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ASTM D4195-23

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Application

Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Application

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The performance of RO or NF membranes is strongly influenced by the composition of the feed solution. Overall salt rejection is dependent upon the ratio of monovalent to polyvalent ions as well as the sum total of ions present. The permeate flow rate of RO or NF devices is also dependent upon the sum total of the ions present and the operating temperature, pressure, and recovery rate. Analyses and measurements performed in this guide will provide vital data for salt rejection and permeate flow projections of RO or NF systems for specific feedwaters.  
5.2 The recovery at which a RO or NF system can be safely operated is dependent upon the composition of the feed solution. The analyses and measurements performed in this guide will provide data for the calculation of the maximum recovery of a RO or NF system for a given feed solution.  
5.3 The analyses and measurements performed in this guide will be of great assistance in determining the pretreatment requirements for a RO or NF system on a given feedwater.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the analyses that should be performed on any given water sample if reverse osmosis (RO) or nanofiltration (NF) application is being considered. (See also Test Methods D511, D512, D513, D516, D858, D859, D888, D1068, D1179, D1253, D1293, D1889, D3352, D3370, D3561, D3867, D4189, D4194, and D4382.)  
1.2 This guide is applicable to waters including brackish waters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to waste waters.  
1.3 This is a guide only and should not be construed as a delineation of all ions known to exist in waters.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Mar-2023
ICS
13.060.50 - Examination of water for chemical substances
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.08 - Membranes and Ion Exchange Materials
Current Stage
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ASTM D4195-23 - Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration ApplicationASTM D4195-23 - Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Application
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ASTM D4195-23 - Standard Guide for Water Analysis for Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Application
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4195 − 23
Standard Guide for
Water Analysis for Reverse Osmosis and Nanofiltration
1
Application
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4195; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion In Water
D513 Test Methods for Total and Dissolved Carbon Dioxide
1.1 This guide covers the analyses that should be performed
in Water
on any given water sample if reverse osmosis (RO) or
D516 Test Method for Sulfate Ion in Water
nanofiltration (NF) application is being considered. (See also
D857 Test Method for Aluminum in Water
Test Methods D511, D512, D513, D516, D858, D859, D888,
D858 Test Methods for Manganese in Water
D1068, D1179, D1253, D1293, D1889, D3352, D3370,
D859 Test Method for Silica in Water
D3561, D3867, D4189, D4194, and D4382.)
D888 Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water
1.2 This guide is applicable to waters including brackish
D1068 Test Methods for Iron in Water
waters and seawaters but is not necessarily applicable to waste
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
waters.
D1179 Test Methods for Fluoride Ion in Water
1.3 This is a guide only and should not be construed as a D1253 Test Method for Residual Chlorine in Water
delineation of all ions known to exist in waters. D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
D1889 Test Method for Turbidity of Water (Withdrawn
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3
2007)
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D2579 Test Method for Total Organic Carbon in Water
standard.
3
(Withdrawn 2002)
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D3352 Test Method for Strontium Ion in Brackish Water,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Seawater, and Brines
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Flowing Process
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Streams
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D3561 Test Method for Lithium, Potassium, and Sodium
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Ions in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Brines by Atomic
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Absorption Spectrophotometry
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D3867 Test Methods for Nitrite-Nitrate in Water
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
D4189 Test Method for Silt Density Index (SDI) of Water
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
D4194 Test Methods for Operating Characteristics of Re-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
verse Osmosis and Nanofiltration Devices
D4382 Test Method for Barium in Water, Atomic Absorption
2. Referenced Documents
Spectrophotometry, Graphite Furnace
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration,
D511 Test Methods for Calcium and Magnesium In Water
Nanofiltration, and Reverse Osmosis Membrane Processes
4
2.2 APHA Standards:
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and is
APHA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion Exchange
Materials.
Wastewater, Sixteenth Edition, 1985, pp. 470–478, Part
Current edition approved April 1, 2023. Published April 2023. Originally
427, Sulfite
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D4195 – 08 (2014)
which was withdrawn January 2023 and reinstated in April 2023. DOI: 10.1520/
D4195-23.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM www.astm.org.
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American Public Health Association (APHA), 800 I Street, NW
the ASTM website. Washington, DC 20001, http://www.apha.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4195 − 23
3. Terminology in accordance with the documents referenced in Section 2 of
this guide. The results may be expressed as (a) mg/L as the ion;
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
(b) mg/L as calcium carbonate; or (c) meq/L as the ion.
refer
...

