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ASTM E2115-00

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Residential Housing and Other Properties Frequented by Children

Standard Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Residential Housing and Other Properties Frequented by Children

SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes how to conduct, document and report findings of a lead hazard assessment in residential dwellings and other buildings and related areas known to contain, or are suspected to contain, lead hazards. Lead hazard assessments are intended to be conducted by certified risk assessors. This guide is applicable for use in either occupied or unoccupied properties. The use of this guide to produce accurate results is dependent on the training, experience, and knowledge of the risk assessor conducting the lead hazard assessment. Use of the procedures in this guide, when supplemented by the evaluation and recommendation process that determines action plans for controlling assessed lead hazards, provides for the conduct of a lead risk assessment (see Note 1).
Note 1--A lead risk assessment, as defined by Federal regulation (40CFR745.227(d)), includes, as part of the reporting process, a description of interim controls and abatement options for each identified lead hazard and a suggested prioritization for addressing each hazard. This guide provides for the identification of lead hazards and the prioritization for addressing each hazard guidance on the determination of appropriate interim controls and abatement options for each identified lead hazard is beyond the scope of this guide and is included in a companion standard. Guidance on the determination of appropriate interim controls and abatement options for each identified lead hazard is beyond the scope of this guide and is the subject of a standard under development by E06.23.
1.2 This guide is insufficient as the sole means to determine causes of lead poisoning in young children having an elevated blood lead level (EBL). In these cases, procedures including investigation of the total living environment of the child and a pediatric medical evaluation is needed. Reference should be made to Preventing Childhood Lead Poisoning (CDC, 1991), the Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing (HUD, 1997), and Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning (CDC, 1997).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2000
ICS
13.040.20 - Ambient atmospheres
Technical Committee
E06 - Performance of Buildings
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2115-05 - Standard Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Dwellings and Other Facilities Frequented by Children
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM E2252-22 - Standard Practice for Selection of Lead Hazard Reduction Methods for Identified Risks in Residential Housing or Child Occupied Facilities
Effective Date
10-Nov-2000
Referred By
ASTM E1727-20 - Standard Practice for Field Collection of Soil Samples for Subsequent Lead Determination
Effective Date
10-Nov-2000
Referred By
ASTM E3203-21 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Lead in Dried Paint, Soil, and Wipe Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES)
Effective Date
10-Nov-2000
Referred By
ASTM E1605-22 - Standard Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildings
Effective Date
10-Nov-2000
Referred By
ASTM E3193-21 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Lead (Pb) in Dust by Wipe, Paint, and Soil by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (FAAS)
Effective Date
10-Nov-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2255/E2255M-22 - Standard Practice for Conducting Visual Assessments for Lead Hazards in Buildings
Effective Date
10-Nov-2000
Referred By
ASTM E1729-20 - Standard Practice for Field Collection of Dried Paint Samples for Subsequent Lead Determination
Effective Date
10-Nov-2000
Referred By
ASTM E1728/E1728M-20 - Standard Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead Determination
Effective Date
10-Nov-2000
Referred By
ASTM E2119-20 - Standard Practice for Quality Systems for Conducting In Situ Measurements of Lead Content in Paint or Other Coatings Using Field-Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Devices
Effective Date
10-Nov-2000

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ASTM E2115-00 - Standard Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Residential Housing and Other Properties Frequented by ChildrenASTM E2115-00 - Standard Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Residential Housing and Other Properties Frequented by Children
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ASTM E2115-00 - Standard Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Residential Housing and Other Properties Frequented by Children
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 2115 – 00
Standard Guide for
Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Residential
1
Housing and Other Properties Frequented by Children
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2115; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This guide describes how to conduct, document and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
report findings of a lead hazard assessment in residential
1.5 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, and
dwellings and other buildings and related areas known to
are not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.
contain, or are suspected to contain, lead hazards. Lead hazard
assessments are intended to be conducted by certified risk
2. Referenced Documents
assessors.This guide is applicable for use in either occupied or
2.1 Wherever the requirements of a reference document or
unoccupied properties. The use of this guide to produce
applicable regulation differ from the requirements presented in
accurate results is dependent on the training, experience, and
this guide the more stringent of the two shall be used.
knowledge of the risk assessor conducting the lead hazard
2.2 ASTM Standards:
assessment. Use of the procedures in this guide, when supple-
E 1583 Practice for Evaluating Laboratories Engaged in the
mented by the evaluation and recommendation process that
Determination of Lead in Paint, Dust,Airborne Particulate,
determines action plans for controlling assessed lead hazards,
2
and Soil in and Around Buildings and Related Structures
provides for the conduct of a lead risk assessment (see Note 1).
