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ASTM E1995-04

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally

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1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.
1.2 This test method provides a means of measuring smoke obscuration resulting from subjecting essentially flat materials, products, or assemblies (including surface finishes), not exceeding 25 mm [1 in.] in thickness, in a horizontal orientation, exposed to specified levels of thermal irradiance, from a conical heater, in the presence of a pilot flame, in a single closed chamber. Optional testing modes exclude the pilot flame.
1.3 The principal fire-test-response characteristic obtained from this test method is the specific optical density of smoke from the specimens tested, which is obtained as a function of time, for a period of 10 min.
1.4 An optional fire-test-response characteristic measurable with this test method is the mass optical density (see ), which is the specific optical density of smoke divided by the mass lost by the specimens during the test.
1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test are specific to the specimen tested, in the form and thickness tested, and are not an inherent property of the material, product, or assembly.
1.6 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of the test specimens under fire conditions other than those conditions specified in this test method. For limitations of this test method, see 5.5.
1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The inch-pound units given in brackets are for information only.
1.8 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. This test method may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. See also 6.2.1.2, Section 7, and 11.7.2.
1.10This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
29-Feb-2004
ICS
13.220.40 - Ignitability and burning behaviour of materials and products
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.21 - Smoke and Combustion Products
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1995-98 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally
Effective Date
01-Mar-2004
Replaced By
ASTM E1995-04a - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Referred By
ASTM E176-21ae1 - Standard Terminology of Fire Standards
Effective Date
01-Mar-2004
Referred By
ASTM E3020-22 - Standard Practice for Ignition Sources
Effective Date
01-Mar-2004

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ASTM E1995-04 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented HorizontallyASTM E1995-04 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally
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ASTM E1995-04 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: E 1995 – 04
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical
Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test
1
Specimen Oriented Horizontally
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1995; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently
hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.
shall be employed in conducting these tests. This test method
1.2 This test method provides a means of measuring smoke
may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.
obscuration resulting from subjecting essentially flat materials,
See also 6.2.1.2, Section 7, and 11.7.2.
products, or assemblies (including surface finishes), not ex-
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ceeding 25 mm [1 in.] in thickness, in a horizontal orientation,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
exposed to specified levels of thermal irradiance, from a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
conical heater, in the presence of a pilot flame, in a single
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
closed chamber. Optional testing modes exclude the pilot
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
flame.
1.3 The principal fire-test-response characteristic obtained
2. Referenced Documents
from this test method is the specific optical density of smoke
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
from the specimens tested, which is obtained as a function of
D 2843 Test Method for Density of Smoke from the Burn-
time, for a period of 10 min.
ing or Decomposition of Plastics
1.4 An optional fire-test-response characteristic measurable
D 4100 Test Method for Gravimetric Determination of
with this test method is the mass optical density (see Annex
Smoke Particulates from Combustion of Plastic Materials
A1), which is the specific optical density of smoke divided by
D 5424 Test Method for Smoke Obscuration of Insulating
the mass lost by the specimens during the test.
Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables
1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this
When Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray Configuration
test are specific to the specimen tested, in the form and
E 84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
thickness tested, and are not an inherent property of the
Building Materials
material, product, or assembly.
E 176 Terminology of Fire Standards
1.6 This test method does not provide information on the
E 603 Guide for Room Fire Experiments
fire performance of the test specimens under fire conditions
E 662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke
other than those conditions specified in this test method. For
Generated by Solid Materials
limitations of this test method, see 5.5.
E 906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see
Rates for Materials and Products
IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The inch-pound units given in brackets are
E 1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
for information only.
Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-
1.8 This test method is used to measure and describe the
sumption Calorimeter
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
E 1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate
flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself
of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or
incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk
Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption
assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under
Calorimeter
actual fire conditions.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
2
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Combustion Products. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved March 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 1995 - 98. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1995–04
E 1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni- 3.2.11 smoke obscuration, n—the reductio
...

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5.1 This test method is used primarily to determine the heat evolved in, or contributed to, a fire involving materials or products that emit low levels of heat release. The recommended use for this test method is for materials with a total heat release rate measured of less than 10 MJ over the first 20 min test period, and which do not give peak heat release rates of more than 200 kW/m2 for periods extending more than 10 s. Also included is a determination of the effective heat of combustion, mass loss rate, the time to sustained flaming, and (optionally) smoke production. These properties are determined on small size test specimens that are representative of those in the intended end use.  
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1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a procedure for measuring the response of materials that emit low levels of heat release when exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating with or without an external igniter.  
1.2 This test method differs from Test Method E1354 in that it prescribes a different specific test specimen size, specimen holder, test specimen orientation, a direct connection between the plenum and the top plate of the cone heater assembly to ensure complete collection of all the combustion gases (Fig. 1), and a lower volumetric flow rate for analyses via oxygen consumption calorimetry. It is intended for use on materials and products that contain only small amounts of combustible ingredients or components, such as test specimens that yield a peak heat release of 2 and total heat release of 2.
Note 1: PMMA is typically used to check the general operation of a Cone Calorimeter. PMMA should not be used with this standard as the heat release rate is too high.  
1.3 The rate of heat release is determined by measurement of the oxygen consumption as determined by the oxygen concentration and the flow rate in the exhaust product stream. The effective heat of combustion is determined from a concomitant measurement of test specimen mass loss rate, in combination with the heat release rate. Smoke development (an optional measurement) is measured by obscuration of light by the combustion product stream.  
1.4 Test specimens shall be exposed to initial test heat fluxes generated by a conical radiant heater. External ignition, when used, shall be by electric spark. The test specimen testing orientation is horizontal, independent of whether the end-use application involves a horizontal or a vertical orientation.  
1.5 Ignitability is determined as a measurement of time from initial exposure to time of sustained flaming.  
1.6 This test method has been developed for use for material and product evaluations, mathematical modeling, design purposes, and development and research. Examples of material test specimens include portions of an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
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5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics resulting from burning a specimen of upholstered furniture. The upholstered furniture specimen is allowed to burn freely under well-ventilated conditions after ignition using a propane gas burner. The most important fire-test-response characteristic measured is the rate of heat release, which quantifies the intensity of the fire generated.  
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1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.2 The purpose of this test method is to determine the burning behavior of upholstered furniture used in public occupancies by measuring specific fire-test responses when the specimen of furniture is subjected to a specified flaming ignition source under well-ventilated conditions.  
1.3 Data are obtained describing the burning behavior from a specific ignition source until all burning has ceased, a period of 1 h has elapsed, or flashover appears inevitable.  
1.4 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of upholstered furniture in fire conditions other than those conditions specified. In particular, this test method does not apply to smoldering ignition by cigarettes. See X1.6 for further information.  
1.5 The rate of heat release of the burning specimen is measured by an oxygen consumption method. See X1.6.4 for further information.  
1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measured and the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases are determined. See X1.6.5 for further information.  
1.7 The burning behavior is visually documented by photographic or video recordings, whenever possible.  
1.8 The system of units to be used in referee decisions is the SI system of units, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10 only. The units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.10 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its us...

