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ASTM D4491/D4491M-16

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity

Standard Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of geotextiles since the methods have been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the start of testing. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.1.2 When the dispute involves test results produced with either the Method B Falling Head Test or the Method C Air Flow Test, the Method A Constant Head Test, performed with a 50-mm head should be used as the referee method.  
5.1.3 When the dispute involves Method C, the actual water temperature used for the water flow tests must be recorded and the viscosity of water at the test temperature must be used in the conversion from the air flow to water flow as described in Section 16, without the application of the temperature correction.  
5.1.4 Permittivity is an indicator of the quantity of water that can pass through a geotextile in an isolated condition.  
5.1.5 As there are many applications and environmental conditions under which a geotextile may be used, care should be taken whe...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the hydraulic conductivity (water permeability) of geotextiles in terms of permittivity under standard testing conditions, in the uncompressed state. Included are three procedures: the constant head and falling head methods using a water flow apparatus, and the air flow method using an air flow apparatus.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2016
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.03 - Permeability and Filtration
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4491/D4491M-15 - Standard Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Replaced By
ASTM D4491/D4491M-17 - Standard Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity
Effective Date
01-Jan-2017
Referred By
ASTM D6917-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods for Prefabricated Vertical Drains (PVD)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM E2777-20 - Standard Guide for Vegetative (Green) Roof Systems
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM D6365-99(2018) - Standard Practice for Nondestructive Testing of Geomembrane Seams Using the Spark Test
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM D5886-95(2023) - Standard Guide for Selection of Test Methods to Determine Rate of Fluid Permeation Through Geomembranes for Specific Applications
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM D1987-22 - Standard Test Method for Biological Clogging of Geotextile, Drainage Geocomposites, or Soil/Geotextile Filters
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM D7351/D7351M-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Sediment Retention Device (SRD) Effectiveness in Sheet Flow Applications
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM D7001-20 - Standard Specification for Geocomposites for Pavement Edge Drains and Other High-Flow Applications
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM D5820-95(2018) - Standard Practice for Pressurized Air Channel Evaluation of Dual-Seamed Geomembranes
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM D6461/D6461M-22 - Standard Specifications for Silt Fence Materials
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM D5885/D5885M-20 - Standard Test Method for Oxidative Induction Time of Polyolefin Geosynthetics by High-Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM D4716/D4716M-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining the (In-plane) Flow Rate per Unit Width and Hydraulic Transmissivity of a Geosynthetic Using a Constant Head
Effective Date
01-Jul-2016
Referred By
ASTM D7273/D7273M-08(2020) - Standard Guide for Acceptance Testing Requirements for Geonets and Geonet Drainage Geocomposites
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REDLINE ASTM D4491/D4491M-16 - Standard Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by PermittivityREDLINE ASTM D4491/D4491M-16 - Standard Test Methods for Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4491/D4491M − 16
Standard Test Methods for
1
Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4491/D4491M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
3
1. Scope 2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
Detailed Drawings and Materials List for Construction, 10
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining
Drawings
the hydraulic conductivity (water permeability) of geotextiles
in terms of permittivity under standard testing conditions, in
3. Terminology
the uncompressed state. Included are three procedures: the
3.1 Definitions:
constant head and falling head methods using a water flow
3.1.1 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised
apparatus, and the air flow method using an air flow apparatus.
solely of textiles.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3.1.2 permeability, n—the rate of flow of a liquid under a
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
differential pressure through a material.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The nominal thickness is used as it is
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
difficult to evaluate the pressure on the geotextile during the
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
test, thereby making it difficult to determine the thickness of
with the standard.
the fabric under these test conditions.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.3 permeability, n—of geotextiles, hydraulic conductiv-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ity.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.4 permittivity, (ψ), (T−1), n—of geotextiles, the volu-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
metric flow rate of water per unit cross sectional area per unit
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
head under laminar flow conditions, in the normal direction
2. Referenced Documents
through a geotextile.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.5 For the definitions of other terms relating to
D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
geotextiles, refer toTerminology D4439. For the definitions of
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
textile terms, refer to Terminology D123. For the definition of
Fluids
coefficient of permeability, refer to Terminology D653.
