ASTM D709-17

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D709 − 16 D709 − 17
Standard Specification for
Laminated Thermosetting Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers laminated thermosetting materials consisting of two or more plies or layers of reinforcing material
bonded by a thermosetting synthetic resin. Examples of such reinforcement are cellulose paper, cotton fabric, glass fabric, and
synthetic fiber fabrics. These materials are available in the form of sheets, rolled and molded tubes, and molded rods.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
NOTE 1—This specification resembles IEC 60893-3 in title only. The content is significantly different.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this specification. This standard does not
purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D229 Test Methods for Rigid Sheet and Plate Materials Used for Electrical Insulation
D257 Test Methods for DC Resistance or Conductance of Insulating Materials
D348 Test Methods for Rigid Tubes Used for Electrical Insulation
D349 Test Methods for Laminated Round Rods Used for Electrical Insulation
D495 Test Method for High-Voltage, Low-Current, Dry Arc Resistance of Solid Electrical Insulation
D621 Test Methods for Deformation of Plastics Under Load (Withdrawn 1994)
D668 Test Methods of Measuring Dimensions of Rigid Rods and Tubes Used for Electrical Insulation
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1180 Method of Test for Warpage of Sheet Plastics (Withdrawn 1988)
D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation
D2303 Test Methods for Liquid-Contaminant, Inclined-Plane Tracking and Erosion of Insulating Materials
D2304 Test Method for Thermal Endurance of Rigid Electrical Insulating Materials
D3636 Practice for Sampling and Judging Quality of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials
D6054 Practice for Conditioning Electrical Insulating Materials for Testing (Withdrawn 2012)
2.2 IEEE Standards:
1 General Principles for Temperature Limits in the Rating of Electric Equipment
98 Guide for the Preparation of Test Procedures for the Thermal Evaluation and Establishment of Temperature Indices of Solid
Electrical Insulating Materials
99 Guide for the Preparation of Test Procedures for the Thermal Evaluation of Insulation Systems for Electric Equipment
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D09.07 on Electrical Insulating Materials.
Current edition approved March 1, 2016April 1, 2017. Published March 2016April 2017. Originally approved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as
D709 – 13.D709 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/D0709-16.10.1520/D0709-17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE), 445 Hoes Ln., P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331, http://www.ieee.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D709 − 17
101 Guide for the Statistical Analysis of Thermal Life Test Data
2.3 NEMA Standards:
LI 1-1971 Industrial Laminated Thermosetting Products
LI 5-1969 Temperature Indices of Industrial Thermosetting Laminates
LI 3-1961 High-Temperature Properties of Industrial Thermosetting Laminates
2.4 Military Specifications:
MIL-P-997MIL-I-24768 Plastic Material, Laminated, Thermosetting, Electric Insulation, Sheets, Glass Cloth, Silicone
ResinInsulation, Plastics, Laminated, Thermosetting, General Specifications for
MIL-P-15035 Plastic Sheet, Laminated, Thermosetting, Cotton-Fabric-Base, Phenolic-Resin
MIL-P-15037 Plastic Sheet, Laminated, Thermosetting, Glass-Cloth, Melamine-Resin
MIL-P-15047 Plastic Material, Laminated Thermosetting Sheets, Nylon Fabric Base, Phenolic-Resin
MIL-P-18177 Plastic Sheet, Laminated, Thermosetting, Glass Fibre Base, Epoxy-Resin
MIL-P-22324 Plastic Sheet, Thermosetting, Paper-Base, Epoxy-Resin
2.5 Federal Specifications:
L-P-513 Plastic Sheet and Insulation Sheet, Electrical (Laminated, Thermosetting, Paper-Base, Phenolic-Resin)
L-P-509 Plastic Sheet, Rod and Tube, Laminated Thermosetting
2.5 IEC Standard:
Publication 60893-3 Specification for Industrial Laminated Sheets Based on Thermosetting Resins for Electrical Purposes
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this specification, refer to Terminologies D883 or D1711.
4. Types and Grades
4.1 Laminated materials covered by this specification are classified in accordance with the types of reinforcement used in their
manufacture, and the electrical, mechanical, and heat-resisting characteristics of the finished products (Note 2).
NOTE 2—Further descriptive information regarding these various types and grades of laminated thermosetting materials is given in Table 1 and
Appendix X1 – Appendix X3. Appendix X3 also includes tables covering engineering information on other properties of the various grades of laminated
thermosetting products that are not included in these specification requirements.