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ASTM
ASTM E1474-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or Composites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus.  
5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used for upholstery and mattress product designs and product development.  
5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by yielding a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications. Heat release data from this test method will not be predictive of product behavior if the product does not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.  
5.4 Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if either of the following conditions occur: (1) explosive spalling; or (2) the specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug, or the specimen swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion.
SCOPE
1.1 This fire-test-response test method can be used to determine the ignitability and heat release from the composites of contract, institutional, or high-risk occupancy upholstered furniture or mattresses using a bench scale oxygen consumption calorimeter.  
1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. This test method is also suitable to obtain heat release data at different heat fluxes. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.  
1.3 The times to sustained flaming, heat release, and effective heat of combustion are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E1354.  
1.4 The tests are performed on bench-scale specimens combining the furniture or mattress outer layer components. Frame elements are not included.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.  
1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3020-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ignition Sources

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A variety of standard test methods, specifications, and regulations have been issued by a number of different standards developing organizations and regulatory authorities that contain ignition sources used to assess fire-test-response characteristics associated with flaming and non-flaming ignition. This practice describes such ignition sources and provides information on the standard method in which they are described.  
5.2 The ignition source to be chosen for any specific use needs to be relevant to the fire hazard associated with the intended application. Neither the scope of the standard containing the ignition source nor any other aspect of the standard has any bearing on the use of the ignition source for another application.  
5.3 This practice is not expected to be a fully comprehensive list of ignition sources. If additional ignition sources are identified they can be added to the practice.  
5.4 This practice does not describe test specimen preparation or detailed testing procedures for the materials or products.  
5.5 This practice does not address limitations associated with the ignition sources described in this practice.  
5.6 This practice does not necessarily address the latest edition of any standard referenced.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a series of ignition sources that have been used and that are potentially applicable to assessing fire-test-response characteristics resulting from the ignition of materials, products, or assemblies.  
1.2 This practice does not identify which of the ignition sources described is applicable to any specific use since that is a function of the associated fire hazard (see also 5.2).  
1.3 This practice is not necessarily comprehensive and it is possible that other applicable ignition sources exist (see also 5.3).  
1.4 This practice describes both flaming and non-flaming ignition sources, since the outcome of a non-flaming ignition can be the eventual flaming ignition of these materials or products (see also 4.2).  
1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.9 This practice contains notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard in referee decisions. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for further details.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2032-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Extension of Data From Fire Resistance Tests Conducted in Accordance with ASTM E 119

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this practice relate to the extension of the fire resistance ratings obtained from particular fire tested specimens to constructions that have not been tested.  
4.2 Users of this practice must have knowledge and understanding of the provisions of Test Method E119 including those pertaining to conditions of acceptance.  
4.3 In order to apply some of the principles described in this practice, reference to the original fire test report will be necessary.  
4.4 In Test Method E119, the specimens are subjected to specific laboratory fire test exposure conditions. Substitution of different test conditions or changes in the end use conditions have the ability to change the measured fire-test-response characteristics. Therefore, the extensions of data are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in Test Method E119,.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the extension of fire resistance ratings obtained from fire tests performed in accordance with Test Method E119 to constructions that have not been tested. Test Method E119 evaluates the duration for which test specimens will contain a fire, retain their standard integrity, or both during a predetermined test exposure.  
1.2 This practice is based on principles involving the extension of test data using simple considerations. The acceptance of these principles and their application is based substantially on an analogous worst case proposition.  
1.3 These principles are only applicable to temperature conditions represented by the standard time-temperature curve described in Test Method E119. Test Method E119 is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.4 The types of building constructions which are the subject of this practice are categorized as follows: beams; floor and roof assemblies; columns; and walls and partitions. Floor and roof assemblies include such assemblies with ceiling protective membranes.  
1.5 The extension of test data using numerical calculations based on empirical data or theoretical models is not covered in this practice.  
1.6 This practice does not cover the substitution of one proprietary material for another proprietary material, or materials for which fire test data are not presently available.  
1.7 This practice does not purport to be comprehensive in its treatment of non-proprietary modifications of tested constructions. Engineering evaluation or tests are recommended for assessing modifications not specifically covered in this practice.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.9 This standard is used to determine certain fire-test responses of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions by using results obtained from fire-test-response standards. The results obtained from using this standard do not by themselves constitute measures of fire hazard or fire risk.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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