, Cristobalite, and tridymite:Tridymite: Noncrystallinity versus crystallinity, nomenclatureCrystallinity, Nomenclature of the
silica mineralsSilica Minerals and bibliography,Bibliography,” Powder Diffraction, Vol 13, 1998, pp. 1–18.
Miles, W. J., Crystalline silica analysis“Crystalline Silica Analysis of Wyoming bentoniteBentonite by X-ray diffraction after phosphoric acid digestion,Diffraction After
Phosphoric Acid Digestion,” Analytical Chemistry Acta, Vol 286, 1994, pp. 97–105.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1132 − 21
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. It is the responsibility of the user to consult all material safety data sheets and
labels pertaining to any hazardous materials used in this standard.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4532 Test Method for Respirable Dust in Workplace Atmospheres Using Cyclone Samplers
E1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and Safety
E2625 Practice for Controlling Occupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica for Construction and Demolition
Activities
2.2 ANSI Standards:
ANSI/AIHA Z9.2 Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Ventilation Systems
ANSI Z9.7 Recirculation of Air from Industrial Process Exhaust Systems
ANSI Z88.2 American National Standard Practice for Respiratory Protection
2.3 Code of Federal Regulations:
29 CFR 1910.94,1910.94 Ventilation
29 CFR 1910.134,1910.134 Respiratory Protection
29 CFR 1910.1000,1910.1000 Air Contaminants
29 CFR 1910.1200,1910.1200 Hazard Communication
29 CFR 1926.57 Ventilation
29 CFR 1926.103 Respiratory Protection
30 CFR 47,47 Hazard Communication
30 CFR 56, Title 30, Subpart D,D Air Quality, Radiation, and Physical Agents (MSHA)
42 CFR 84 Title 42, Part 84,84 Approval of Respiratory Protective Devices, Tests for Permissibility, Fees
2.4 NIOSH Publications:
Manual of Analytical Methods, 4th Ed. 4th Ed., DHHS (NIOSH), Publication No. 94-113, August 1994
Method 7500 for Silica, Crystalline, Respirable (XRD)
Method 7601 for Silica, Crystalline Visible Absorption Spectrophotometry
Method 7602 for Silica, Crystalline (IR)
Method 7603 for Coal Mine Dust by IR
Guidelines for the Use of the ILO International Classification of Radiographs
2.5 Other References:
American Thoracic Society, Standardization of Spirometry
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to Terminology E1542.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 These practices and criteria were developed for occupational exposures. They are intended to ((a)1) protect against clinical
disease from exposure to respirable crystalline silica, ((b)2) be measurable by techniques that are valid, reproducible, and readily
available, and ( (c)3) be attainable with existing technology and protective practices.
5. General Requirements
5.1 Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL):(OELs):
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http://
www.access.gpo.gov.
Available from National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226.
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5.1.1 Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) established by U.S. Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) General
Industry (see 29 CFR 1910.1000)—Workers shall not be exposed to respirable dust containing 1 % or more quartz exceeding
10/(% quartz + 2) mg/m as an 8-h time weighted time-weighted average in any 8-h work shift of a 40-h work week or, for total
dust (respirable plus non-respirable), 30/(% quartz + 2) mg/m . The PEL for respirable cristobalite and tridymite is one-half one
half the value for quartz.
5.1.1.1 PEL (mg/m ) (respirable fraction):
10÷@% quartz1~% cristobalite 32!1~% tridymite 32!12#
5.1.1.2 PEL (mg/m ) (total dust):
30÷@% quartz1~% cristobalite 32!1~% tridymite 32!12#
NOTE 1—Federal OSHA PEL is approximately equivalent to a quartz level of 100 μg/m .
5.1.2 PEL establishedEstablished by U.S. Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) (non-coal) (see 30 CFR 56.5001)—
Workers shall not be exposed to respirable dust containing 1 % or more quartz exceeding the PEL as determined for a time
weighted time-weighted 8-h workday and 40-h workweek work week based on the following formula: PEL = 10/(% quartz + 2)
mg/m . The PEL for respirable cristobalite and tridymite is one-half one half the value for quartz.
5.1.3 Occupational Exposure Limitsexposure limits may vary country by country. Please consult the authority in the country,
where the operation exists. Examples of other OELs are provided in Appendix X2.
5.1.4 Employers shall determine the appropriate OELOELs for their operation, but in no case shall the OEL be less stringent than
the applicable government limit.
