ASTM C4-04(2009)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Clay Drain Tile and Perforated Clay Drain Tile
Standard Specification for Clay Drain Tile and Perforated Clay Drain Tile
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes the criteria for acceptance, prior to installation, of drain tile and perforated drain tile to be used for underdrainage, filter fields, leaching fields, and similar subdrainage installations.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the Test Methods portion of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—Attention is called to Test Methods C 301 and Terminology C 896.
General Information
Relations
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C4 −04(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Specification for
Clay Drain Tile and Perforated Clay Drain Tile
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C4; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 4. Classification
4.1 Four classes of clay drain tile are specified:
1.1 Thisspecificationestablishesthecriteriaforacceptance,
prior to installation, of drain tile and perforated drain tile to be 4.1.1 Standard.
usedforunderdrainage,filterfields,leachingfields,andsimilar 4.1.2 Extra Quality.
subdrainage installations.
4.1.3 Heavy Duty.
4.1.4 Extra Strength.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
4.2 Drain tile of a higher strength classification than that
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
specified by the purchaser may be furnished by the seller,
and are not considered standard.
provided the substituted drain tile meets the physical require-
ments of the class specified.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the
Test Methods portion of this specification: This standard does
5. Materials and Manufacture
not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
5.1 Drain tile shall be manufactured from clay, fire clay,
standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices
shale, surface clay, or a combination of these materials, that,
and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior
when formed into tile and fired to suitable temperatures, yields
to use.
a product that conforms to this specification.
NOTE 1—Attention is called to Test Methods C301 and Terminology
C896. 6. Physical Properties
6.1 Drain tile shall meet the physical test requirements for
2. Referenced Documents
the class, as specified in Table 1.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
6.2 Themaximumwaterabsorption(5-hboiling)shallbeas
C301Test Methods for Vitrified Clay Pipe
follows:
C896Terminology Relating to Clay Products
Average, % Individual, %
Standard 13 16
Extra Quality 11 13
3. Terminology
Heavy Duty 11 13
3.1 Definitions:
Extra Strength 11 13
3.1.1 Clay, fire clay, shale, and surface clay are as defined
6.3 The requirements for water absorption (5–h boiling)
in Terminology C896.
shallbewaived,providedthattestspecimensmeettherequire-
3.1.2 Within this specification, the terms tile, drain tile, and
ments of the freezing and thawing test, Section 13, of this
clay drain tile are synonyms.
specification
7. Sizes and Perforations
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C04 on
7.1 The size of drain tile shall be designated by inside
Vitrified Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C04.20 on
diameter. Not all sizes and strengths may be available from all
Methods of Test and Specifications.
manufacturers.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originally
´1
approved in 1914. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as C4–04 . DOI:
7.2 The minimum length of drain tile smaller than 10 in.
10.1520/C0004-04R09.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or (255 mm) diameter shall be approximately 12 in. (305 mm).
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
7.3 The length of drain tile 10 in. (255 mm) through 30 in.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. (760mm)diametershallbenotlessthan1timestheirdiameter.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C4−04 (2009)
TABLE 1 Physical Test Requirements for Clay Drain Tile
Standard Extra Quality Heavy Duty Extra Strength
Internal
A A A A
Diameter Minimum Crushing Strength, Minimum Crushing Strength, Minimum Crushing Strength, Minimum Crushing Strength,
lbf/linear ft (kN/m) lbf/linear ft (kN/m) lbf/linear ft (kN/m) lbf/linear ft (kN/m)
of Tile,
in.
Average Individual Average Individual Average Individual Average Individual
3 ⁄2 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800 (26)
4 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800 (26)
5 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800 (26)
6 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800 (26)
8 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1500 (22) 1350 (20) 2140 (31) 1920 (28)
10 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1550 (23) 1400 (20) 2200 (32) 1980 (29)
12 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1700 (25) 1530 (22) 2420 (35) 2170 (32)
14 840 (12) 720 (11) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1850 (27) 1660 (24) 2640 (39) 2370 (35)
15 870 (13) 740 (11) 1150 (17) 1030 (15) 1980 (29) 1780 (26) 2800 (41) 2620 (38)
16 . . . . . . 1200 (18) 1080 (16) 2100 (31) 1890 (28) 3000 (44) 2700 (39)
18 . . . . . . 1300 (19) 1170 (17) 2340 (34) 2100 (31) 3300 (48) 2970 (43)
21 . . . . . . 1450 (21) 1300 (19) 2680 (39) 2410 (35) . . . . . .