E 1605 Terminology Relating to Abatement of Hazards
NOTE 1—A lead risk assessment, as defined by Federal regulation
from Lead-Based Paint in Buildings and Related Struc-
(40CFR745.227(d)), includes, as part of the reporting process, a descrip- 3
tures
tion of interim controls and abatement options for each identified lead
E 1613 Test Method for Analysis of Digested Samples for
hazard and a suggested prioritization for addressing each hazard. This
Lead by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
guide provides for the identification of lead hazards and the prioritization
Spectrometry (ICP/AES), Flame Atomic Absorption
for addressing each hazard guidance on the determination of appropriate
interim controls and abatement options for each identified lead hazard is (FAAS),orGraphiteFurnaceAtomicAbsorption(GFAAS)
3
beyond the scope of this guide and is included in a companion standard.
Techniques
Guidance on the determination of appropriate interim controls and
E 1644 Practice for Hot Plate Digestion of Dust Wipe
abatement options for each identified lead hazard is beyond the scope of
Samples for the Determination of Lead by Atomic Spec-
this guide and is the subject of a standard under development by E06.23.
3
trometry
1.2 This guide is insufficient as the sole means to determine
E 1645 Practice for Preparation of Dried Paint Samples for
3
causes of lead poisoning in young children having an elevated
Subsequent Lead Analysis by Atomic Spectrometry
blood lead level (EBL). In these cases, procedures including
E 1726 Practice for The Sample Digestion of Soils for the
3
investigation of the total living environment of the child and a
Determination of Lead by Atomic Spectrometry
pediatric medical evaluation is needed. Reference should be
E 1727 Practice for Field Collection of Soil Samples for
3
made to Preventing Childhood Lead Poisoning (CDC, 1991),
Lead Determination by Atomic Spectrometry Techniques
the Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based
E 1728 Practice for Field Collection of Settled Dust
Paint Hazards in Housing (HUD, 1997), and Screening Young
Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Lead Deter-
3
Children for Lead Poisoning (CDC, 1997).
mination by Atomic Spectrometry Techniques
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
E 1729 Practice for Field Collection of Dried Paint Samples
standard.
for Lead Determination by Atomic Spectrometry Tech-
3
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
niques
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E 1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead
3
in Surface Dust
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance
of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 onAbatement
2
of Hazards from Lead in Buildings and Related Structures. Discontinued. See 1
...

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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other values of measurement are included in this standard.  
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5.1 Guidance is provided on designing model evaluation performance procedures and on the difficulties that arise in statistical evaluation of model performance caused by the stochastic nature of dispersion in the atmosphere. It is recognized there are examples in the literature where, knowingly or unknowingly, models were evaluated on their ability to describe something which they were never intended to characterize. This guide is attempting to heighten awareness, and thereby, to reduce the number of “unknowing” comparisons. A goal of this guide is to stimulate development and testing of evaluation procedures that accommodate the effects of natural variability. A technique is illustrated to provide information from which subsequent evaluation and standardization can be derived.
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5.1 Air permits from regulatory agencies often require measurements of opacity from stationary air pollution point sources in the outdoor ambient environment. Opacity has been visually measured by certified smoke readers in accordance with USEPA (USEPA Method 9). DCOT is also a method to determine plume opacity in the outdoor ambient environment.  
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1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of ambient (1),2 indoor (2), and workplace (3, 4) atmospheres for a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers or for human exposure assessment.  
1.2 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled air is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under controlled conditions, onto the sorbent surface at the sampling end of the tube (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed VOCs are subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.  