5.2 Exposure Assessment and Monitoring:
5.2.1 Risk can be assessed qualitatively based on Safety Data Sheets (SDS), prior information, likelihood of dust generation,
proximity of airborne dust to workers, nature of the industrial process (example: wet work—low risk; dry work—higher risk), and
location of workers (example: control room). Note that the absence of visible dust is not a guarantee of lack of risk.
5.2.2 Where qualitative risk assessment indicates that a potential risk is present, initial sampling of tasks or representative workers’
exposures shall be made to characterize the exposure and its variability, to determine compliance with standards given in 4.15.1,
and to establish a baseline exposure level in all areas where workers are or have the potential to be exposed to silica. Initial task
sampling would be not required for short duration or transient tasks, tasks where sampling results would not be timely,
representative concentrations are already known, or proved task protection is in place. Conduct exposure sampling when needed
to detect overexposures due to significant and deleterious change in the contaminant generation process or the exposure controls.
This is particularly true for areas or operations where conditions can change dramatically within a short span of time.
5.2.3 Sampling strategy should follow good industrial hygiene practice.
5.2.4 Recordkeeping required under this practice shall be maintained and made available for review by employees and consistent
with federal or state requirements.
5.2.5 For workers with regular exposure to high silica concentrations that are placed inside of supplied air respirators or ventilated
enclosures, such as in sandblasting, sampling should be conducted inside of the control device to determine employee exposure.
The sampling line shall not interfere with the fit of the respirator. Consultation with the respirator manufacturer may be necessary
to achieve the above requirement.
5.2.6 In areas where overexposures are persistent, a written Exposure Control Plan shall be established to implement engineering,
work practice, and administrative controls to reduce silica exposures to below the OEL, or other elected limit, whichever is lower,
to the extent feasible. A root cause analysis should be conducted for all exposures in excess of the OEL that cannot be accounted
for. Root cause analysis involves investigating cause(s) for the excessive exposure, providing remedies, and conducting follow-up
sampling to document that exposures are below the OEL.
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5.2.7 Sampling shall be done at a frequency that provides reliable information for determining an appropriate control strategy.
Sampling information and recommended frequency is summarized in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Sampling Information
Condition Action
Qualitative assessment Based on evaluation of process and
materials used and visual review of
dust generation potential.
Initial sampling Conducted at representative job
functions starting with assumed highest
dust exposure levels or based on
representative sampling data for
defined tasks. Results used to establish
sampling or protection plan, or both.
Sampling results are below OEL No periodic sampling necessary but
additional samples may be required due
to process changes or new qualitative
assessments.
No OEL overexposure found, but These locations are to be included in a
exposures exceed one-half the OEL. sampling plan. Sampling strategy may
be determined by a qualitative
assessment or statistical analysis that
facilitates determination of the likelihood
that exposures may sometimes exceed
the OEL. If qualitative assessment or
statistical analysis indicates exposures
may sometimes exceed the OEL,
see below.
No OEL overexposure found, but These locations are to be included in a
exposures exceed one half the OEL sampling plan. Sampling strategy may
be determined by a qualitative
assessment or statistical analysis that
facilitates determination of the likelihood
that exposures may sometimes exceed
the OEL. If qualitative assessment or
statistical analysis indicates exposures
may sometimes exceed the OEL,
see below.
OEL was exceeded and engineering, Sampling to be conducted before and
work practice, and administrative after the remedy to assess the results
controls, or all three, are being applied of silica reduction efforts. If high levels
to the work area to reduce persist institute workplace controls and
exposures to below the OEL include in sampling plan until levels are
(see 4.2.6) below the OEL.
OEL was exceeded and engineering, Sampling to be conducted before and
work practice, and administrative after the remedy to assess the results
controls, or all three, are being applied of silica reduction efforts. If high levels
to the work area to reduce persist institute workplace controls and
exposures to below the OEL include in sampling plan until levels are
(see 5.2.6) below the OEL.
Process materials, process equipment, Sampling to be conducted as soon as
engineering controls, or any other feasible to assess the effects of
changes that occur which would tend changes on worker exposures.
to increase worker exposures
Ventilated protective enclosures are Sample at least annually to ensure that
used because work area exposures worker exposures do not exceed the
are presumed or known to exceed OEL.
the OEL
Short duration (hours) silica Depend on task or workplace controls
dust generation operations such as to reduce exposures. Sampling only
drilling and cutting provides historical data since the
operation will have ended before
sample analysis results are available.
Worker(s) or supervision express Review and discuss concerns and
concerns that silica exposures have sample as soon as necessary to
increased. determine exposures.
