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ASTM E2046-14

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Reaction Induction Time by Thermal Analysis

Standard Test Method for Reaction Induction Time by Thermal Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures the time to extrapolated onset of an exothermic reaction under constant temperature (isothermal) conditions for reactions which have an induction period, for example, those which are catalytic, autocatalytic, or accelerating in nature or which contain reaction inhibitors.  
5.2 The RIT determined by this test method is an index measurement that is useful for comparing one material to another at the test temperature of interest and in the same apparatus type only.  
5.3 This test method is a useful adjunct to dynamic thermal tests, such as Test Method E537, which are performed under conditions in which the sample temperature is increased continuously at constant rate. Results obtained under dynamic test conditions may result in higher estimates of temperature at which an exothermic reaction initiates because the detected onset temperature is dependent upon the heating rate and because dynamic methods allow insufficient time for autocatalytic reactions to measurably affect the onset temperature.  
5.4 RIT values determined under a series of isothermal test conditions may be plotted as their logarithm versus the reciprocal of the absolute temperature to produce a plot, the slope of which is proportional to the activation energy of the reaction as described in Test Method E2070.  
5.5 This test method may be used in research and development, manufacturing, process and quality control, and regulatory compliance.  
5.6 This test method is similar to that for Oxidation Induction Time (OIT) (for example, Specification D3350 and Test Methods D3895, D4565, D5483, D6186, and E1858) where the time to the oxidation reaction under isothermal test conditions is measured. The OIT test method measures the presence of antioxidant packages and is a relative measurement of a material's resistance to oxidation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the measurement of Reaction Induction Time (RIT) of chemical materials that undergo exothermic reactions with an induction period. The techniques and apparatus described may be used for solids, liquids, or slurries of chemical substances. The temperature range covered by this test method is typically from ambient to 400°C. This range may be extended depending upon the apparatus used.  
1.2 The RIT is a relative index value, not an absolute thermodynamic property. As an index value, the RIT value may change depending upon experimental conditions. A comparison of RIT values may be made only for materials tested under similar conditions of apparatus, specimen size, and so forth. Furthermore, the RIT value may not predict behavior of large quantities of material.  
1.3 The RIT shall not be used by itself to establish a safe operating temperature. It may be used in conjunction with other test methods (for example, E487, E537, and E1981) as part of a hazard analysis of a particular operation.  
1.4 This test method may be used for RIT values greater than 15 min (as relative imprecision increases at shorter periods).  
1.5 This test method is used to study catalytic, autocatalytic, and accelerating reactions. These reactions depend upon time as well as temperature. Such reactions are often studied by fixing one experimental parameter (that is, time or temperature) and then measuring the other parameter (that is, temperature or time). This test method measures time to reaction onset detection under isothermal conditions. It is related to Test Method E487 that measures detected reaction onset temperature under constant time conditions  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 There is no ISO standard equivalent to this test method.  
1.8  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and healt...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2013
ICS
17.200.20 - Temperature-measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E27 - Hazard Potential of Chemicals
Drafting Committee
E27.02 - Thermal Stability and Condensed Phases
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2046-08 - Standard Test Method for Reaction Induction Time by Thermal Analysis
Effective Date
01-Jan-2014
Replaced By
ASTM E2046-19 - Standard Test Method for Reaction Induction Time by Thermal Analysis
Effective Date
01-Nov-2019
Referred By
ASTM E2070-13(2018) - Standard Test Methods for Kinetic Parameters by Differential Scanning Calorimetry Using Isothermal Methods
Effective Date
01-Jan-2014
Referred By
ASTM E1445-08(2015) - Standard Terminology Relating to Hazard Potential of Chemicals
Effective Date
01-Jan-2014

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2046 − 14
Standard Test Method for
1
Reaction Induction Time by Thermal Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2046; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 ThistestmethoddescribesthemeasurementofReaction
responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and
Induction Time (RIT) of chemical materials that undergo
establish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-
exothermic reactions with an induction period. The techniques
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and apparatus described may be used for solids, liquids, or
slurriesofchemicalsubstances.Thetemperaturerangecovered
2. Referenced Documents
by this test method is typically from ambient to 400°C. This
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
range may be extended depending upon the apparatus used.
D3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fit-
1.2 The RIT is a relative index value, not an absolute
tings Materials
thermodynamicproperty.Asanindexvalue,theRITvaluemay
D3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-
change depending upon experimental conditions. A compari-
olefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
son of RITvalues may be made only for materials tested under
D4565 Test Methods for Physical and Environmental Per-
similar conditions of apparatus, specimen size, and so forth.
formance Properties of Insulations and Jackets for Tele-
Furthermore, the RIT value may not predict behavior of large
communications Wire and Cable
quantities of material.