5. Forms
5.1 Laminated thermosetting materials are available in four forms: sheets, tubes (Note 3), rods (Note 4), and molded shapes
(Note 5), as indicated in Table 2. This specification covers the material in three forms: sheets, tubes of two classes (rolled and
molded), and molded rods. The classes of tubes desired shall be specified by the purchaser in the contract or order. In cases where
the purchaser desires a particular class of molded rod the purchaser shall so specify.
NOTE 3—Tubes are made of laminations of fibrous sheet impregnated material, rolled upon mandrels under tension or between heated pressure rolls,
or both. They are of two classes, rolled and molded. Rolled tubes are oven-baked after rolling on the mandrels. Molded tubes are cured in molds under
heat and pressure.
NOTE 4—Molded rods are composed of laminations of impregnated sheet material molded in cylindrical molds under heat and pressure, and then
ground to size. Molded rods are of two classes made by winding the impregnated sheet convolutely before molding or by forming strips in the molding
operation.
Machined rods, manufactured from certain grades of sheet material, are not covered by this specification. In rods machined from sheets, the laminations
are parallel chords of a circular cross-section. In general, the properties of these rods conform to those of the grade of sheet stock from which they are
cut. This type of rod has the potential to be low in flexural strength when stress is applied perpendicular to the lamination.
NOTE 5—Molded shapes are composed of impregnated sheet materials cut into various sizes and shapes to fit the contours of a mold, and molded under
heat and pressure. In special cases some macerated material is used in combination with impregnated sheet materials, depending upon the design of the
piece. The requirements of this specification, particularly with regard to mechanical properties, cannot be considered as applying to molded shapes, except
for rectangular and square tubes, since such properties will depend to a considerable extent upon the design of the piece.
6. General Requirements
6.1 Materials and Workmanship—Laminated material shall be uniform in quality. It shall be free of blisters, wrinkles, or cracks
and shall be reasonably free of other small defects such as scratches, heat marks, and so forth, as defined in Terminology D883.
Tubes of any grade having wall thickness greater than ⁄2 in. (13 mm) and molded paper-base rods (Grades XX and XXX) having
diameters greater than 1 in. (25 mm) have the potential to show checks or cracks between the laminations on machined or sawed
edges.
6.2 Finish and Color—Requirements for finish (Note 6) and color (Note 7) shall be as specified by the purchaser in the contract
or order.
Available from National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 1300 N. 17th St., Suite 1752, Rosslyn, VA 22209, http://www.nema.org.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094 Attn: NPODS.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
D709 − 17
TABLE 1 Types and Grades of Laminated Thermosetting Materials
D709 MIL-P and LP MIL-I-24768 Specifica-
Grade tion Sheet Number and Grade Description
A
Designation Designation
Type I—Cellulose Paper-Base Phenolic Resin (Unless Noted)
X . mechanical
X /12 Type PBM mechanical
XP . mechanical; hot-punching stock
XP /19 Type PBM-P mechanical; hot-punching stock
XPC . mechanical; cold-punching and cold-shearing stock
XPC /20 Type PBM-PC mechanical; cold-punching and cold-shearing stock
XX L-P-513, Type PBG electrical and mechanical
XX /11 Type PBG electrical and mechanical
XXP . electrical and mechanical; hot-punching stock
XXP /21 Type PBG-P electrical and mechanical; hot-punching stock
XXX L-P-513, Type PBE electrical and high humidity
XXX /10 Type PBE electrical and high humidity
XXXP L-P-513, Type PBE-P electrical and high humidity; hot-punching stock
XXXP /22 Type PBE-P electrical and high humidity; hot-punching stock
XXXPC L-P-513, Type PBE-P punchable at lower temperature than Grade XXXP
XXXPC /23 Type PBE-P punchable at lower temperature than Grade XXXP
FR-1 . paper-base, flame-resistant, similar to Grade XP
FR-1 /24 Type PBM-PF paper-base, flame-resistant, similar to Grade XP
FR-2 . paper-base, flame-resistant, similar to Grade XXXP
FR-2 /25 Type PBE-PCF paper-base, flame-resistant, similar to Grade XXXP
FR-3 MIL-P-22324, Type PEE flame-resistant, epoxy resin; electrical and mechanical
FR-3 /26 Type PEE flame-resistant, epoxy resin; electrical and mechanical
ES-1 . mechanical; engraving stock usually melamine binder
ES-2 . mechanical; engraving stock usually melamine binder
ES-3 . mechanical; engraving stock usually melamine binder
Type II—Cellulose Fabric-Base Phenolic Resin
C MIL-P-15035, Type FBM mechanical
C /16 Type FBM mechanical
CE MIL-P-15035, Type FBG mechanical and electrical
CE /14 Type FBG mechanical and electrical