24 . . . . . . 1600 (23) 1440 (21) 3000 (44) 2700 (39) . . . . . .
27 . . . . . . 1800 (26) 1620 (24) 3330 (49) 3000 (44) . . . . . .
30 . . . . . . 2000 (29) 1800 (26) 3590 (52) 3230 (47) . . . . . .
A
Strengths of sizes not listed may be interpolated between tabular values of sizes and strengths of the nearest listed diameters.
7.4 Perforations—Perforations shall be circular and cleanly purchase order is issued. The manufacturer or seller shall
cut through the tile wall. They shall be arranged in rows furnish test tile without charge.
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tile. The minimum
9.3 Each tile shall be individually marked so that it is
number of rows of perforations shall be as shown in Table 2.
identifiable within the testing period.
7.4.1 Where two rows of perforations are used, the rows
10. Basis of Acceptance
shall be separated by an arc of 90 6 15°.
7.4.2 Where four rows of perforations are used, the rows
10.1 Acceptability of nonperforated drain tile is determined
shall be symmetrical around a vertical centerline. The lower-
by compliance with the requirements of Table 1, Table 3, and
most rows of perforations shall be separated by an arc of 90 6
the inspection requirements of Section 14.
10°,andtheuppermostrowsshallbeseparatedbyanarcofnot
10.2 Acceptability of perforated drain tile is determined by
over 160° measured around the lower part of the tile (Fig. 1).
compliance with the requirements of Tables 1-3 and the
7.4.3 If more than four rows of perforations are used, the
inspection requirements of Section 14.
spacing of rows shall be uniform between the limits in 7.4.2.
7.4.4 The purchaser shall specify the desired perforation
TEST METHODS
1 1 1
diameter option of: (1) ⁄4 6 ⁄16 in. (6.4 6 1.6 mm) or (2) ⁄2
11. Crushing Strength Test
6 ⁄8 in. (13 6 3.2 mm), and the number of rows of
perforations.
11.1 Test Samples:
7.4.5 Perforations shall not be spaced more than approxi-
11.1.1 Test tile shall be sound, full size, and selected by the
mately 3 in. (76 mm) center-to-center along the rows.
purchaser or his representative.
11.1.2 Thenumberoftiletobetestedshallnotexceed0.5%
8. Workmanship and Finish
of the number of tile of each size furnished, except that no less
8.1 Drain tile shall be free of cracks, checks, or chips that than five tile of each size shall be tested.
decrease the strength.
11.2 Loading Apparatus (see Fig. 2):
8.2 Drain tile shall conform to the permissible dimensional 11.2.1 Testing Machine:
11.2.1.1 Theloadingapparatusmayconsistofanymechani-
variations in Table 3.
callydrivenorhand-powereddevicethatiscapableofapplying
8.3 Plain-end tile shall be furnished unless otherwise speci-
the necessary loads, with upper and lower bearings capable of
fied by the purchaser.
transmitting these loads to the tile. The bearings shall be
8.3.1 The ends of plain-end tile shall be sufficiently square
bearing beams and contact edges.
as to make close joints.
11.2.1.2 Any device that is capable of applying a load at a
uniform rate, from 500 to 2000 lbf/linear ft·min (7.3 to 29
9. Sampling and Testing
KN/linear m·min) of tile length, may be used for making the
9.1 Tile shall be sampled and tested in accordance with
test.
Sections 11 through 13.