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5.2.8 Because people have different work habits, sampling should be rotated among different employees performing the same task
with a goal of sampling each individual at least once every three years or use statistical random sampling.
5.2.9 Measurement of worker occupational exposures shall be within the worker’s breathing zone and shall meet the criteria of
this section. Such measurements should be representative of the worker’s customary activity and should be representative of
workshift exposure. Area sampling may be used to characterize exposures and identify effective controls when appropriate to the
circumstances.
5.2.10 Respirable dust samples are to be collected according to accepted methods. Refer to Test Method D4532 and see Appendix
X1 for an example.
5.2.11 Sampling data records shall include employee identification, a log of the date and time of sample collection, sampling time
duration, volumetric flow rate of sampling, documentation of pump calibration, description of the sampling location, analytical
methods, and other pertinent information. See Figs. X1.1-X1.3 for example sampling record, calibration forms, and employee
notification of dust sampling results.
5.2.12 Samples for silica analysis should be analyzed by an AIHA-accredited laboratory.
5.3 Exposure Monitoring:
5.3.1 The employer shall provide employees with an explanation of the sampling procedure.
5.3.2 Whenever exposure monitoring activities require entry into an area where the use of respirators, protective clothing, or
equipment is required, the employer shall provide and ensure the use of such personal protective equipment and shall require
compliance with all other applicable safety and health procedures.
5.3.3 Sampled employees shall be provided with copies of their sampling results when returned by the laboratory and explanations
of their data.
5.4 Methods of Compliance:
5.4.1 The methods listed below are applicable where compliance is required because of personal exposures exceeding the OEL.
NOTE 2—One half the exposure limit is frequently used by employers as a warning since excursions above the exposure limit are possible.
5.4.2 Engineering Controls:
5.4.2.1 Use of properly designed engineering controls is the most desirable approach for controlling dust from crystalline
silica-containing materials.
5.4.2.2 Adequate ventilation or other dust suppression methods shall be provided to reduce respirable crystalline silica
concentrations to below the OEL, where feasible.
5.4.2.3 Enclosed workstations, such as control booths and equipment cabs, designed for protection against respirable crystalline
silica dust, shall be under positive pressure and provided with clean make-up air. Re-circulation of air is not preferred; however,
properly designed and maintained re-circulation systems are acceptable. Re-circulated air inside enclosed workstations should be
in accordance with ANSI Z9.7 or federal and state requirements and consensus guidelines.
5.4.2.4 Engineering design of equipment shall include, where feasible, provisions to reduce exposure of workers to respirable
crystalline silica dust to the OEL or below. If ventilation systems are used, they shall be designed and maintained to prevent the
accumulation and re-circulation of respirable crystalline silica dust in the working environment (see ANSI Z9.2). If wet
suppression systems are used, spray nozzles and associated piping shall be maintained to ensure that adequate wetting agent is
applied where needed to control respirable crystalline silica dust. If hand-heldhandheld or stationary tools are used to cut, grind,
or drill silica containing silica-containing materials they should be designed or used, or both, in a manner to reduce dust exposures.
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5.4.2.5 All engineering controls shall be properly maintained and periodically evaluated and brought up to specifications, when
needed.
5.4.2.6 Task-basedTask-Based Control Strategies—Where exposure levels are known from empirical data, a task based task-based
control strategy can be applied that matches tasks with controls. The following lists examples of this approach.
(1) Abrasive Blasting—OSHA has already established standards for abrasive blasting work requiring ventilation (29 CFR
1926.57) and respiratory protection (29 CFR 1926.103). In the case of abrasive operations, it is recommended that the employer
provide a Type CE, pressure demand or positive-pressure, abrasive blasting respirator (APF of 1000 or 2000).
5.4.3 Work Practices and Administrative Controls:
5.4.3.1 Ensure that workers do not work in areas of visible dust generated from materials known to contain more than 1 percent
1 % respirable crystalline silica without use of respiratory protection, unless proven task protection is in use or air sampling shows
exposures less than the OEL.
5.4.3.2 To the extent feasible, dry sweeping shall not be used in work areas where employees could reasonably be expected to be
exposed to respirable crystalline silica above the OEL.
5.4.3.3 Workers shall not use compressed air to blow respirable crystalline silica-containing materials from surfaces or clothing,
unless the method has been approved by an appropriate Regulatoryregulatory agency.
5.4.3.4 Employers shall instruct workers about specific work practices that minimize exposure to respirable crystalline silica.
Workers will perform their work tasks in accordance with these instructions.