D5483 Test Method for Oxidation Induction Time of Lubri-
1.3 The RIT shall not be used by itself to establish a safe
catingGreasesbyPressureDifferentialScanningCalorim-
operating temperature. It may be used in conjunction with
etry
other test methods (for example, E487, E537, and E1981)as
D6186 Test Method for Oxidation Induction Time of Lubri-
part of a hazard analysis of a particular operation.
cating Oils by Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry
(PDSC)
1.4 This test method may be used for RIT values greater
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
than 15 min (as relative imprecision increases at shorter
ology
periods).
E487 Test Method for Constant-Temperature Stability of
1.5 Thistestmethodisusedtostudycatalytic,autocatalytic,
Chemical Materials
and accelerating reactions. These reactions depend upon time
E537 Test Method for The Thermal Stability of Chemicals
as well as temperature. Such reactions are often studied by
by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
fixing one experimental parameter (that is, time or tempera-
E967 Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Differen-
ture) and then measuring the other parameter (that is, tempera-
tial Scanning Calorimeters and Differential Thermal Ana-
ture or time). This test method measures time to reaction onset
lyzers
detection under isothermal conditions. It is related to Test
E968 Practice for Heat Flow Calibration of Differential
Method E487 that measures detected reaction onset tempera-
Scanning Calorimeters
ture under constant time conditions
E1445 Terminology Relating to Hazard Potential of Chemi-
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
cals
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
E1858 Test Method for Determining Oxidation Induction
standard.
Time of Hydrocarbons by Differential Scanning Calorim-
etry
1.7 There is no ISO standard equivalent to this test method.
E1860 Test Method for Elapsed Time Calibration of Ther-
mal Analyzers
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E27 on Hazard
Potential of Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E27.02 on
2
Thermal Stability and Condensed Phases. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2014. Published February 2014. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E2046 – 08. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E2046-14. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2046 − 14
E1981 Guide for Assessing Thermal Stability of Materials 5.4 RIT values determined under a series of isothermal test
by Methods of Accelerating Rate Calorimetr
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2046 − 08 E2046 − 14
Standard Test Method for
1
Reaction Induction Time by Thermal Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2046; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes the measurement of Reaction Induction Time (RIT) of chemical materials that undergo
exothermic reactions with an induction period. The techniques and apparatus described may be used for solids, liquids, or slurries
of chemical substances. The temperature range covered by this test method is typically from ambient to 400°C. This range may
be extended depending upon the apparatus used.
1.2 The RIT is a relative index value, not an absolute thermodynamic property. As an index value, the RIT value may change
depending upon experimental conditions. A comparison of RIT values may be made only for materials tested under similar
conditions of apparatus, specimen size, and so forth. Furthermore, the RIT value may not predict behavior of large quantities of
material.
1.3 The RIT shall not be used by itself to establish a safe operating temperature. It may be used in conjunction with other test
methods (for example, E487, E537, and E1981) as part of a hazard analysis of a particular operation.
1.4 This test method may be used for RIT values greater than 15 min (as relative imprecision increases at shorter periods).
1.5 This test method is used to study catalytic catalytic, autocatalytic, and autocatalyticaccelerating reactions. These reactions
depend upon time as well as temperature. Such reactions are often studied by fixing one experimental parameter (that is, time or
temperature) and then measuring the other parameter (that is, temperature or time). This test method measures time to reaction
onset detection under isothermal conditions. It is related to Test Method E487 that measures detected reaction onset temperature
under constant time conditions
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 There is no ISO standard equivalent to this test method.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials
D3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Polyolefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
D4565 Test Methods for Physical and Environmental Performance Properties of Insulations and Jackets for Telecommunications
Wire and Cable
D5483 Test Method for Oxidation Induction Time of Lubricating Greases by Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry
D6186 Test Method for Oxidation Induction Time of Lubricating Oils by Pressure Differential Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC)
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
E487 Test Method for Constant-Temperature Stability of Chemical Materials
E537 Test Method for The Thermal Stability of Chemicals by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
E967 Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Differential Scanning Calorimeters and Differential Thermal Analyzers
E968 Practice for Heat Flow Calibration of Differential Scanning Calorimeters
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E27 on Hazard Potential of Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E27.02 on Thermal
Stability and Condensed Phases.
Current edition approved April 1, 2008Jan. 1, 2014. Published June 2008February 2014. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20032008 as
E2046 – 03.E2046 – 08. DOI: 10.1520/E2046-08.10.1520/E2046-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2046 − 14
E1445 Terminology Relating t
...