L MIL-P-15035, Type FBI mechanical; fine machining
L /15 Type FBI mechanical; fine machining
LE MIL-P-15035, Type FBE mechanical and electrical; fine machining
LE /13 Type FBE mechanical and electrical; fine machining
Type IV—Glass-Base
G-3 . continuous filament-type glass cloth; phenolic resin, general purpose
G-3 /18 Type GPG continuous filament-type glass cloth; phenolic resin, general purpose
G-5 . continuous filament-type glass cloth, melamine binder; general purpose;
good arc and flame resistance
G-5 /8 Type GMG continuous filament-type glass cloth, melamine binder; general purpose;
good arc and flame resistance
G-7 MIL-P-997, Type GSG continuous filament-type glass cloth, silicone resin binder; good mechanical
strength, heat and arc resistance; low dielectric losses and high insulation
resistance under humid conditions
G-7 /17 Type GSG continuous filament-type glass cloth, silicone resin binder; good mechanical
strength, heat and arc resistance; low dielectric losses and high insulation
resistance under humid conditions
G-9 MIL-P-15037, Type GME continuous filament-glass cloth, melamine binder. Superior to Grade G-5 un-
der wet conditions, good arc and flame resistance
G-9 /1 Type GME continuous filament-glass cloth, melamine binder. Superior to Grade G-5 un-
der wet conditions, good arc and flame resistance
G-10 MIL-P-18177, Type GEE continuous filament-type glass cloth, epoxy resin binder; high mechanical
strength good insulation resistance, dielectric loss, and dielectric strength
under dry and humid conditions
G-10 /2 Type GEE continuous filament-type glass cloth, epoxy resin binder; high mechanical
strength good insulation resistance, dielectric loss, and dielectric strength
under dry and humid conditions
G-11 MIL-P-18177, Type GEB continuous filament-type glass cloth, heat-resistant epoxy binder; properties
similar to Grade G-10 but higher flexural strength retained at elevated tem-
peratures
G-11 /3 Type GEB continuous filament-type glass cloth, heat-resistant epoxy binder; properties
similar to Grade G-10 but higher flexural strength retained at elevated tem-
peratures
FR-4 MIL-P-18177, Type GEE continuous filament-glass cloth with a flame-resistant epoxy resin binder;
properties similar to G-10
FR-4 /27 Type GEE-F continuous filament-glass cloth with a flame-resistant epoxy resin binder;
properties similar to G-10
FR-5 MIL-P-18177, Type GEB continuous filament-glass cloth with a heat- and flame-resistant epoxy resin
binder; properties similar to G11
FR-5 /28 Type GEB-F continuous filament-glass cloth with a heat- and flame-resistant epoxy resin
binder; properties similar to G11
GPO-1 /4 Type GPO-1P Glass mat with polyester resin binder, for general purpose
D709 − 17
D709 MIL-P and LP MIL-I-24768 Specifica-
Grade tion Sheet Number and Grade Description
A
Designation Designation
GPO-2 /5 Type GPO-2P Glass mat with polyester resin binder, for general purpose and flame resis-
tance
GPO-1, GPO-2, and GPO-3 Glass mat with polyester resin binder, for general purpose, flame resistance
and tracking resistance
GPO-3 /6 Type GPO-3P Glass mat with polyester resin binder, for general purpose, flame resistance
and tracking resistance
GPO-1P /31 Type GPO-N-1P Glass mat with polyester resin binder, for general purpose, has better punch-
ing performance than standard GPO
GPO-2P /32 Type GPO-N-2P Glass mat with polyester resin binder, for general purpose, and flame
resistance, has better punching performance than standard GPO
GPO-1P, GPO-2P, and GPO-3P Glass mat with polyester resin binder, for general purpose, flame resistance
and tracking resistance
GPO-3P /33 Type GPO-N-3P Glass mat with polyester resin binder, for general purpose, flame resistance
and tracking resistance has better punching performance than standard GPO
Type V—Nylon-Base
N-1 MIL-P-15047, Type NPG nylon cloth-base, phenolic resin binder; excellent electrical properties under
high humidity; good impact
N-1 /9 Type NPG nylon cloth-base, phenolic resin binder; excellent electrical properties under
high humidity; good impact
Type VI—Composite-Base Laminates
CEM-1 . cellulose paper core, glass surfaces, flame-resistant resin (see X1.28)
CEM-1 /29 Type CEM-1 cellulose paper core, glass surfaces, flame-resistant resin (see X1.28)
CEM-3 . non-woven glass core, glass surfaces, flame-resistant resin (see X1.29)
CEM-3 /30 Type CEM-3 non-woven glass core, glass surfaces, flame-resistant resin (see X1.29)
A
The MIL-P and LP-513 designations apply only to sheet materials. LP-509 applies to sheet and tube material.Individual Specification Sheets are subsidiary documents
of the main MIL-I-24768 standard, and are designated as MIL-I-24768/1, /2, and so forth. Revisions of this specification are designated by suffix letters added to the MIL-P
or LP Specification number, A for the first revision, B for the second, and so forth. Reference shall accordingly be made to the latest edition of the specification.