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
4. Summary of Test Method
D5199Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness
of Geosynthetics
4.1 Water Flow Test Methods—These test methods describe
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
proceduresfordeterminingthepermittivityofgeotextilesusing
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
constant head or falling head test procedures with a water flow
apparatus:
1
4.1.1 Method A - Constant Head Test—Ahead of 50 mm of
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
Geosynthetics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on
water is maintained on the geotextile throughout the test. The
Permeability and Filtration.
quantity of flow is measured versus time. The constant head
Current edition approved July 1, 2016. Published August 2016. Originally
test is used when the flow rate of water through the geotextile
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4491/D4491M–15.
is so large that it is difficult to obtain readings of head change
DOI: 10.1520/D4491_D4491M-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Detailed drawings and a materials list for construction are available from
the ASTM website. ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD4491.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4491/D4491M − 16
versustimeinthefallingheadtest.Theconstantheadtestisthe be taken when attempting to apply the results of these test
referee method for this standard. methods to the field performance of a geotextile.
NOTE 1—Data has shown agreement between the falling and constant
5.2 Sincetherearegeotextilesofvariousthicknessesinuse,
4
head methods of determining permittivity of geotextiles. Selection of the
evaluation in terms of their Darcy coefficient of permeabilities
test method,
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4491/D4491M − 15 D4491/D4491M − 16
Standard Test Methods for
1
Water Permeability of Geotextiles by Permittivity
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4491/D4491M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the hydraulic conductivity (water permeability) of geotextiles in terms
of permittivity under standard testing conditions, in the uncompressed state. Included are three procedures: the constant head and
falling head methods using a water flow apparatus, and the air flow method using an air flow apparatus.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
D5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness of Geosynthetics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
Detailed Drawings and Materials List for Construction, 10 Drawings
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 geotextile, n—a permeable geosynthetic comprised solely of textiles.
3.1.2 permeability, n—the rate of flow of a liquid under a differential pressure through a material.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.03 on Permeability and
Filtration.
Current edition approved July 1, 2015July 1, 2016. Published July 2015August 2016. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 20142015 as
ɛ1
D4491 – 99aD4491/D4491M – 15.(2014) . DOI: 10.1520/D4491_D4491M-15.10.1520/D4491_D4491M-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Detailed drawings and a materials list for construction are available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD4491.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
The nominal thickness is used as it is difficult to evaluate the pressure on the geotextile during the test, thereby making it difficult
to determine the thickness of the fabric under these test conditions.
3.1.3 permeability, n—of geotextiles, hydraulic conductivity.
3.1.4 permittivity, (ψ), (T−1), n—of geotextiles, the volumetric flow rate of water per unit cross sectional area per unit head
under laminar flow conditions, in the normal direction through a geotextile.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4491/D4491M − 16
3.1.5 For the definitions of other terms relating to geotextiles, refer to Terminology D4439. For the definitions of textile terms,
refer to Terminology D123. For the definition of coefficient of permeability, refer to Terminology D653.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Water Flow Test Methods—These test methods describe procedures for determining the permittivity of geotextiles using
constant head or falling head test procedures with a water flow apparatus:
4.1.1 Method A - Constant Head Test—A head of 50 mm of water is maintained on the geotextile throughout the test. The
quantity of flow is measured versus time. The constant head test is used when the flow rate of water through the geotextile is so
large that it is difficult to obtain readings of head change versus time in the falling head test. The constant head test is the referee
method for this stan
...

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5.3 This test method can be used to determine the variation in flux within a sample of GCL by testing a number of different specimens.  
5.4 This test method does not provide a flux value to be used directly in design calculations.
Note 1: Flux for in-service conditions depends on a number of factors, including confining pressure, type of hydration fluid, degree of hydration, degree of saturation, type of permeating fluid, and hydraulic gradient. Correlation between flux values obtained with this test method and flux through GCLs subjected to in-service conditions has not been fully investigated.  