11.2.1.3 The testing machine shall be sufficiently rigid so
9.2 Fortestpurposes,full-sizedraintileshallbeselectedby thattheloaddistributionwillnotbeappreciablyaffectedbythe
the purchaser or his authorized representative. Tile shall be deformation or yielding of any part.The machine and bearings
representative of the lot from which they are selected. The shall be constructed to transmit the load in a vertical plane
place or places of selection shall be designated when the through the longitudinal axes of the bearings and tile. The
C4−04 (2009)
TABLE 2 Number of Perforations per Row for Perforated Clay Drain Tile
Nominal Lengths of Tile, ft (m)
Tile Size Diameter, in. Minimum Number of
1 1
(mm) Rows of 1 (0.31) 1 ⁄2 (0.46) 2 (0.61) 2 ⁄2 (0.76) 3 (0.92)
Perforations
Minimum Number of Perforations per Row
3 ⁄2 , 4, 5, 6 (89, 100, 125, 4 3579 11
150)
3 ⁄2 , 4, 5, 6 (89, 100, 125, 25 8 11 13 15
150)
8, 10, 12 (205, 255, 305) 4 3579 11
14 to 18 (355 to 455) 6 . . . 5 7 9 11
11.2.3.5 Ifrubberstripsareusedascontactedges,theyshall
be cut or formed from a material having a Shore A,
instantaneous, durometer hardness between 45 and 60. The
strips shall be of rectangular cross section, having a 2-in.
(51-mm)width,andathicknessnotlessthan1in.(25mm)nor
more than 1 ⁄2 in. (38 mm). The contact edges shall be used
with the 2-in. (51 mm). dimension in contact with the bearing
beam. Rubber contact edges may be attached to the bearing
beambyanadhesive,providedthecontactedgeremainsfirmly
fixed in position.
11.2.3.6 If hardwood strips with plaster of paris fillets are
FIG. 1Spacing of Four Rows of Perforations used as contact edges, the strips shall be straight and have a
crosssectionnotlessthan1in.(25mm)ineitherdirection.The
bottomcontactedgesshallhaveverticalsides,withtheinterior
top corners having a radius of approximately ⁄2 in. (13 mm).
bearings shall be attached to the machine so as to receive and
The contact edges shall be securely fastened to the beams.
uniformly transmit the loads required in the tests, without
11.2.3.7 Plaster of paris fillets shall be cast on hardwood
vibration or shock.
contactedgestoprovideuniformbearingcontactontheoutside
11.2.1.4 The loading apparatus shall provide means for
of the tile. Fillets shall be cast on the two lower contact edges
determination of load with an accuracy of at least 98% and
and on the upper contact edge, along the tile crown. Sufficient
capable of retaining the loading information that results in the
excess plaster shall be removed from between the two lower
crushing strength determination.
contactedgestoeliminatethepossibilityofasinglecontinuous
11.2.2 Bearing Beams—Bearingbeamsshallbenolessthan
lower contact. The tile and contact edges shall be joined while
the length of the barrel of the tile. Built-up bearing beams may
theplasterofparisisstillworkable.Testingshallbeperformed
be used, provided their deflection does not exceed that speci-
only after the fillets have set.
fied. In order for the bell or socket of the tile, if applicable, to
clear the bearing beams, it is recommended that the bearing
11.3 Procedure:
beams be faced with a metal or hardwood member for affixing
11.3.1 Immerse tile, 12-in. (305-mm) diameter and smaller,
the contact edges.
in water for at least 1 h and not more than 2 h immediately
11.2.3 Three-Edge Bearings:
priortotesting.Tilewithdiameterslargerthan12in.(305mm)
11.2.3.1 Three-edge bearings shall consist of an upper
may be tested without wetting, but shall not be dried except as
member, comprised of a bearing beam on which one contact
may occur in complying with the provisions of 11.3.2.
edge is located so that it lies in the vertical plane passing
11.3.2 No tile specimen shall be exposed to temperatures
through the longitudinal axis of the tile, and a lower member
lower than 40°F (4.4°C) from the start of wetting until tested.
comprised of a bearing beam on which two contact edges are
Frozen tile shall be completely thawed before testing.
symmetrically located parallel to that vertical plane.