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5.1 A rapid and routine procedure for determining biomass of the living microorganisms in cultures, waters, wastewaters, and in plankton and periphyton samples taken from surface waters is frequently of vital importance. However, classical techniques such as direct microscope counts, turbidity, organic chemical analyses, cell tagging, and plate counts are expensive, time-consuming, or tend to underestimate total numbers. In addition, some of these methods do not distinguish between living and nonliving cells.  
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1.1 This test method covers a protocol for capturing, extracting and quantifying the cellular adenosine triphosphate (cATP) content associated with microorganisms normally found in laboratory cultures and waters in plankton and periphyton samples from waters.  
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1.4 Knowledge of the concentration of ATP can be related to viable biomass or metabolic activity of microorganisms (Appendix X1).  
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1.6 The analyst should be aware that the precision statement pertains only to determinations in reagent water and not necessarily in the matrix being tested.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for the analysis of total uranium in water following wet-ashing, as required, due to impurities or suspended materials in the water.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of total uranium, by mass concentration, in water within the calibrated range of the instrument, 0.1 μg/L or greater. Samples with uranium mass concentrations above the laser phosphorimeter dynamic range are diluted to bring the concentration to a measurable level.  
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ASTM D8024-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of (Tri-n-butyl)-n-tetradecylphosphonium chloride (TTPC) in Water by Multiple Reaction Monitoring Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 TTPC may be used in various industrial and commercial products for use as a biocide. Products containing TTPC have been approved for controlling algal, bacterial, and fungal slimes in industrial water systems.2 TTPC should not be persistent in water but may be deposited in sediments at concentrations of concern. Hence, there is a need for quick, easy and robust method to determine TTPC concentration at trace levels in water matrices for understanding the sources and concentration levels in affected areas.  
5.2 This method has been used to determine TTPC in reagent water and a river water (Table 8). (A) Solution A: Level 8 stock solution prepared according to Section 12 and at Table 4 concentrations.(B) Solution B: 75 % Acetone, 25 % Water.    
Note 1: This test method has been used to characterize TTPC in real world water samples with success and similar recoveries as shown in Table 8.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of (Tri-n-butyl)-n-tetradecylphosphonium chloride (TTPC) in water by dilution with acetone, filtration and analysis by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. This test method is not amenable for the analysis of isomeric mixtures of Tributyl-tetradecylphosphonium chloride. TTPC is a biocide that strongly adsorbs to soils.2 The water samples are prepared in a solution of 75 % acetone and 25 % water because TTPC has an affinity for surfaces and particles. The reporting range for this method is from 100 ng/L to 4000 ng/L. This analyte is qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this method. This test method adheres to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry.  
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1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Determination of Select Pesticides in Water by Multiple Reaction Monitoring Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Pesticides may be used in various agricultural and household products. These products may enter waterways at low levels through run-off or misuse near water resources. Hence, there is a need for quick, easy and robust method to determine pesticide concentration in water matrices for understanding the sources and concentration levels in affected areas.  
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ASTM D7574-23(Test Method)
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5.1 The first reported synthesis of BPA was by the reaction of phenol with acetone by Zincke.4 BPA has become an important high volume industrial chemical used in the manufacture of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. Polycarbonate plastic and resins are used in numerous products including electrical and electronic equipment, automobiles, sports and safety equipment, reusable food and drink containers, electrical laminates for printed circuit boards, composites, paints, adhesives, dental sealants, protective coatings and many other products.5  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of bisphenol A (BPA) extracted from water utilizing solid phase extraction (SPE), separated using liquid chromatography (LC) and detected with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). BPA is qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this method. This test method adheres to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D7485-23(Test Method)
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5.1 NP and OP have been shown to have toxic effects in aquatic organisms. The source of NP and OP is prominently from the use of common commercial surfactants. The most widely used surfactant is nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPEO) which has an average ethoxylate chain length of nine. The ethoxylate chain is readily biodegraded to form NP1EO, NP2EO, nonylphenol carboxylate (NPEC) and, under anaerobic conditions, NP. NP will also biodegrade, but may be released into environmental waters directly at trace levels. This method has been investigated and is applicable for environmental waters, including seawater.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP1EO), nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO), and octylphenol (OP), extracted from water utilizing solid phase extraction (SPE), separated using liquid chromatography (LC) and detected with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). These compounds are qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this method. This method adheres to single reaction monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Hardness salts in water, notably calcium and magnesium, are the primary cause of tube and pipe scaling, which frequently causes failures and loss of process efficiency due to clogging or loss of heat transfer, or both.  
5.2 Hardness is caused by any polyvalent cations, but those other than Ca+2 and Mg+2 are seldom present in more than trace amounts. The term hardness was originally applied to water in which it was hard to wash; it referred to the soap-wasting properties of water. With most normal alkaline water, these soap-wasting properties are directly related to the calcium and magnesium content.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of hardness in water by titration with potentiometric detection via optical sensor. This test method is applicable to waters that are free of chemicals that will complex calcium or magnesium. The lower detection limit of this test method is approximately 2 mg/L to 5 mg/L as CaCO3; the upper limit can be extended to all concentrations by sample dilution. It is possible to differentiate between hardness due to calcium ions and that due to magnesium ions by this test method.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to both colorless and colored water samples including groundwater, surface water, wastewater, and drinking water.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7644-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Bromadiolone, Brodifacoum, Diphacinone and Warfarin in Water by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method has been developed by U.S. EPA Region 5 Chicago Regional Laboratory (CRL).  
5.2 Bromadiolone, brodifacoum, diphacinone and warfarin are rodenticides for controlling mice, rats, and other rodents that pose a threat to public health, critical habitats, native plants and animals, crops, food and water supplies. These rodenticides also present human and environmental safety concerns. Warfarin and diphacinone are first-generation anticoagulants, while bromadiolone and brodifacoum are second-generation. The anticoagulants interfere with blood clotting, and death can result from excessive bleeding. The second-generation anticoagulants are especially hazardous for several reasons. They are highly toxic and persist a long time in body tissues. The second-generation anticoagulants are designed to be toxic in a single feeding, but time-to-death occurs in several days. This allows rodents to feed multiple times before death, leading to carcasses containing residues that may be many times the lethal dose.4  
5.3 This test method has been investigated for use with reagent, surface, and drinking water for the selected rodenticides.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of bromadiolone, brodifacoum, diphacinone and warfarin (referred to collectively as rodenticides in this test method) in water by direct injection using liquid chromatography (LC) and detected with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). These analytes are qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this test method. This test method adheres to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry.  
1.2 The Detection Verification Level (DVL) and Reporting Range for the rodenticides are listed in Table 1.  
1.2.1 The DVL is required to be at a concentration at least 3 times below the Reporting Limit (RL) and have a signal/noise ratio greater than 3:1. Fig. 1 displays the signal/noise ratios of the primary single reaction monitoring (SRM) transitions, and Fig. 2 displays the confirmatory SRM transitions at the DVLs for the rodenticides.  
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D7645-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Aldicarb, Aldicarb Sulfone, Aldicarb Sulfoxide, Carbofuran, Methomyl, Oxamyl, and Thiofanox in Water by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method has been developed by U.S. EPA Region 5 Chicago Regional Laboratory (CRL).  
5.2 The N-methyl carbamate (NMC) pesticides: aldicarb, carbofuran, methomyl, oxamyl, and thiofanox have been identified by EPA as working through a common mechanism. These affect the nervous system by reducing the ability of enzymes. Enzyme inhibition was the primary toxicological effect of regulatory concern to EPA in assessing the NMC’s food, drinking water, and residential risks. In most of the country, NMC residues in drinking water sources are at levels that are not likely to contribute substantially to the multi-pathway cumulative exposure. Shallow private wells extending through highly permeable soils into shallow, acidic ground water represent what the EPA believes to be the most vulnerable drinking water. Aldicarb sulfone and aldicarb sulfoxide are breakdown products of aldicarb and should also be monitored due to their toxicological effects.4  
5.3 This test method has been investigated for use with reagent, surface, and drinking water for the selected carbamates: aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb sulfoxide, carbofuran, methomyl, oxamyl, and thiofanox.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of aldicarb, aldicarb sulfone, aldicarb sulfoxide, carbofuran, methomyl, oxamyl, and thiofanox (referred to collectively as carbamates in this test method) in water by direct injection using liquid chromatography (LC) and detected with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). These analytes are qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this test method. This test method adheres to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry.  
1.2 The Detection Verification Level (DVL) and Reporting Range for the carbamates are listed in Table 1.    
1.2.1 The DVL is required to be at a concentration at least 3 times below the Reporting Limit (RL) and have a signal/noise ratio greater than 3:1. Fig. 1 displays the signal/noise ratios of the primary single reaction monitoring (SRM) transitions, and Fig. 2 displays the confirmatory SRM transitions at the DVLs for the carbamates.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8478-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for N-Hexane Recoverable Total Oil and Grease and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Water by ATR-Infrared Determination