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ASTM E2046-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Reaction Induction Time by Thermal Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures the time to extrapolated onset of an exothermic reaction under constant temperature (isothermal) conditions for reactions which have an induction period, for example, those which are catalytic, autocatalytic, or accelerating in nature or which contain reaction inhibitors.  
5.2 The RIT determined by this test method is an index measurement that is useful for comparing one material to another at the test temperature of interest and in the same apparatus type only.  
5.3 This test method is a useful adjunct to dynamic thermal tests, such as Test Method E537, which are performed under conditions in which the sample temperature is increased continuously at constant rate. Results obtained under dynamic test conditions may result in higher estimates of temperature at which an exothermic reaction initiates because the detected onset temperature is dependent upon the heating rate and because dynamic methods allow insufficient time for autocatalytic reactions to measurably affect the onset temperature.  
5.4 RIT values determined under a series of isothermal test conditions may be plotted as their logarithm versus the reciprocal of the absolute temperature to produce a plot, the slope of which is proportional to the activation energy of the reaction as described in Test Methods E2070.  
5.5 This test method may be used in research and development, manufacturing, process and quality control, and regulatory compliance.  
5.6 This test method is similar to that for oxidation induction time (OIT) (for example, Specification D3350 and Test Methods D3895, D4565, D5483, D6186, and E1858) where the time to the oxidation reaction under isothermal test conditions is measured. The OIT test method measures the presence of antioxidant packages and is a relative measurement of a material’s resistance to oxidation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the measurement of reaction induction time (RIT) of chemical materials that undergo exothermic reactions with an induction period. The techniques and apparatus described may be used for solids, liquids, or slurries of chemical substances. The temperature range covered by this test method is typically from ambient to 400 °C. This range may be extended depending upon the apparatus used.  
1.2 The RIT is a relative index value, not an absolute thermodynamic property. As an index value, the RIT value may change depending upon experimental conditions. A comparison of RIT values may be made only for materials tested under similar conditions of apparatus, specimen size, and so forth. Furthermore, the RIT value may not predict behavior of large quantities of material.  
1.3 The RIT shall not be used by itself to establish a safe operating temperature. It may be used in conjunction with other test methods (for example, Test Methods E487 and E537, and Guide E1981) as part of a hazard analysis of a particular operation.  
1.4 This test method may be used for RIT values greater than 15 min (as relative imprecision increases at shorter periods).  
1.5 This test method is used to study catalytic, autocatalytic, and accelerating reactions. These reactions depend upon time as well as temperature. Such reactions are often studied by fixing one experimental parameter (that is, time or temperature) and then measuring the other parameter (that is, temperature or time). This test method measures time to reaction onset detection under isothermal conditions. It is related to Test Method E487 that measures detected reaction onset temperature under constant time conditions  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this test method.  
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ASTM E839-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sheathed Thermocouples and Sheathed Thermocouple Cable

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard provides a description of test methods used in other ASTM specifications to establish certain acceptable methods for characterizing thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable. These test methods define how those characteristics shall be determined.  
5.2 The usefulness and purpose of the included tests are given for the category of tests.  
5.3 Warning—Users should be aware that certain characteristics of thermocouples might change with time and use. If a thermocouple’s designed shipping, storage, installation, or operating temperature has been exceeded, that thermocouple’s moisture seal may have been compromised and may no longer adequately prevent the deleterious intrusion of water vapor. Consequently, the thermocouple’s condition established by test at the time of manufacture may not apply later. In addition, inhomogeneities can develop in thermoelements because of exposure to higher temperatures, even in cases where maximum exposure temperatures have been lower than the suggested upper use temperature limits specified in Table 1 of Specification E608/E608M. For this reason, calibration of thermocouples destined for delivery to a customer is not recommended. Because the emf indication of any thermocouple depends upon the condition of the thermoelements along their entire length, as well as the temperature profile pattern in the region of any inhomogeneity, the emf output of a used thermocouple will be unique to its installation. Because temperature profiles in calibration equipment are unlikely to duplicate those of the installation, removal of a used thermocouple to a separate apparatus for calibration is not recommended. Instead, in situ calibration by comparison to a similar thermocouple known to be good is often recommended.
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1.1 This document lists methods for testing Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed (MIMS) thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable, but does not require that any of these tests be performed nor does it state criteria for acceptance. The acceptance criteria are given in other ASTM standard specifications that impose this testing for those thermocouples and cable. Examples from ASTM thermocouple specifications for acceptance criteria are given for many of the tests. These tabulated values are not necessarily those that would be required to meet these tests, but are included as examples only.  