11.2.3.2 The contact edges shall consist of rubber strips 11.3.3 Strength tests are to be made by the three edge
bearing method.
alone or hardwood strips with plaster of paris fillets. Contact
edges shall uniformly contact the outside of the tile.
11.3.4 Center all bearings and test tile accurately for sym-
11.2.3.3 The two contact edges on the lower member shall
metrical distribution of load.
be spaced apart approximately 1 in./ft (83 mm/m) of tile
11.3.5 Apply load as continuously as testing equipment
diameter, but in no case less than 1 in. (25 mm).
permits until the tile fails.
11.2.3.4 Positioning strips may be used to align the upper
11.3.6 Record the load at which failure occurs.
contactedgeandtoalignandspacethelowercontactedges.In
the case of rubber contact edges, positioning strips shall not 11.4 Calculation and Report—Calculate and report the re-
exceed one half of the thickness of the contact edge and may sults of individual strength tests and the average in pounds-
remain in place. force per linear foot (or newtons per linear metre) of tile.
C4−04 (2009)
TABLE 3 Permissible Variations in Dimensions
Standard Extra Quality, Heavy Duty,
Physical Properties Specified
and Extra Strength
Permissible variation of average diameter below specified diameter, % 3 3
Permissible variation between maximum and minimum diameters of same tile, percentage 75 65
of wall thickness
Permissible variation of average length of tile sampled below manufacturer’s specified 33
length, %
Permissible variation from straightness, percentage of length 3 3
Permissible thickness of exterior blisters, lumps, and flakes, percentage of wall thickness 20 15
Permissible diameters of blisters, lumps, and flakes, percent of inside diameter 15 10
test, and shall be of the full thickness of the barrel with all
edgesbrokenorcut.Eachpieceshallhaveanareanotlessthan
2 2
25 in. (160 cm ) as measured on one barrel surface. Average
absorption of the three pieces shall be considered to be the
absorption for that tile.
12.2 Apparatus:
12.2.1 A ventilated oven capable of holding a 500°F
(260°C) temperature is require
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C4–03 Designation:C4–04 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Specification for
Clay Drain Tile and Perforated Clay Drain Tile
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationC4;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 Thisspecificationestablishesthecriteriaforacceptance,priortoinstallation,ofdraintileandperforateddraintiletobeused
for underdrainage, filter fields, leaching fields, and similar subdrainage installations.
1.2The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the Test Methods portion of this specification: This standard does not
purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—Attention is called to Test Methods C301 and Terminology C896.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C301 Test Methods for Vitrified Clay Pipe
C896 Terminology Relating to Clay Products
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Clay, fire clay, shale, and surface clay are as defined in Terminology C896.
3.1.2 Within this specification, the terms tile, drain tile, and clay drain tile are synonyms.
4. Classification
4.1 Four classes of clay drain tile are specified:
4.1.1 Standard.
4.1.2 Extra Quality.
4.1.3 Heavy Duty.
4.1.4 Extra Strength.
4.2 Drain tile of a higher strength classification than that specified by the purchaser may be furnished by the seller, provided
the substituted drain tile meets the physical requirements of the class specified.
5. Materials and Manufacture
5.1 Drain tile shall be manufactured from clay, fire clay, shale, surface clay, or a combination of these materials, that, when
formed into tile and fired to suitable temperatures, yields a product that conforms to this specification.
6. Physical Properties
6.1 Drain tile shall meet the physical test requirements for the class, as specified in Table 1.
6.2 The maximum water absorption (5-h boiling) shall be as follows:
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C04 on Vitrified Clay Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C04.20 on Methods of Test
and Specifications.
Current edition approved February 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originally approved in 1914. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C4–02.
´1
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published October 2009. Originally approved in 1914. Last previous edition approved in 2004 asC4–04 .
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 04.05.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C4–04 (2009)
TABLE 1 Physical Test Requirements for Clay Drain Tile
Standard Extra Quality Heavy Duty Extra Strength
Internal
A A A A
Diameter Minimum Crushing Strength, Minimum Crushing Strength, Minimum Crushing Strength, Minimum Crushing Strength,
of Tile, lbf/linear ft (kN/m) lbf/linear ft (kN/m) lbf/linear ft (kN/m) lbf/linear ft (kN/m)
in.