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The presence and concentration of oil and grease in domestic and industrial wastewater is of concern to the public because of its deleterious aesthetic effect and its impact on aquatic life.  
5.2 Regulations and standards have been established that require monitoring of TOG and TPH in produced water and wastewater.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of total oil and grease, and total petroleum hydrocarbons in produced water and wastewater by an infrared (IR) determination of n-hexane extractable substances from the sample. Included in this estimation of total oil and grease are any other compounds soluble in the n-hexane.  
1.2 This test method defines total oil and grease in produced water and wastewater as that which is extractable in the test method and measured by IR absorption from 3.34 µm to 3.54 µm (2825 cm-1 to 2994 cm-1). Similarly, this test method defines total petroleum hydrocarbons in produced water and wastewater as that oil and grease which is not adsorbed by silica gel in the test method, and is measured by IR absorption from 3.34 µm to 3.54 µm (2825 cm-1 to 2994 cm-1). Alternative methods for total oil and grease or total petroleum hydrocarbons, or both, can produce differing results.  
1.3 This method covers the range of 5 mg/L to 175 mg/L for total oil and grease and the range of 5 mg/L to 50 mg/L for total petroleum hydrocarbons. The range may be extended to a lower or higher level by extraction of a larger or smaller sample volume collected separately.  
1.4 This test method uses horizontal attenuated total reflectance (HATR) with a cubic zirconia crystal.  
1.5 This test method is intended as a field test only and should be treated as such. This method is not intended to replace laboratory-based regulatory methods currently in use.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Guide D3856 for more information.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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