5.4.3.5 Workers shall practice good housekeeping practices to minimize the generation and accumulation of dust.
5.4.3.6 Workers shall utilize available means to reduce exposure to dust, including the use of respirators, control rooms or rest
areas, ventilation systems, high efficiency high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) vacuum cleaners or water spray, wet floor
sweepers, and rotation of personnel to minimize individual exposure to the OEL or below.
5.4.4 Other engineering controls with the potential to limit exposure are:
(1) Wet suppression systems;
(2) Ventilation;
(3) Cutting Silica Containing Silica-Containing Materials—The controls found in Tables 2-6, taken from Practice E2625,
TABLE 2 Cutting Masonry Units
Operation/Task Control Measures Respiratory Protection
Cutting masonry units— Wet Method: Continuously apply stream or Not Required
(Using stationary or portable saws) spray at the cutting point.
OR 100 series filtering face piece
Dry Method: Enclose saw within a (disposable dust mask)
ventilated enclosure operated with a OR
minimum face velocity of 250 feet-per-minute. ⁄2 face
Saw blade must be contained entirely respirator with 100 series filters
within the booth and exhaust must be
directed away from other workers
or fed to a dust collector with a HEPA
filtration system.
OR 100 series filtering face piece
Dry Method: Enclose saw within a (disposable dust mask)
ventilated enclosure operated with a OR
minimum face velocity of 250 ft per minute. ⁄2 face
Saw blade must be contained entirely respirator with 100 series filters
within the booth and exhaust must be
directed away from other workers
or fed to a dust collector with a HEPA
filtration system.
* Additional control measures for consideration:
Ventilation (natural and mechanical), dust collection
methods, architectural design, use special-shaped
products, job rotation and demarcation of specific
cutting areas.
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TABLE 3 Mixing Concrete, Grout, and Mortar
Operation/Task Control Measures Respiratory Protection
Mixing Concrete, Grout or Mortar Natural ventilation and demarcation of mixing areas Not Required
Mixing concrete, grout, or mortar Natural ventilation and demarcation of mixing areas Not Required
TABLE 4 Tuck Pointing
NOTE 1—The following control measures have the potential to be useful in reducing exposure levels, but are not necessarily adequate to reliably reduce
exposures below the PEL.
Operation/Task Control Measures Respiratory Protection
Tuck Pointing The following control measures may be useful in reducing exposure These types of respiratory protection will be necessary to
levels but may not be adequate to reliably reduce exposures below provide adequate protection in the absence of control meth-
the PEL. ods that demonstrate compliance with the PEL:
Ventilation Full face respirator with 100 series filter
Natural OR
Mechanical Supplied air respirator
Dust collection/vacuum
Shroud
Gauge/Guide for Equipment
Wet methods
TABLE 5 Concrete Cutting
Operation/Task Control Measures Respiratory Protection
Outdoor Slab Sawing Use water-fed system that delivers water continuously at the cut Not Required
point with natural ventilation OR Early entry sawing OR Dry
cutting with integrated vacuum system
Indoor Slab Sawing Use water-fed system that delivers water continuously at the cut 100 series filtering face piece respirator
point with natural ventilation.
OR 100 series filtering face piece respirator
Mechanical ventilation (fans)
OR 100 series filtering face piece respirator
Early entry sawing
OR
Dry cutting with integrated vacuum system
Outdoor Wire Sawing w/ remote Use water-fed system that delivers water continuously on wire, Not Required
Outdoor Wire Sawing w/o remote operated via remote control with natural ventilation.
Outdoor Wall Sawing Use water-fed system that delivers water continuously on blade Not Required
with natural ventilation.
Indoor Wall Sawing Use water-fed system that delivers water continuously on blade, 100 series filtering face piece respirator
operated via remote control with natural ventilation.
Outdoor Hand Sawing Use water-fed system that delivers water continuously on blade Not Required
with natural ventilation.
OR Not Required
Use vacuum system at point of operation with natural ventilation.
Indoor Hand Sawing Use water-fed system that delivers water continuously on blade 100 series filtering face piece respirator
with natural ventilation.
TABLE 6 Core Drilling
Operation/Task Control Measures Respiratory Protection
Core Drilling Use water-fed system that delivers water continuously at the cut Not Required
point with natural ventilation
OR None
Dry Method: Use vacuum system at point of operation with OR
natural ventilation. 100 series filtering face piece respirators
Hand Held tools with core drilling bits Use water-fed system that delivers water continuously at the cut None
point with natural ventilation. OR
100 series filtering face piece respirators
Handheld tools with core drilling bits Use water-fed system that delivers water continuously at the cut None
point with natural ventilation. OR
100 series filtering face piece respirators
OR None
Use vacuum system at point of operation with natural ventilation. OR
100 series filtering face piece respirators
apply to employees cutting silica containing silica-containing materials during a full work shift and do not apply to occasional
cutting limited to 90-min total time;
(4) Tools designed to reduce dust; and
(5) Vacuum systems.