Average Individual Average Individual Average Individual Average Individual
3 ⁄2 800 (11.7) 680 (9.9) 1100 (16.0) 990 (14.5) 1400 (20.4) 1260 (18.4) 2000 (29.2) 1800 (26.3)
3 ⁄2 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800 (26)
4 800 (11.7) 680 (9.9) 1100 (16.0) 990 (14.5) 1400 (20.4) 1260 (18.4) 2000 (29.2) 1800 (26.3)
4 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800 (26)
5 800 (11.7) 680 (9.9) 1100 (16.0) 990 (14.5) 1400 (20.4) 1260 (18.4) 2000 (29.2) 1800 (26.3)
5 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800 (26)
6 800 (11.7) 680 (9.9) 1100 (16.0) 990 (14.5) 1400 (20.4) 1260 (18.4) 2000 (29.2) 1800 (26.3)
6 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1400 (20) 1260 (18) 2000 (29) 1800 (26)
8 800 (11.7) 680 (9.9) 1100 (16.0) 990 (14.5) 1500 (21.9) 1350 (19.7) 2140 (31.2) 1920 (28.0)
8 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1500 (22) 1350 (20) 2140 (31) 1920 (28)
10 800 (11.7) 680 (9.9) 1100 (16.0) 990 (14.5) 1550 (22.6) 1400 (20.4) 2200 (32.1) 1980 (28.9)
10 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1550 (23) 1400 (20) 2200 (32) 1980 (29)
12 800 (11.7) 680 (9.9) 1100 (16.0) 990 (14.5) 1700 (24.8) 1530 (22.3) 2420 (35.3) 2170 (31.7)
12 800 (12) 680 (10) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1700 (25) 1530 (22) 2420 (35) 2170 (32)
14 840 (12.3) 720 (10.5) 1100 (16.0) 990 (14.5) 1850 (27.0) 1660 (24.2) 2640 (38.5) 2370 (34.6)
14 840 (12) 720 (11) 1100 (16) 990 (14) 1850 (27) 1660 (24) 2640 (39) 2370 (35)
15 870 (12.7) 740 (10.8) 1150 (16.8) 1030 (15.0) 1980 (28.9) 1780 (26.0) 2800 (40.9) 2620 (38.3)
15 870 (13) 740 (11) 1150 (17) 1030 (15) 1980 (29) 1780 (26) 2800 (41) 2620 (38)
16 . . 1200 (17.5) 1080 (15.8) 2100 (30.7) 1890 (27.6) 3000 (43.8) 2700 (39.4)
16 . . 1200 (18) 1080 (16) 2100 (31) 1890 (28) 3000 (44) 2700 (39)
18 . . 1300 (19.0) 1170 (17.1) 2340 (34.2) 2100 (30.7) 3300 (48.2) 2970 (43.4)
18 . . 1300 (19) 1170 (17) 2340 (34) 2100 (31) 3300 (48) 2970 (43)
21 . . 1450 (21.2) 1300 (19.0) 2680 (39.1) 2410 (35.2) . .
21 . . 1450 (21) 1300 (19) 2680 (39) 2410 (35) . .
24 . . 1600 (23.4) 1440 (21.0) 3000 (43.8) 2700 (39.4) . .
24 . . 1600 (23) 1440 (21) 3000 (44) 2700 (39) . .
27 . . 1800 (26.3) 1620 (23.7) 3330 (48.6) 3000 (43.8) . .
27 . . 1800 (26) 1620 (24) 3330 (49) 3000 (44) . .
30 . . 2000 (29.2) 1800 (26.3) 3590 (52.4) 3230 (47.2) . .
30 . . 2000 (29) 1800 (26) 3590 (52) 3230 (47) . .
A
Strengths of sizes not listed may be interpolated between tabular values of sizes and strengths of the nearest listed diameters.