5.5 This test method does not provide a value of hydraulic conductivity. Although hydraulic conductivity can be determined in a manner similar to the method described in this test method, the thickness of the specimen is needed to calculate hydraulic conductivity. This test method does not include procedures for measuring the thickness of the GCL nor of the clay component within the GCL. Refer to Appendix X2 for calculation of hydraulic conductivity.  
5.6 The apparatus used in this test method is commonly used to determine the hydraulic conductivity of soil specimens. However, flux values measured in this test are typically much lower than those commonly measured for most natural soils. It is essential that the leakage rate of the apparatus used in this test be less than 10 % of the flux.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an index test that covers laboratory measurement of flux through saturated geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) specimens using a flexible wall permeameter.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to GCL products having geotextile backing(s). It is not applicable to GCL products with geomembrane backing(s), geofilm backing(s), or polymer coating backing(s).  
1.3 This test method provides a measurement of flux under a prescribed set of conditions that can be used for manufacturing quality control. The test method can also be used to check conformance. The flux value determined using this test method is not considered to be representative of the in-service flux of GCLs.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5884/D5884M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Tearing Strength of Internally Reinforced Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Since tear resistance may be affected to a large degree by mechanical fibering of the membrane under stress, as well as by stress distribution, strain rate, and size of specimen, the results obtained in a tear resistance test can only be regarded as a measure of the resistance under the conditions of that particular test and not necessarily as having any direct relation to service value. This test method measures the force required to tear a reinforced geomembrane along a reasonably defined course such as that the tear propagates across the width of the specimen. The values may vary between types of reinforcement used within a geomembrane.  
5.2 The tongue tear method is useful for estimating the relative tear resistance of different reinforcing textiles or different directions in the same reinforcing textiles.  
5.3 Disputes—In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical difference between their laboratories.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a uniform procedure for determining the tear strength of flexible geomembranes internally reinforced with a textile, using the tongue tear method.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7006-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice covers test arrangements, measurement techniques, sampling methods, and calculations to be used for nondestructive evaluation of geomembranes using ultrasonic testing.  
5.2 Wave velocity may be established for particular geomembranes (for specific polymer type, specific formulation, specific density). Relationships may be established between velocity and both density and tensile properties of geomembranes. An example of the use of ultrasound for determining density of polyethylene is presented in Test Method D4883. Velocity measurements may be used to determine thickness of geomembranes (1, 2).4 Travel time and amplitude of transmitted waves may be used to assess the condition of geomembranes and to identify defects in geomembranes including surface defects (for example, scratches, cuts), inner defects (for example, discontinuities within geomembranes), and defects that penetrate the entire thickness of geomembranes (for example, pinholes) (3, 4). Bonding between geomembrane sheets can be evaluated using travel time, velocity, or impedance measurements for seam assessment (5-10). Examples of the use of ultrasonic testing for determining the integrity of field and factory seams through travel time and velocity measurements (resulting in thickness measurements) are presented in Practices D4437 and D4545, respectively. An ultrasonic testing device is routinely used for evaluating seams in prefabricated bituminous geomembranes in the field (11). Integrity of geomembranes may be monitored in time using ultrasonic measurements.
Note 1: Differences may exist between ultrasonic measurements and measurements made using other methods due to differences in test conditions such as pressure applied and probe dimensions. An example is ultrasonic and mechanical thickness measurements.  
5.3 The method is applicable to testing both in the laboratory and in the field for parent material and seams. The test durations are very short as wave transmission through ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a summary of equipment and procedures for ultrasonic testing of geomembranes using the pulse echo method.  
1.2 Ultrasonic wave propagation in solid materials is correlated to physical and mechanical properties and condition of the materials. In ultrasonic testing, two wave propagation characteristics are commonly determined: velocity (based on wave travel time measurements) and attenuation (based on wave amplitude measurements). Velocity of wave propagation is used to determine thickness, density, and elastic properties of materials. Attenuation of waves in solid materials is used to determine microstructural properties of the materials. In addition, frequency characteristics of waves are analyzed to investigate the properties of a test material. Travel time, amplitude, and frequency distribution measurements are used to assess the condition of materials to identify damage and defects in solid materials. Ultrasonic measurements are used to determine the nature of materials/media in contact with a test specimen as well. Measurements are conducted in the time-domain (time versus amplitude) or frequency-domain (frequency versus amplitude).  