TABLE 2 Available Forms of Laminated Thermosetting Materials
Forms
Rectangular
Round Tubes Round Rods
Type Grade
and Square
Sheets
Ma-
Molded
Rolled Molded Molded
chined
Tubes
A A B B C
I X .
A B B B B
XP, XPC .
A A A A D C
XX
A B B B B
XXP .
A A A A D C
XXX
A B B B B
XXXP .
A B B B B
XXXPC .
A B B B B
FR-1 .
A C C C C B
FR-2
A C C C C
FR-3 .
A B B
ES-1, ES-2, and ES-3 . . .
A A C A D C
II C
A B A A D C
CE
A C A A D C
L
A A A A D
LE .
A A B C
IV G-3 . .
A A B A D
G-5
A C C C D B
G-7
A A C A D C
G-9
A A B A D B
G-10
A C B C B
G-11 .
A C C C C C
G-11
A C C C C C
FR-4
FR-5
A D D D D D
GPO-1, GPO-2, and GPO-3
A D D D D D
GPO-1P, GPO-2P, and GPO-3P
A C C C D C
V N-1
A D D D D D
VI CEM-1
A D D D D D
CEM-3
A
Materials covered by this specification.
B
Not recommended in this form.
C
Detailed requirements on these materials are not yet available.
D
Materials not covered by this specification.
NOTE 6—The various forms and grades of laminated thermosetting material are available in the finishes shown in Table 3.
D709 − 17
TABLE 3 Available Finishes of Laminated Thermosetting Materials
A
Form Grade Finish
Sheets XX, XXX, CE, LE semigloss or polished
X, C, L, G-3, G-5, G-7, G-9, G-10, G-11, N-1, semigloss
FR-2, FR-4, FR-5, GPO-1, GPO-2, GPO-3, GPO-1P,
GPO-2P, GPO-3P, CEM-1, CEM-3
XPC, XP, XXP, XXXP, XXXPC, FR-1, FR-3 semigloss or dull
ES-1, ES-2, ES-3 dull or polished
Round tubing and rods G-3, G-5, G-7, G-9, G-10, G-11, N-1 ground only
all other grades ground, buffed, or varnished
Molded square and rectangular forms all grades semigloss, ground, or varnished
A
Ground finish is applied by a fine grinding wheel or belt, is free of any pronounced scratches and is suitable for a majority of applications.
Buffed finish is somewhat more glossy than the ground finish, and is obtained by buffing the tube or rod following grinding, using a touch of shellac or other polishing
compound on the buffer.
Varnished finish is sometimes applied to tubes or rods for special decorative, special electrical, or chemical-resistant applications. It is obtained by coating the tube or
rod one or more times with a varnish or lacquer and air-drying or baking. Because the varnish requires operations that could change greatly the physical and electrical
properties, such finished tubes or rods are not covered by this specification.
NOTE 7—The various types and grades of laminated thermosetting material are available in the colors shown in Table 4. Where MIL-P specifications
are involved, natural color only shall be supplied.