1.3 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers that are compatible with thermal desorption: (1) pumped sorbent tubes containing one or more sorbents; (2) axial passive (diffusive) samplers (typically of the same physical dimensions as standard pumped sorbent tubes and containing only one sorbent); and (3) radial passive (diffusive) samplers.  
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4.1 This practice is intended for the collection of airborne fungal spores or fragments, or both, using inertial impaction.  
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4.3 This practice is intended to provide the user with a basic understanding of the equipment, materials and instructions necessary to effectively collect air samples using an inertial impactor.  
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1.1 The purpose of this practice is to describe procedures for the collection of airborne fungal spores or fragments, or both, using inertial impaction sampling techniques.  
1.2 This practice is not intended to limit the user from the collection of other airborne particulates that may be of interest and captured through this technique.  
1.3 This practice presumes that the user has a fundamental understanding of field investigative techniques related to the scientific process, and sampling plan development and implementation. It is important to establish the related hypothesis to be tested and the supporting analytical methodology needed in order to identify the sampling media to be used and the laboratory conditions for analysis.  
1.4 This practice does not address the development of a formal hypothesis or the establishment of appropriate and defensible investigation and sampling objectives. It is presumed the investigator has the experience and knowledge base to address these issues.  
1.5 This practice does not provide the user sufficient information to allow for interpretation of the analytical results from sample collection. It is the user's responsibility to seek or obtain the information and knowledge necessary to interpret the sample results reported by the laboratory.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM E2115-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Dwellings and of Other Child-Occupied Facilities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to help prevent lead poisoning of children by providing standardized procedures for conducting a lead hazard assessment and providing information needed to develop and recommend lead hazard control options as described in Practice E2252.  
5.2 This guide is applicable for use in either occupied or unoccupied dwellings and in other child-occupied facilities.  
5.3 The procedures in this guide, when supplemented by recommendations for controlling lead hazards, provide for the conduct of a lead risk assessment of a dwelling or of other child-occupied facilities.  
5.4 This guide may be used to supplement assessment procedures used to determine the causes of elevated blood lead (EBL) levels in young children.
Note 2: In cases of EBL levels, investigation of the total living environment of the child and a pediatric medical evaluation may also be needed. Reference should be made to documents such as Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children,6 Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children (1991),7 the HUD Guidelines, and Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning (1997).7  
5.5 Although this guide was developed for dwellings and for other child-occupied facilities, this guide may be suitable for lead hazard assessments in non-residential buildings and other properties following agreement between assessor and client on appropriate lead action levels.  
5.6 This guide is not intended for use in identifying building materials that when abraded or otherwise degraded, such as that which may occur in remodeling or renovation activities, may result in lead hazards.  
5.7 Lead hazard assessment reports describe lead hazards identified at the time the assessment was performed. The locations, types, or severities of lead hazards can change over time as a result of property improvement or deterioration, significant changes in property use, or other factors.
Note 3: The term “lead-free” should never be used to describe the absence of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how to conduct, document, and report findings of a lead hazard assessment of dwellings and of other child-occupied facilities.  
1.2 Procedures for assessment of personal items, such as toys, dishes, and hobby materials that may contribute to elevated lead levels in blood are not included in this guide.  
1.3 Procedures for random sampling of units within dwellings having multiple units are not included.  
1.4 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The inch-pound and SI units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data.  
1.6 Methods described in this guide may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data. However, there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement. This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement.  
3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a number of standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures and organized in a rational order. All values reflect the latest information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and Measurements held in 1979.  
3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units of measurement from one system to related units in other systems, as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.  
3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted to values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by the conversion factor provided in the center column.  (A) For specific applications and exceptions, see Terminology D1356.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.  