1.3 Measurements of one or more ultrasonic wave transmission characteristics are made based on the requirements of the specific testing program.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development ...

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ASTM
ASTM D6992-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Accelerated Tensile Creep and Creep-Rupture of Geosynthetic Materials Based on Time-Temperature Superposition Using the Stepped Isothermal Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of the Stepped Isothermal Method decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
5.2 The statements set forth in 1.6 are very important in the context of significance and use, as well as scope of the standard.  
5.3 Creep test data are used to calculate the creep modulus of materials as a function of time. These data are then used to predict the long-term creep deformation expected of geosynthetics used in reinforcement applications.
Note 1: Currently, SIM testing has focused mainly on woven and knitted geogrids and woven geotextiles made from polyester, aramid, polyaramid, poly-vinyl alcohol (PVA), and polypropylene yarns and narrow strips. Additional correlation studies on other materials are needed.  
5.4 Creep-rupture test data are used to develop a regression line relating creep stress to rupture time. These results predict the long-term rupture strength expected for geosynthetics in reinforcement applications.  
5.5 Tensile testing is used to establish the ultimate tensile strength (TULT) of a material and to determine elastic stress, strain, and variations thereof for SIM tests.  
5.6 Ramp and Hold (R+H) testing is done to establish the range of creep strains experienced in the brief period of very rapid response following the peak of the load ramp.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers accelerated testing for tensile creep, and tensile creep-rupture properties using the Stepped Isothermal Method (SIM).  
1.2 The test method is focused on geosynthetic reinforcement materials such as yarns, ribs of geogrids, or narrow geotextile specimens.  
1.3 The SIM tests are laterally unconfined tests based on time-temperature superposition procedures.  
1.4 Tensile tests are to be completed before SIM tests and the results are used to determine the stress levels for subsequent SIM tests defined in terms of the percentage of Ultimate Tensile Strength (TULT). Additionally, the tensile test can be designed to provide estimates of the initial elastic strain distributions appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.5 Ramp and Hold (R+H) tests may be completed in conjunction with SIM tests. They are designed to provide additional estimates of the initial elastic and initial rapid creep strain levels appropriate for the SIM results.  
1.6 This method can be used to establish the sustained load creep and creep-rupture characteristics of a geosynthetic. Results of this method are to be used to augment results of Test Method D5262 and may not be used as the sole basis for determination of long-term creep and creep-rupture behavior of geosynthetic material.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5322-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Laboratory Immersion Procedures for Evaluating the Chemical Resistance of Geosynthetics to Liquids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a standard immersion procedure for investigating the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic to a liquid waste, leachate, or chemical in a laboratory environment. The conditions specified in this practice are intended both to provide a basis of standardization and to serve as a guide for those wishing to compare or investigate the chemical resistance of a geosynthetic material(s) in a laboratory environment. Practice D5496 can be used should the user need to assess the performance of a geosynthetic in field conditions.  
4.2 This practice is not intended to establish, by itself, the behavior of geosynthetics when exposed to liquids. Such behavior, referred to as chemical resistance, can be defined only in terms of specific chemical solutions and methods of testing and evaluation criteria selected by the user.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers laboratory immersion procedures for the testing of geosynthetics for chemical resistance to liquid wastes, prepared chemical solutions, and leachates derived from solid wastes.  
1.2 This standard is not applicable to some geosynthetics such as geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs), because of their composite nature requiring a confining pressure during immersion. However, individual geosynthetic components of the GCL can be tested.  
1.3 This standard was originally developed to supplement and expand EPA 9090 to include all geosynthetics. EPA 9090 has not been updated since 1992.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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