6.3 Warp or Twist—The warp or twist shall not exceed the values prescribed in Table 5.
6.4 Punching Properties—The grades of material differ in their suitability for punching, but thin pieces of any of the grades are
permitted to be punched in simple shapes, provided good punching practice is used, including sharp, close-clearance dies, proper
stripper plates, and proper heating conditions. When using good punching practice as outlined below, the various grades shall
punch satisfactorily in thickness up to and including the maximum limits as prescribed in Table 6. Where punching properties
better than those listed in Table 6 are required for particular parts, this shall be subject to agreement between the purchaser and
the manufacturer. In good punching practice the edges of the piece shall be no closer to the edge of the strip than twice the thickness
of the sheet, the holes shall be no smaller in diameter than the thickness of the sheet nor have square corners, and the distance
between the holes or between the holes and the edge of the piece shall be no less than the thickness of the sheet. For thicker
materials, depending upon the grade, heating the material to a temperature of 120 to 140°C (approximately 15 min for material
⁄8 in. (3 mm) in thickness) is generally necessary for best punching results, although in Grade XP or XPC it is possible that this
will make the material too soft. In this case, better results are likely to be obtained by heating at lower temperatures or for a shorter
time. If more than 2 min elapse between the time the strip leaves the heating medium and the last piece is punched, results will
be poor.
NOTE 8—The punching properties of the cotton fabric-base grades and of the paper-base grades classed as punching stock are somewhat better than
those of the other glass or nylon fabric-base grades. All grades can be punched in thin thicknesses under suitable conditions.
6.5 Machining Properties—In general, most of the grades can be drilled, tapped, sawed, and machined. Grades X, XP, XPC,
A, G-7, and N-1 are not recommended for drilling and tapping parallel with laminations. Grades XXX, CE, and LE are best suited
to these operations.
TABLE 4 Available Colors of Laminated Thermosetting Materials
A
Type Grade Standard Color
Sheets X, XX, XXP, XXX, C, CE, L, LE natural or black
XP, XPC natural, black, or chocolate
XXXP, XXXPC, FR-1, FR-3, G-3, G-5, G-7, G-9, natural
G-10, G-11, N-1, FR-2, FR-4, FR-5, GPO-1,
GPO-2, GPO-3, GPO-1P, GPO-2P, GPO-3P,
CEM-1, CEM-3
ES-1 black or gray surface, white core
ES-2 black or gray surface, white subcore, black core
ES-3 white or gray surface, black core
Round tubing and rods and molded square X, XX, XXX, C, CE, L, LE natural or black
and rectangular forms FR-1, G-3, G-5, G-7, G-9, G-10, G-11, N-1 natural
A
Natural color is produced by the natural undyed paper or fabric and resin used. Woven glass-base grades contains streaks due to differential coloration of various warp
or filler threads under heat-treating conditions. The natural color of the phenolic material will vary from a light tan to a light brown or reddish brown. The color of the
glass-base melamine and silicone materials will vary from white to light gray to a brown color. That of the glass-base silicone material will be from white to cream.
Black colored sheets have substantially uniform black surfaces and a black body. Sawed, sanded, and machined surfaces of sheets, and ground surfaces of tubes, show
a light grayish black tinge. Sawed, sanded, machined, and ground surfaces and edges of some cotton fabric-base grades and of asbestos paper-base materials show a
decided grayish black tinge.
Chocolate colored sheets have a uniform dark brown or chocolate color surface with natural core.
Experience has shown that colors other than those mentioned have ingredients which prevent laminated products from meeting the specified standard electrical or
mechanical performance values. Even black and chocolate colors affect electrical characteristics. For instance, the standard color for grade XXXP is “natural” only because
the presence of any dye or pigment would impair its electrical qualities.
D709 − 17
TABLE 5 Permissible Warp or Twist
Maximum
Thickness or Outside Permissible Warp or
Form
A
Diameter
Twist on Basis of
36-in. Dimension, %
B
1 1
Sheets ⁄32 to ⁄16 (0.79 to 5.0
1.58), excl
1 1
⁄16 to ⁄8 (1.58 to 3.17), 2.5
excl
C
1 1
⁄8 to ⁄4 (3.17 to 6.35), 1.0
incl
1 3
Over ⁄4 to ⁄4 (6.35 to 0.5
19.05), incl
Over ⁄4 (19.05) 0.25
1 1
Tubes and ⁄8 to ⁄4 (3.17 to 6.35), 2.0
incl
1 3
molded rods Over ⁄4 to ⁄4 (6.35 to 1.0
19.05), incl
Over ⁄4 (19.05) 0.5
TABLE 5 Permissible Warp or Twist
Maximum
Thickness or Outside
Permissible Warp or
Form
A
Diameter Twist on Basis of
36-in. Dimension, %
B
1 1
Sheets ⁄32 to ⁄16 (0.79 to 5.0
1.58), excl
1 1
⁄16 to ⁄8 (1.58 to 3.17), 2.5
excl
C
1 1
⁄8 to ⁄4 (3.17 to 6.35), 1.0
incl
1 3
Over ⁄4 to ⁄4 (6.35 to 0.5
19.05), incl
Over ⁄4 (19.05) 0.25
1 1
Tubes and ⁄8 to ⁄4 (3.17 to 6.35), 2.0
molded incl
1 3
rods Over ⁄4 to ⁄4 (6.35 to
19.05), incl 1.0
Over ⁄4 (19.05) 0.5
A
In case of warp, this percentage is stated in terms of the lateral dimensions
(length or width); in the case of twist, which applies only to sheet forms, the
percentage is stated in terms of the dimensions from one corner to the diagonally
opposite corner.
