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ASTM D7725-12

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for the Continuous Measurement of Turbidity Above 1 Turbidity Unit (TU)

Standard Test Method for the Continuous Measurement of Turbidity Above 1 Turbidity Unit (TU)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Turbidity is undesirable in drinking water, plant effluent waters, water for food and beverage processing, and for a large number of other water dependent manufacturing processes. Removal of suspended matter is accomplished by coagulation, settling, and filtration. Measurement of turbidity provides a rapid means of process control to determine when, how, and to what extent the water must be treated to meet specifications.
This test method is suitable for the on-line monitoring of turbidity such as that found in drinking water, process water, and high purity industrial waters.
The instrumentation used must allow for the continuous on-line monitoring of a sample stream.
When reporting the measured result, appropriate units should also be reported. The units are reflective of the technology used to generate the result, and if necessary, provide more adequate comparison to historical data sets.
Table 1 describing technologies and reporting results. Those technologies listed are appropriate for the range of measurement prescribed in this method are mentioned, though others may come available. Figure X3–1 from Appendix 3 contains a flowchart to assist in technology selection.
For a specific design that falls outside of these reporting ranges, the turbidity should be reported in turbidity units (TU) with a subscripted wavelength value to characterize the light source that was used.
Ratio White Light Turbidimeters are common as bench top instruments but not as a typical process instrument. However, if fitted with a flow-cell they meet the criteria of this method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the online and inline determination of high-level turbidity in water that is greater than 1.0 turbidity units (TU) in municipal, industrial and environmental usage.
1.2 In principle there are three basic applications for on-line measurement set ups. This first is the slipstream (bypass) sample technique. For the slipstream sample technique a portion of sample is transported out of the process and through the measurement apparatus. It is then either transported back to the process or to waste. The second is the in-line measurement where the sensor is brought directly into the process (see Figure 8). The third basic method is for in-situ monitoring of sample waters. This principle is based on the insertion of a sensor into the sample itself as the sample is being processed. The in-situ use in this method is intended for the monitoring of water during any step within a processing train, including immediately before or after the process itself.
1.3 This test method is applicable to the measurement of turbidities greater than 1.0 turbidity unit (TU). The absolute range is dictated by the technology that is employed.
1.4 The upper end of the measurement range is left undefined because different technologies described in this method can cover very different ranges of turbidity.
1.5 Many of the turbidity units and instrument designs covered in this method are numerically equivalent in calibration when a common calibration standard is applied across those designs listed in Table 1. Measurement of a common calibration standard of a defined value will also produce equivalent results across these technologies. This method prescribes the assignment of a determined turbidity values to the technology used to determine those values. Numerical equivalence to turbidity standards is observed between different technologies but is not expected across a common sample. Improved traceability beyond the scope of this method may be practiced and would include the listing of the make and model number of the instrument used to determine the turbidity values.
1.5.1 In this method, calibration standards are often defined in NTU values, but the other assigned turbidity units, such as those in Table 1 are equivalent. For example, a 1 NTU formazin standard is also a 1 FNU, a 1 FAU, a 1 BU, and so forth.
1.6 This sta...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2011
ICS
13.060.60 - Examination of physical properties of water
Technical Committee
D19 - Water
Drafting Committee
D19.03 - Sampling Water and Water-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use, On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7725-17 - Standard Test Method for the Continuous Measurement of Turbidity Above 1 Turbidity Unit (TU)
Effective Date
15-Dec-2017