Average, % Individual, %
Standard 13 16
Extra Quality 11 13
Heavy Duty 11 13
Extra Strength 11 13
6.3 The requirements for water absorption (5–h boiling) shall be waived, provided that test specimens meet the requirements
of the freezing and thawing test, Section 13, of this specification
7. Sizes and Perforations
7.1 The size of drain tile shall be designated by inside diameter. Not all sizes and strengths may be available from all
manufacturers.
7.2 The minimum length of drain tile smaller than 10 in. (255 mm) diameter shall be approximately 12 in. (305 mm).
7.3 The length of drain tile 10 in. (255 mm) through 30 in. (760 mm) diameter shall be not less than 1 ⁄2 their diameter. times
their diameter.
7.4 Perforations—Perforations shall be circular and cleanly cut through the tile wall. They shall be arranged in rows parallel
to the longitudinal axis of the tile. The minimum number of rows of perforations shall be as shown in Table 2.
7.4.1 Where two rows of perforations are used, the rows shall be separated by an arc of 90 6 15°.
7.4.2 Wherefourrowsofperforationsareused,therowsshallbesymmetricalaroundaverticalcenterline.Thelowermostrows
of perforations shall be separated by an arc of 90 6 10°, and the uppermost rows shall be separated by an arc of not over 160°
measured around the lower part of the tile (Fig. 1).
7.4.3 If more than four rows of perforations are used, the spacing of rows shall be uniform between the limits in 7.4.2.
1 1 1 1
7.4.4 The purchaser shall specify the desired perforation diameter option of: (1) ⁄4 6 ⁄16 in. (6.4 6 1.6 mm) or (2) ⁄2 6 ⁄8
in. (12.7(13 6 3.2 mm), and the number of rows of perforations.
7.4.5 Perforations shall not be spaced more than approximately 3 in. (75(76 mm) center-to-center along the rows.
8. Workmanship and Finish
8.1 Drain tile shall be free of cracks, checks, or chips that decrease the strength.
8.2 Drain tile shall conform to the permissible dimensional variations in Table 3.
8.3 Plain-end tile shall be furnished unless otherwise specified by the purchaser.
C4–04 (2009)
TABLE 2 Number of Perforations per Row for Perforated Clay Drain Tile
Nominal Lengths of Tile, ft (m)
Tile Size Diameter, in. Minimum Number of
1 1
(mm) Rows of 1 (0.301) 1 ⁄2 (0.46) 2 (0.601) 2 ⁄2 (0.76) 3 (0.912)
Perforations
Minimum Number of Perforations per Row
3 ⁄2 , 4, 5, 6 ( 100, 125, 4 3 5 7 9 11
150)
3 ⁄2 , 4, 5, 6 (89, 100, 125, 4 3 5 7 9 11
150)
3 ⁄2 , 4, 5, 6 ( 100, 125, 2 5 8 11 13 15
150)
3 ⁄2 , 4, 5, 6 (89, 100, 125, 2 5 8 11 13 15
150)
8, 10, 12 (205, 255, 305) 4 3579 11
14 to 18 (355 to 455) 6 . . . 5 7 9 11
FIG. 1 Spacing of Four Rows of Perforations
TABLE 3 Permissible Variations in Dimensions
Standard Extra Quality, Heavy Duty,
Physical Properties Specified
and Extra Strength
Permissible variation of average diameter below specified diameter, % 3 3
Permissible variation between maximum and minimum diameters of same tile, percentage 75 65
of wall thickness
Permissible variation of average length of tile sampled below manufacturer’s specified 33
length, %
Permissible variation from straightness, percentage of length 3 3
Permissible thickness of exterior blisters, lumps, and flakes, percentage of wall thickness 20 15
Permissible diameters of blisters, lumps, and flakes, percent of inside diameter 15 10
8.3.1 The ends of plain-end tile shall be sufficiently square as to make close joints.
9. Sampling and Testing
9.1 Tile shall be sampled and tested in accordance with Sections 11 through 13.
9.2 For test purposes, full-size drain tile shall be selected by the purchaser or his authorized representative. Tile shall be
representativeofthelotfromwhichtheyareselected.Theplaceorplacesofselectionshallbedesignatedwhenthepurchaseorder
is issued. The manufacturer or seller shall furnish test tile without charge.