B
These requirements do not apply to cut pieces, but only to sheet sizes, tube
lengths, and rod lengths as manufactured.
C
In the case of Grade G-7 the maximum permissible warp or twist shall be 1.5 %.
7. Detail Requirements for Sheets
7.1 Sheet material shall conform to the requirements for physical and electrical properties prescribed in Tables 7-12.
1 1
7.2 Rate of Burning—Tests shall be conducted on laminates from ⁄32 to ⁄4 in. (0.8 to 6.4 mm) in thickness in accordance with
Method I of Test Methods D229. The rate of burning shall be Class I for Grades FR-1, FR-2 and FR-3, and Class O for Grades
FR-4, FR-5, CEM-1, G-5, G-7, G-9, and GPO-2.
7.3 Flame Resistance—Tests shall be conducted on laminates ⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) in thickness in accordance with Method II of Test
Methods D229. The requirements for average ignition time and burning time are shown in Table 13.
8. Detail Requirements for Tubes
8.1 Tubes shall conform to the requirements for physical and electrical properties prescribed in Table 14, Table 15, and Table
16 for round olledrolled tubes, and in Table 17, Table 18, and Table 19 for round molded tubes.
9. Detail Requirements for Molded Rods
9.1 Molded rods shall conform to the requirements for physical properties prescribed in Tables 20 and 21.
10. Sheet Sizes and Permissible Variations
10.1 Length and Width—The nominal length and width of the sheets shall be 61 in. (625 mm) from the manufacturer’s
standard.
10.2 Tolerances of material cut by sawing shall be as prescribed in Table 22 and those cut by shearing shall be as prescribed
in Tables 23 and 24.
D709 − 17
TABLE 6 Maximum Thickness in Inches (Millimetres) for Various
Grades at Which Satisfactory Punching Results shall be
A
Obtained
When Heated Before
Punching
At Room
Tempera-
To ap-
Grade
ture (20
To 120 to proxi-
to 30°C)
140°C mately
60°C
1 3
X ⁄32 (0.8) ⁄32 (2.4)
1 1
XP, FR-1 ⁄16 (1.6) ⁄8 (3)
1 1
XPC ⁄8 (3) ⁄4 (6)
1 3
XX ⁄32 (0.8) ⁄32 (2.4)
1 1
XXP ⁄32 (0.8) ⁄8 (3)
B
XXX . ⁄16 (1.6)
XXXP . ⁄32 (2.4)
1 1
XXXPC, FR-2, FR-3, ⁄16 (1.6) . ⁄8 (3)
CEM-1, CEM-3
1 3
C, L ⁄16 (1.6) ⁄16 (4.8)
CE . ⁄32 (2.4)
1 3
LE ⁄32 (0.8) ⁄32 (2.4
1 1
G-3, G-5, G-7, G-9, ⁄8 (3) ⁄8 (3)
G-10, G-11, FR-4,
FR-5
1 3
N-1 ⁄16 (1.6) ⁄16 (4.8)
A
With simple forms and special precautions greater thicknesses than the above
can sometimes be punched. With poor dies, poor punching practice, or intricate
parts, good results cannot be expected in the thicknesses listed in this table.
B
Simple shapes, compound dies only.
NOTE 9—Due to variations in sizes of press equipment, there is considerable variation in the lengths and widths of manufacturers’ standard size sheets.