1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Performance Evaluation of Ambient Outdoor Air Quality Sensors and Sensor-based Instruments for Portable and Fixed-point Measurement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient air quality measurements. Public and private air monitoring interests have manifested themselves as a driving force for the deployment of air quality sensors and instruments to quantify air pollutant concentrations in communities, around schools, around industrial facilities, and elsewhere. Users of air quality sensors require information on the performance and limitations of these devices so that informed decisions regarding their suitability for various purposes can be determined. This practice describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate instrument repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift and comparability with more costly instruments typically used by entities such as government agencies. The air quality sensors are first evaluated in a laboratory chamber by comparing their response to a reference instrument and challenging the gas sensors with interferents. The sensors are then deployed outdoors for field testing at two sites with different climates against reference air quality instruments. This practice is intended to be referenced in standards and codes that establish minimum performance quality for sensor-based ambient outdoor air monitoring.  
5.2 This practice is intended for air quality sensors that measure one or more of the criteria pollutants in ambient air (ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, PM10 and PM2.5) that can be operated in outdoor environments and can log a concentration reading. It is not intended for devices or transducers that require additional enclosures for deployment outdoors or post-processing to convert their output signal into a pollutant concentration reading.  
5.3 It is anticipated that the main users of this practice will be manufacturers, developers, and distributors of outdoor air quality sensors, air quality agenc...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient outdoor air quality measurements. It describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate sensor repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift, and comparability against reference instruments.  
1.2 This practice does not apply to sensors or instruments that remotely measure atmospheric pollutants using open path, lidar, or imaging technology.  
1.3 The evaluation procedures contained in this practice are for sensors that alone or in combination measure outdoor criteria pollutants in ambient air: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at concentrations that are relevant to public health.  
1.4 Testing is to be performed by a competent entity able to demonstrate that it operates in conformity with internationally accepted test laboratory quality standards such as ISO/IEC 17025.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6007-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air from Wood Products Using a Small-Scale Chamber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Upper limits for the formaldehyde emission rates have been established for wood panel building products made with urea-formaldehyde adhesives and permanently installed in homes or used as components in kitchen cabinets and similar industrial products. This test method is intended for use in conjunction with the test method referenced by HUD 24 for manufactured housing and by Minnesota Statutes for housing units and building materials. This method may also be used for monitoring products for compliance to the California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulation for composite wood products and the Environmental Protection Agency Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood Products, EPA TSCA Title VI 40 CFR Section 770. This test method provides a means of testing smaller samples and reduces the time required for testing.  
4.2 Formaldehyde concentration levels obtained by this small-scale method may differ from expected in full-scale indoor environments. Variations in product loading, temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange will affect formaldehyde emission rates and thus likely indoor air formaldehyde concentrations.  
4.3 This test method requires the use of a chamber of 0.02 to 1 m3  in volume to evaluate the formaldehyde concentration in air using the following controlled conditions:  
4.3.1 Conditioning of specimens prior to testing,  
4.3.2 Exposed surface area of the specimens in the test chamber,  
4.3.3 Test chamber temperature and relative humidity,  
4.3.4 The Q/A ratio, and  
4.3.5 Air circulation within the chamber.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the formaldehyde concentrations in air emitted by wood product test specimens under defined test conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Results obtained from this small-scale chamber test method are intended to be comparable to results obtained from testing larger product samples by the large chamber test method for wood products, Test Method E1333. The results may be correlated to values obtained from Test Method E1333. The quantity of formaldehyde in an air sample from the small chamber is determined by a modification of NIOSH 3500 chromotropic acid test procedure. As with Test Method E1333, other analytical procedures may be used to determine the quantity of formaldehyde in the air sample provided that such methods give results comparable to those obtained by using the chromotropic acid procedure. However, the test results and test report must be properly qualified and the analytical procedure employed must be accurately described.  
1.2 The wood-based panel products to be tested by this test method are characteristically used for different applications and are tested at different relative amounts or loading ratios to reflect different applications. This is a test method that specifies testing at various loading ratios for different product types. However, the test results and test report must be properly qualified and must specify the make-up air flow, sample surface area, and chamber volume.  
1.3 Ideal candidates for small-scale chamber testing are products relatively homogeneous in their formaldehyde release characteristics. Still, product inhomogeneities must be considered when selecting and preparing samples for small-scale chamber testing.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the...

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off