9.3 Each tile shall be individually marked so that it is identifiable within the testing period.
10. Basis of Acceptance
10.1 Acceptability of nonperforated drain tile is determined by compliance with the requirements of Table 1, Table 3, and the
inspection requirements of Section 14.
10.2 Acceptability of perforated drain tile is determined by compliance with the requirements of Tables 1-3 and the inspection
requirements of Section 14.
TEST METHODS
11. Crushing Strength Test
11.1 Test Samples:
C4–04 (2009)
11.1.1 Test tile shall be sound, full size, and selected by the purchaser or his representative.
11.1.2 The number of tile to be tested shall not exceed 0.5% of the number of tile of each size furnished, except that no less
than five tile of each size shall be tested.
11.2 Loading Apparatus (see Fig. 2):
11.2.1 Testing Machine:
11.2.1.1 The loading apparatus may consist of any mechanically driven or hand-powered device that is capable of applying the
necessaryloads,withupperandlowerbearingscapableoftransmittingtheseloadstothetile.Thebearingsshallbebearingbeams
and contact edges.
11.2.1.2 Any device that is capable of applying a load at a uniform rate, from 500 to 2000 lbf/linear ft·min (7300(7.3 to 29200
N/linear29 KN/linear m·min) of tile length, may be used for making the test.
11.2.1.3 The testing machine shall be sufficiently rigid so that the load distribution will not be appreciably affected by the
deformation or yielding of any part.The machine and bearings shall be constructed to transmit the load in a vertical plane through
thelongitudinalaxesofthebearingsandtile.Thebearingsshallbeattachedtothemachinesoastoreceiveanduniformlytransmit
the loads required in the tests, without vibration or shock.
11.2.1.4 The loading apparatus shall provide means for determination of load with an accuracy of at least 98% and capable of
retaining the loading information that results in the crushing strength determination.
11.2.2 Bearing Beams—Bearing beams shall be no less than the length of the barrel of the tile. Built-up bearing beams may be
used, provided their deflection does not exceed that specified. In order for the bell or socket of the tile, if applicable, to clear the
bearingbeams,itisrecommendedthatthebearingbeamsbefacedwithametalorhardwoodmemberforaffixingthecontactedges.
11.2.3 Three-Edge Bearings:
11.2.3.1 Three-edge bearings shall consist of an upper member, comprised of a bearing beam on which one contact edge is
located so that it lies in the vertical plane passing through the longitudinal axis of the tile, and a lower member comprised of a
bearing beam on which two contact edges are symmetrically located parallel to that vertical plane.
11.2.3.2 Thecontactedgesshallconsistofrubberstripsaloneorhardwoodstripswithplasterofparisfillets.Contactedgesshall
uniformly contact the outside of the tile.
11.2.3.3 Thetwocontactedgesonthelowermembershallbespacedapartapproximately1in./ft(25(83mm/m)oftilediameter,
but in no case less than 1 in. (25 mm).
11.2.3.4 Positioning strips may be used to align the upper contact edge and to align and space the lower contact edges. In the
case of rubber contact edges, positioning strips shall not exceed one half of the thickness of the contact edge and may remain in
place.
11.2.3.5 If rubber strips are used as contact edges, they shall be cut or formed from a material having a ShoreA, instantaneous,
durometer hardness between 45 and 60. The strips shall be of rectangular cross section, having a 2-in. (50-mm)(51-mm) width,
andathicknessnotlessthan1in.(25mm)normorethan1 ⁄2in.(38mm).Thecontactedgesshallbeusedwiththe2-in.(51mm).
dimension in contact with the bearing beam. Rubber contact edges may be attached to the bearing beam by an adhesive, provided
the contact edge remains firmly fixed in position.
11.2.3.6 If hardwood strips with plaster of paris fillets are used as contact edges, the strips shall be straight and have a cross
section not less than 1 in. (25 mm) in either direction. The bottom contact edges shall have vertical sides, with the interior top
corners having a radius of approximately ⁄2 in. (13
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.