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5.5 Respiratory Protection:
5.5.1 Respirators shall be required in work situations in which engineering and work practice controls are not sufficient to reduce
exposures of employees to or below the OEL. Where the use of personal respiratory protection is required under this practice, the
employer shall establish and enforce a program to include the following elements of a respiratory protection program, as specified
and detailed in 29 CFR 1910.134 and ANSI Z88.2, for exposed workers. Respirators shall comply with the requirements contained
herein.
5.5.2 When respirators are required by this practice, the employer shall select a respirator certified by NIOSH under the provisions
of 42 CFR 84 that has an assigned protection factor (APF) greater than the hazard ratio (HR) as determined by air sampling and
analysis. The HR is defined as the ratio of the ambient concentration to the exposure limit. The APF values are given in Table 7.
All respirators must be approved for use against silica type silica-type dusts. Respirators must comply with requirements of ANSI
Z88.2. See Table 7 for recommended respiratory protection.
5.5.3 Employers shall perform respirator fit tests in accordance with ANSI Z88.2 at the time of initial fitting and at least annually,
thereafter,annually thereafter for each worker wearing tight-fitting respirators. The tests shall be used to select respirators that
provide the required protection.
5.5.4 Where required by this practice, the employer shall institute a respiratory protection program that includes: individual
medical clearance for respirator usage, worker training in the use and limitations of respirators, routine air monitoring, and the
inspection, cleaning, maintenance, selection, and proper storage of respirators. This training shall be done at first employment and
annually as refresher training. Any required respiratory protection must, at a minimum, meet the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.134
and ANSI Z88.2. Respirators should be used according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
5.5.4.1 Each potential respirator wearer will receive medical clearance prior to the issuance of a respirator and subsequent fit
testing. Detailed guidance is provided at 29 CFR 1910.134. Medical clearance is the process to determine an individual’s
psychological and medical functional-ability functional ability to wear a respirator.
5.6 Respiratory Medical Surveillance:
5.6.1 The employer shall institute a respiratory medical surveillance program for all workers who work in areas, for 120 days per
year or more, where the TWA concentration of respirable crystalline silica dust exceeds the OEL (see 4.15.1) or where such
concentrations are anticipated.
5.6.2 All medical examinations and medical procedures as required under 4.65.6 are to be performed by or under the direction
of a licensed physician, and are provided without cost to the worker.
5.6.3 The employer shall provide the required medical surveillance to the workers and at a reasonable time and place.
5.6.4 Persons who administer the pulmonary function testing shall demonstrate proficiency in spirometry using the American
Thoracic Society “Standardization of Spirometry.”
5.6.5 Medical examinations shall be made prior to placement of new workers (as defined in 4.6.15.6.1), and no less than once
every three years thereafter. These examinations shall include as a minimum:
5.6.5.1 Medical and occupational history to elicit information on respiratory symptoms, smoking history, and prior exposures to
dust and agents affecting the respiratory system. See Fig. X1.4 for example.
5.6.5.2 A posterior-anterior (PA) chest roentgenogram on a film no less than 14 by 17 in. and no more than 16 by 17 in. at full
inspiration. The roentgenogram shall be classified according to the Guidelines for the Use of ILO International Classification of
Radiographs of Pneumoconioses by currently NIOSH certified NIOSH-certified “B” readers. NIOSH “B” readers are physicians
that have demonstrated proficiency in the classification of roentgenograms according to the ILO system by successfully completing
a practical examination.
5.6.5.3 A tuberculosis intradermal skin test using purified protein derivative for workers with roentgenographic evidence of
silicosis who have not been tested for tuberculosis.
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TABLE 7 Recommended Respiratory Protection for Workers
Exposed to Respirable Crystalline Silica
Minimum Respiratory Protection
A
APF
B
for Crystalline Silica
10 any air-purifying respiratory with any Part 84
particulate filter (N,R, or P, as appropriate).
10 Any air-purifying respiratory with any Part 84
particulate filter (N,R, or P, as appropriate).
25 any powered, air-purifying respirator with a
high-efficiency particulate filter, or any su
...