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ASTM D7725-12 - Standard Test Method for the Continuous Measurement of Turbidity Above 1 Turbidity Unit (TU)ASTM D7725-12 - Standard Test Method for the Continuous Measurement of Turbidity Above 1 Turbidity Unit (TU)
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ASTM D7725-12 - Standard Test Method for the Continuous Measurement of Turbidity Above 1 Turbidity Unit (TU)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D7725 − 12
Standard Test Method for the
Continuous Measurement of Turbidity Above 1 Turbidity
1
Unit (TU)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7725; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Improved traceability beyond the scope of this method may be
practiced and would include the listing of the make and model
1.1 This test method covers the online and inline determi-
number of the instrument used to determine the turbidity
nation of high-level turbidity in water that is greater than 1.0
values.
turbidity units (TU) in municipal, industrial and environmental
1.5.1 In this method, calibration standards are often defined
usage.
in NTU values, but the other assigned turbidity units, such as
1.2 In principle there are three basic applications for on-line
those in Table 1 are equivalent. For example,a1NTU
measurement set ups. This first is the slipstream (bypass)
formazin standard is alsoa1FNU,a1FAU,a1BU,andso
sample technique. For the slipstream sample technique a
forth.
portion of sample is transported out of the process and through
1.6 This standard does not purport to cover all available
themeasurementapparatus.Itistheneithertransportedbackto
technologies for high-level turbidity measurement.
the process or to waste. The second is the in-line measurement
where the sensor is brought directly into the process (see Fig. 1.7 Thistestmethodwastestedondifferentwaters,andwith
8). The third basic method is for in-situ monitoring of sample standards that will serve as surrogates to samples. It is the
waters. This principle is based on the insertion of a sensor into user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method
the sample itself as the sample is being processed. The in-situ for waters of untested matrices.
use in this method is intended for the monitoring of water
1.8 Those samples with the highest particle densities typi-
during any step within a processing train, including immedi-
cally prove to be the most difficult to measure. In these cases,
ately before or after the process itself.
the process monitoring method can be considered with ad-
1.3 This test method is applicable to the measurement of equate measurement protocols installed.
turbidities greater than 1.0 turbidity unit (TU). The absolute
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
range is dictated by the technology that is employed.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.4 The upper end of the measurement range is left unde-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
fined because different technologies described in this method
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Refer to the MSDSs
can cover very different ranges of turbidity.
for all chemicals used in this procedure.
1.5 Many of the turbidity units and instrument designs
1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-
covered in this method are numerically equivalent in calibra-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
tion when a common calibration standard is applied across
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
those designs listed in Table 1. Measurement of a common
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
calibration standard of a defined value will also produce
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
equivalent results across these technologies. This method
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
prescribes the assignment of a determined turbidity values to
the technology used to determine those values. Numerical
2. Referenced Documents
equivalence to turbidity standards is observed between differ-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ent technologies but is not expected across a common sample.
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D2777 Practice for Determination of Precision and Bias of
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on Sampling Water and
2
Water-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use, For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2012. Published June 2012. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D7725-12. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor
...

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Standard Test Method for the Continuous Measurement of Turbidity Above 1 Turbidity Unit (TU)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Turbidity is undesirable in drinking water, plant effluent waters, water for food and beverage processing, and for a large number of other water dependent manufacturing processes. Removal of suspended matter is accomplished by coagulation, settling, and filtration. Measurement of turbidity provides a rapid means of process control to determine when, how, and to what extent the water must be treated to meet specifications.  
4.2 This test method is suitable for the on-line monitoring of turbidity such as that found in drinking water, process water, and high purity industrial waters.  
4.3 The instrumentation used must allow for the continuous on-line monitoring of a sample stream.  
4.4 When reporting the measured result, appropriate units should also be reported. The units are reflective of the technology used to generate the result, and if necessary, provide more adequate comparison to historical data sets.  
4.4.1 Table 1 describing technologies and reporting results. Those technologies listed are appropriate for the range of measurement prescribed in this test method are mentioned, though others may come available. Fig. X3.1 from Appendix X3 contains a flowchart to assist in technology selection.  
4.4.2 For a specific design that falls outside of these reporting ranges, the turbidity should be reported in TU with a subscripted wavelength value to characterize the light source that was used.  
4.4.3 Ratio white light turbidimeters are common as bench top instruments but not as a typical process instrument. However, if fitted with a flow-cell they meet the criteria of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the on-line and in-line determination of high-level turbidity in water that is greater than 1.0 turbidity units (TU) in municipal, industrial and environmental usage.  
1.2 In principle, there are three basic applications for on-line measurement set ups. This first is the slipstream (bypass) sample technique. For the slipstream sample technique a portion of sample is transported out of the process and through the measurement apparatus. It is then either transported back to the process or to waste. The second is the in-line measurement where the sensor is brought directly into the process (see Fig. 8). The third basic method is for in-situ monitoring of sample waters. This principle is based on the insertion of a sensor into the sample itself as the sample is being processed. The in-situ use in this test method is intended for the monitoring of water during any step within a processing train, including immediately before or after the process itself.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to the measurement of turbidities greater than 1.0 TU. The absolute range is dictated by the technology that is employed.  
1.4 The upper end of the measurement range is left undefined because different technologies described in this test method can cover very different ranges of turbidity.  
1.5 Many of the turbidity units and instrument designs covered in this test method are numerically equivalent in calibration when a common calibration standard is applied across those designs listed in Table 1. Measurement of a common calibration standard of a defined value will also produce equivalent results across these technologies. This test method prescribes the assignment of a determined turbidity values to the technology used to determine those values. Numerical equivalence to turbidity standards is observed between different technologies but is not expected across a common sample. Improved traceability beyond the scope of this test method may be practiced and would include the listing of the make and model number of the instrument used to determine the turbidity values.  
1.5.1 In this test method, calibration standards are often defined in NTU values, but the other assigned turbidity units, such as those in Table 1 are equivalent. For example, a 1 NTU formazin standard is also a 1...