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1.3.1.2 Thickness.
1.3.1.3 Resistance—at room temperature and at elevated temperature.  
1.3.2 Sheath Properties:  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The oxygen consumption principle, used for the measurements described here, is based on the observation that, generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to the amount of oxygen required for combustion (1).7 Approximately 13.1 MJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygen consumed. Test specimens in the test are burned in ambient air conditions, while being subjected to a prescribed external heating source.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to be used by wire producers and thermocouple manufacturers for certification of refractory metal thermocouples. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration of refractory metal thermocouples referenced to a calibrated radiation thermometer. Uncertainty in calibration and operation of the radiation thermometer, and proper construction and use of the test furnace are of primary importance.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calibration of refractory metal thermocouples using a radiation thermometer as the standard instrument. This test method is intended for use with types of thermocouples that cannot be exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere. These procedures are appropriate for thermocouple calibrations at temperatures above 800 °C (1472 °F).  
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1.2.2 Type 2—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Most thermal analysis experiments are carried out under increasing temperature conditions where temperature is the independent parameter. Some experiments, however, are carried out under isothermal temperature conditions where the elapsed time to an event is measured as the independent parameter. Isothermal Kinetics (Test Methods E2070), Thermal Stability (Test Method E487), Oxidative Induction Time (OIT) (Test Methods D3895, D4565, D5483, E1858, and Specification D3350) and Loss-on-Drying (Test Methods E1868) are common examples of these kinds of experiments.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Thermomechanical Analyzers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermomechanical analyzers are employed in their various modes of operation (penetration, expansion, flexure, etc.) to characterize a wide range of materials. In most cases, the value to be assigned in thermomechanical measurements is the temperature of the transition (or event) under study. Therefore, the temperature axis (abscissa) of all TMA thermal curves must be accurately calibrated either by direct reading of a temperature sensor or by adjusting the programmer temperature to match the actual temperature over the temperature range of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the temperature calibration of thermomechanical analyzers from −50 °C to 1500 °C. (See Note 1.)  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7 and Note 12.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2918-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Performance Validation of Thermomechanical Analyzers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to determine and validate the performance of a particular thermomechanical analyzer apparatus.  
5.2 This test method may be used to determine and validate the performance of a particular method based upon thermomechanical analyzer temperature or length change measurements.  
5.3 This test method may be used to determine the repeatability of a particular apparatus, operator, or laboratory.  
5.4 This test method may be used for specification and regulatory compliance purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides procedures for validating temperature and length change measurements of thermomechanical analyzers (TMA) and analytical methods based upon the measurement of temperature and length change. Performance parameters include temperature repeatability, linearity, and bias; and dimension change repeatability, detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, and bias.  
1.2 Validation of apparatus performance and analytical methods is a necessary requirement for quality initiatives. Results may also be used for legal purposes.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1350-18(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Testing Sheathed Thermocouples, Thermocouple Assemblies, and Connecting Wires Prior to, and After Installation or Service

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test procedures confirm and document that the thermocouple assembly was not damaged prior to or during the installation process and that the extension wires are properly connected.  
5.2 The test procedures should be used when thermocouple assemblies are first installed in their working environment.  
5.3 In the event of subsequent thermocouple failure, these procedures will provide benchmark data to verify failure and may help to identify the cause of failure.  
5.4 The usefulness and purpose of the applicable tests will be found within each category.  
5.5 These tests are not meant to ensure that the thermocouple assembly will measure temperatures accurately. Such assurance is derived from proper thermocouple and instrumentation selection and proper placement in the location at which the temperature is to be measured. For further information, the reader is directed to MNL 12, Manual on the Use of the Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement2 which is an excellent reference document on metal sheathed thermocouple uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for users to test metal sheathed thermocouple assemblies, including the extension wires just prior to and after installation or some period of service.  
1.2 The tests are intended to ensure that the thermocouple assemblies have not been damaged during storage or installation, to ensure that the extension wires have been attached to connectors and terminals with the correct polarity, and to provide benchmark data for later reference when testing to assess possible damage of the thermocouple assembly after operation. Some of these tests may not be appropriate for thermocouples that have been exposed to temperatures higher than the recommended limits for the particular type.  
