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ASTM C179-09

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens

Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful in quantitatively rating or ranking both ramming and plastic refractories by their linear stability after heating.  
This test method is also useful for determining whether a ramming or plastic refractory can be used in a specified application based on linear change criteria.  
This test method excludes basic and carbon bearing materials.  
This test method can produce data for the engineering and design of refractory installations. The linear change data can be used to determine the number of joints necessary to maintain integrity of ramming or plastic refractory in a large installation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the drying shrinkage and of the combined drying and linear change of ramming and plastic refractories.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3   This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Aug-2009
ICS
81.080 - Refractories
Technical Committee
C08 - Refractories
Drafting Committee
C08.09 - Monolithics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C179-04 - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Replaced By
ASTM C179-11 - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM C1419-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Sonic Velocity in Refractory Materials at Room Temperature and Its Use in Obtaining an Approximate Young's Modulus
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM C1054-18 - Standard Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM C113-14(2019) - Standard Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Referred By
ASTM C704/C704M-15(2022)e1 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at Room Temperature
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009

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ASTM C179-09 - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix SpecimensASTM C179-09 - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens
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REDLINE ASTM C179-09 - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix SpecimensREDLINE ASTM C179-09 - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C179–09
Standard Test Method for
Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and
1
Ramming Mix Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C179; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.3 This test method excludes basic and carbon bearing
materials.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the drying
3.4 This test method can produce data for the engineering
shrinkage and of the combined drying and linear change of
and design of refractory installations. The linear change data
ramming and plastic refractories.
can be used to determine the number of joints necessary to
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
maintain integrity of ramming or plastic refractory in a large
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
installation.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
4. Apparatus
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Kiln, electric or gas type, of such design that the flame,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
as coming directly from the burner, cannot impinge upon the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
test specimens.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.2 Measuring Device, capable of being read to 0.02-in.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
(0.5-mm).Ahooked rule, 12 in. (305 mm), is convenient to use
2. Referenced Documents and a suitable type is described in Test Methods C134. Other
2
measuring devices, such as calipers or dial gages, of the same
2.1 ASTM Standards:
or better precision may also be used.
C113 Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick
C134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,
5. Test Specimens
and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating
5.1 Number of Specimens—A minimum of six specimens
Firebrick
molded from the sample (see Note 1) of plastic refractory will
C181 Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay and
berequired.Halfofthespecimensshallbeusedforthetestand
High-Alumina Plastic Refractories
the other half used as supporting pieces during the kiln heat
C1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic
treatment.
and Ramming Mix Specimens
NOTE 1—For pressing and drying the specimens see Practice C1054.
3. Significance and Use
5.2 Measurement of Specimens—Using the measuring de-
3.1 This test method is useful in quantitatively rating or
vice, measure the bar for all dimensions to the nearest 0.02-in.
ranking both ramming and plastic refractories by their linear
(0.5-mm). Label and make reference marks to indicate the
stability after heating.
exact length measurement points. Caution should be taken as
3.2 This test method is also useful for determining whether
deformation of the specimens may be caused by handling.
a ramming or plastic refractory can be used in a specified
5.3 Drying of Specimens—Dry specimens should be dried
application based on linear change criteria.
as stated in Practice C1054, 6.6.
5.4 Measuring Dried Specimens—Measure specimens as
stated in 5.2.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolith- 6. Procedure
ics.
6.1 Placing Specimens in Kiln—Place the dried specimens
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originally
in the kiln in accordance with Test Method C113, with the
approved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C179 – 04. DOI:
10.1520/C0179-09.
exception that the supporting brick shall consist of the three
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
plastic refractory brick prepared for that purpose.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.2 Temperature Measurements—Conduct temperature
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. measurements in accordance with Test Method C113.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C179–09
6.3 Test Atmosphere—At all temperatures above 1470°F 7.2 Combined Linear Change Due to Drying and Firing—
(800°C), operate the kiln so that the atmosphere shall contain Calculate the combined drying and firing linear change as a
a minimum of 0.5 % oxygen with 0 % combustibles. percentage based on the original length of the specimen as
6.
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C 179–04 Designation:C 179–09
Standard Test Method for
Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and
1
Ramming Mix Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 179; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationofthedryingshrinkageandofthecombineddryingandlinearchangeoframming
and plastic refractories.
1.2The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are provided for
information only.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C113 Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick
C 134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating Firebrick
C 181 Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay and High-Alumina Plastic Refractories
C 1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This test method is useful in quantitatively rating or ranking both ramming and plastic refractories by their linear stability
after heating.
3.2 Thistestmethodisalsousefulfordeterminingwhetherarammingorplasticrefractorycanbeusedinaspecifiedapplication
based on linear change criteria.
3.3 This test method excludes basic and carbon bearing materials.
3.4 This test method can produce data for the engineering and design of refractory installations. The linear change data can be
used to determine the number of joints necessary to maintain integrity of ramming or plastic refractory in a large installation.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Kiln, electric or gas type, of such design that the flame, as coming directly from the burner, cannot impinge upon the test
specimens.
4.2 Measuring Device, a 12-in. (305-mm), graduated in 0.02-in. (0.5-mm) increments.Ahooked rule is convenient to use, and
a suitable type is described in Test Methods C134. , capable of being read to 0.02-in. (0.5-mm). A hooked rule, 12 in. (305 mm),
isconvenienttouseandasuitabletypeisdescribedinTestMethodsC 134.Othermeasuringdevices,suchascalipersordialgages,
of the same or better precision may also be used.
5. Test Specimens
5.1 Number of Specimens—A minimum of six specimens molded from the sample (see Note 1) of plastic refractory will be
required.Halfofthespecimensshallbeusedforthetestandtheotherhalfusedassupportingpiecesduringthekilnheattreatment.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolithic Refractories.
1
Current edition approved September 1, 2004. Published October 2004. Originally approved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as C179–85(1999)´ .on
Monolithics.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originally approved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C 179 – 04.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C179–09
NOTE 1—For pressing and drying the specimens see Practice C 1054.
5.2 Measurement of Specimens—Using the measuring device, measure the bar for all dimensions to the nearest 0.02-in.
(0.5-mm). Label and make reference marks to indicate the exact length measurement points. Caution should be taken as
deformation of the specimens may be caused by handling.
5.3 Drying of Specimens—Dry specimens should be dried as stated in Practice C 1054, 6.6.
5.4 Measuring Dried Specimens—Measure specimens as stated in 5.2.
6. P
...

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SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers refractory products consisting predominantly of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) crystals that are formed by either converting any of the sillimanite group of minerals, or synthesizing from appropriate materials in a melt or sinter process.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C863-00(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Oxidation Resistance of Silicon Carbide Refractories at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The oxidation of silicon carbide refractories at elevated temperatures is an important consideration in the application of these refractories. The product of oxidation is amorphous silica or cristobalite, depending upon the temperature at which oxidation takes place. This oxide formation is associated with expansion and degradation of strength. The quantity of water vapor in the atmosphere greatly affects the rate of oxidation.  
3.2 The test, which creates and measures the expansion, is suitable for guidance in product development and relative comparison in application work where oxidation potential is of concern. The variability of the test is such that it is not recommended for use as a referee test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the oxidation resistance of silicon carbide refractories at elevated temperatures in an atmosphere of steam. The steam is used to accelerate the test. Oxidation resistance is the ability of the silicon carbide (SiC) in the refractory to resist conversion to silicon dioxide (SiO2) and its attendant crystalline growth.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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