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ASTM D7937-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for In-situ Determination of Turbidity Above 1 Turbidity Unit (TU) in Surface Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Turbidity is monitored to help control processes, monitor the health and biology of aquatic environments and to determine the impact of environmental events such as storms, floods, runoff, etc. Turbidity is undesirable in drinking water, plant-effluent waters, water for food and beverage production, and for a large number of other water-dependent manufacturing processes. Turbidity is often reduced by coagulation, sedimentation and water filtration. The measurement of turbidity may indicate the presence of particle-bound contaminants and is vital for monitoring the completion of a particle-waste settling process. Significant uses of turbidity measurements include:  
5.1.1 Compliance with permits, water-quality guidelines, and regulations;  
5.1.2 Determination of transport and fate of particles and associated contaminants in aquatic systems;  
5.1.3 Conservation, protection and restoration of surface waters;  
5.1.4 Measure performance of water and land-use management;  
5.1.5 Monitor waterside construction, mining, and dredging operations;  
5.1.6 Characterization of wastewater and energy-production effluents;  
5.1.7 Tracking water-well completion including development and use; and  
5.1.8 As a surrogate for other constituents in water including sediment and sediment-associated constituents.  
5.2 The calibration range of a turbidimeter shall exceed the expected range of TU values for an application but shall not exceed the measurement range specified by the manufacturer.  
5.3 Designs described in this standard detect and respond to a combination of relative absorption, intensity of light scattering, and transmittance. However, they do not measure these absolute physical units as defined in 3.2.15 and 3.2.19.  
5.4 Several different turbidimeter designs may be used for this test method and one design may be better suited for a specific type of sample or monitoring application than another. The selection flowchart in Annex A1 provides guidance for th...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the in-situ field measurements of turbidity in surface water. The measurement range is greater than 1 TU and the lesser of 10 000 TU or the maximum measurable TU value specified by the turbidimeter manufacturer.  
1.1.1 Precision data was conducted on both real world and surrogate turbidity samples up to about 1000 TU. Many of the technologies listed in this test method are capable of measuring above that provided in the precision section (see Section 16).  
1.2 “In-situ measurement” refers in this test method to applications where the turbidimeter sensor is placed directly in the surface water in the field and does not require transport of a sample to or from the sensor. Surface water refers to springs, lakes, reservoirs, settling ponds, streams and rivers, estuaries, and the ocean.  
1.3 Many of the turbidity units and instrument designs covered in this test method are numerically equivalent in calibration when a common calibration standard is applied across those designs listed in Table 1. Measurement of a common calibration standard of a defined value will also produce equivalent results across these technologies. This test method prescribes the assignment of a determined turbidity values to the technology used to determine those values. Numerical equivalence to turbidity standards is observed between different technologies but is not expected across a common sample. Improved traceability beyond the scope of this test method may be practiced and would include the listing of the make and model number of the instrument used to determine the turbidity values.  
1.4 In this test method, calibration standards are often defined in NTU values, but the other assigned turbidity units, such as those in Table 1 are equivalent. For example, a 1 NTU formazin standard is also a 1 FNU, a 1 FAU, a 1 BU, and so forth.  
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4.1 These test methods are applicable for such purposes as impurity detection and, in some cases, the quantitative measurement of ionic constituents dissolved in waters. These include dissolved electrolytes in natural and treated waters, such as boiler water, boiler feedwater, cooling water, and saline and brackish water.  
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SCOPE
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Sections  
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12 to 18  
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Test Method B—Continuous In-Line Measure  
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19 to 23  
ment  
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
1.1 These practices provide directions for the preparation of the sample for analysis, the preliminary examination of the sample, and methods for dissolving the analytical sample or selectively separating constituents of concern.  
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Sections  
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8  
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9  
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SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fe-55 is formed in reactor coolant systems of nuclear reactors by activation of stable iron. The 55Fe is not completely removed by waste processing systems and some is released to the environment by means of normal waste liquid discharges. Power plants are required to monitor these discharges for 55Fe as well as other radionuclides.  
5.2 This technique effectively removes other activation and fission products such as isotopes of iodine, zinc, manganese, cobalt, and cesium by the addition of hold-back carriers and an anion exchange technique. The fission products (zirconium-95 and niobium-95) are selectively eluted with hydrochloric-hydrofluoric acid washes. The iron is finally separated from Zn+2 by precipitation of FePO4 at a pH of 3.0.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of 55Fe in the presence of 59Fe by liquid scintillation counting. The a-priori minimum detectable concentration for this test method is 7.4 Bq/L.2  
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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1.2 This test method has been used successfully with tap water. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for samples larger than 1 L and for waters of untested matrices.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
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  • Standard
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off