1.3 The tests described herein include methods to measure the following characteristics of installed sheathed thermocouple assemblies and to provide benchmark data for determining if the thermocouple assembly has been subsequently damaged in operation:  
1.3.1 Loop Resistance:  
1.3.1.1 Thermoelements,
1.3.1.2 Combined extension wires and thermoelements.  
1.3.2 Insulation Resistance:  
1.3.2.1 Insulation, thermocouple assembly,
1.3.2.2 Insulation, thermocouple assembly and extension wires.  
1.3.3 Seebeck Voltage:  
1.3.3.1 Thermoelements,
1.3.3.2 Combined extension wires and thermocouple assembly.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E235/E235M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Type K and Type N Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed Thermocouples for Nuclear or for Other High-Reliability Applications

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for sheathed, Type K and N thermocouples for nuclear service. This specification can be used for sheathed thermocouples which are required for laboratory or general commercial applications where the environmental conditions exceed normal service requirements. The measuring junction styles for thermocouples are as follows: Style G2 (grounded) in which measuring junction is electrically connected to conductive sheaths and Style U2 (ungrounded) in which measuring junctions are electrically isolated from conductive sheaths and from reference ground. Different properties of the sheath such as integrity, cracks, voids, inclusions, surface finish, surface defect, and metallurgical structure shall be determined by performing different tests. Insulation resistance between thermoelements and the sheath shall be measured as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for simplex, compacted mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS), Type K and N thermocouples for nuclear or other high reliability service. Depending on size, these thermocouples are normally suitable for operating temperatures to 1652 °F [900 °C]; special conditions of environment and life expectancy may permit their use at temperatures in excess of 2012 °F [1100 °C]. This specification was prepared to detail requirements for this type of MIMS thermocouple for use in nuclear environments, but they can also be used for laboratory or general commercial applications where the environmental conditions exceed normal service requirements. The intended use of a MIMS thermocouple in a specific nuclear application will require evaluation of the compatibility of the thermocouple, including the effect of the temperature, atmosphere, and integrated neutron flux on the materials and accuracy of the thermoelements in the proposed application by the purchaser.  
1.2 This specification does not attempt to include all possible specifications, standards, etc., for materials that may be used as sheathing, insulation, and thermocouple wires for sheathed-type construction. The requirements of this specification include only the austenitic stainless steels and other alloys as allowed by Specification E585/E585M for sheathing, magnesium oxide or aluminum oxide as insulation, and Type K and N thermocouple wires for thermoelements (see Note 1).  
1.3 General Design—Nominal sizes of the finished thermocouples shall be 0.0400 in., 0.0625 in., 0.125 in., 0.1875 in., or 0.250 in. [1.000 mm, 1.500 mm, 3.000 mm, 4.500 mm, or 6.000 mm]. Sheath dimensions and tolerances for each nominal size shall be in accordance with Table 1 and Figs. 1 and 2. The measuring junction styles for thermocouples covered by this specification are as follows:  
FIG. 1 Grounded Measuring Junction, Style G  
FIG. 2 Ungrounded Measuring Junction, Style U  
1.3.1 Style G2  (grounded)—The measuring junction is electrically connected to its conductive sheath, and  
1.3.2 Style U2 (ungrounded)—The measuring junction is electrically isolated from its conductive sheath and from reference ground.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents or conversions; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recomm...

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ASTM
ASTM E2593-17(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Accuracy Verification of Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to be used for verifying the resistance-temperature relationship of industrial platinum resistance thermometers that are intended to satisfy the requirements of Specification E1137/E1137M. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration and uncertainty evaluation while still allowing the user some flexibility in the choice of apparatus and instrumentation. It is understood that the limits of uncertainty obtained depend in large part upon the apparatus and instrumentation used. Therefore, since this guide is not prescriptive in approach, it provides detailed instruction in uncertainty evaluation to accommodate the variety of apparatus and instrumentation that may be employed.  
5.2 This guide is intended primarily to satisfy applications requiring compliance to Specification E1137/E1137M. However, the techniques described may be appropriate for applications where more accurate calibrations are needed.  
5.3 Many applications require tolerances to be verified using a minimum test uncertainty ratio (TUR). This standard provides guidelines for evaluating uncertainties used to support TUR calculations.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the techniques and apparatus required for the accuracy verification of industrial platinum resistance thermometers constructed in accordance with Specification E1137/E1137M and the evaluation of calibration uncertainties. The procedures described apply over the range of -200 °C to 650 °C.  
1.2 This guide does not intend to describe procedures necessary for the calibration of platinum resistance thermometers used as calibration standards or Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers. Consequently, calibration of these types of instruments is outside the scope of this guide.  
1.3 Industrial platinum resistance thermometers are available in many styles and configurations. This guide does not purport to determine the suitability of any particular design, style, or configuration for calibration over a desired temperature range.  
1.4 The evaluation of uncertainties is based upon current international practices as described in JCGM 100:2008 “Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement” and ANSI/NCSL Z540.2-1997 “U.S. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement.”  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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