For most of the grades, these standard sizes range between 36 and 50 in. (914 and 1270 mm) in width, and between 36 and 96 in. (914 and 2438 mm)
in length. Certain grades are sometimes supplied in standard sizes ranging from 24 to 36 in. (610 to 914 mm) in width, and from 24 to 96 in. (610 to
2438 mm) in length. In order to avoid damage to the sheets during shearing, it is recommended that this operation not take place at temperatures lower
than 20°C (68°F) and not higher than 40°C (104°F).
10.3 Thickness—The permissible variations from the standard thicknesses (Note 10) of the various grades of sheets shall be
within the requirements prescribed in Table 25. At least 90 % of the area of the sheet shall be within the variations prescribed in
Table 25, and at no point shall the thickness as measured vary from the nominal by a value greater than 125 % of the specified
variation. Permissible ranges in thickness of component parts of engraving stock sheets are given in Table 26.
NOTE 10—Sheets are available in the thicknesses shown in Table 27.
11. Tube Sizes and Permissible Variations
11.1 Length—The length of rolled or molded tubes are permitted to vary within 61 in. (625 mm) from the manufacturer’s
standard length (Note 11), unless otherwise specified. When tubes cut to definite lengths are specified, the permissible variations
shall be as shown in Tables 28 and 29.
NOTE 11—Tubes are available in manufacturers’ lengths which vary from 18 to 24 in. (457 to 610 mm) in small outside diameters and from 30 to 48
in. (762 to 1219 mm) in large diameters. In a number of diameters of certain grades longer lengths are available.
11.2 Diameter—The nominal inside and outside diameter (Note 12) shall be specified by the purchaser. The permissible
variations in inside and outside diameters of round rolled and molded tubes shall be within the requirements prescribed in Table
30. The permissible variations in inside and outside dimensions of square and rectangular molded tubes shall be within the
requirements prescribed in Table 31.
11.3 Thickness—The permissible variations in wall thickness (Note 12) for round tubing with inside diameters up to 4 in. (102
mm) shall be as shown in Tables 32 and 33. The permissible variations in wall thickness of square and rectangular molded tubes
shall be within the requirements prescribed in Table 34.
NOTE 12—The standard ranges of sizes of round tubes, including inside and outside diameters and wall thicknesses, are given in Table 35. Standard
increments of sizes of round tubes are as follows, except as limited by Table 35.
A
Increments of Sizes of Round
Nominal Inside and Outside Diameters
B
in. (mm) Tubes, in. (mm)
1 1
⁄8 to 1 (3 to 25), incl ⁄32 (0.8)
1 1
1 ⁄16 to 3 (27 to 76), incl ⁄16 (1.6)
1 1
3 ⁄8 to 6 (79 to 152), incl ⁄8 (3)
1 1
6 ⁄4 to 8 (158 to 203), incl ⁄4 (6)
A
8 to 25 (203 to 635), incl ⁄2 (13)
D709 − 17
A
TABLE 7 Flexural Strength Requirements for Sheets, Measured Flatwise (Condition A), Min Average, psi
B
Thickness
1 1 3 1 3 1 1 3
Grade ⁄32 (0.8) ⁄16 (1.6) ⁄32 (2.4) ⁄8 (3) ⁄16 (4.8) ⁄4 (6) ⁄2 (13) ⁄4 (18) (25) and over
C C
LW CW LW CW LW CW LW CW LW CW LW CW LW CW LW CW LW CW
X 22 000 20 000 25 000 22 000 25 000 22 000 25 000 22 000 25 000 22 000 25 000 22 000 24 000 21 000 24 000 21 000 22 000 19 000
XX 15 000 13 000 15 000 14 000 15 000 14 000 15 000 14 000 15 000 14 000 15 000 14 000 15 000 14 000 15 000 14 000 13 500 12 500
XXX 13 500 11 800 13 500 11 800 13 500 11 800 13 500 11 800 13 500 11 800 13 500 11 800 13 500 11 800 13 500 11 800 12 000 10 600
XPC . . 10 000 8 000 10 000 8 000 12 000 10 000 12 000 10 000 12 000 10 000 . . . . . .
XP 12 000 10 000 13 000 11 000 13 000 11 000 14 000 12 000 14 000 12 000 14 000 12 000 . . . . . .
XXP 14 000 12 000 14 000 12 000 14 000 12 000 14 000 12 000 14 000 12 000 14 000 12 000 . . . . . .
XXXP, XXXPC 12 000 10 500 12 000 10 500 12 000 10 500 12 000 10 500 12 000 10 500 12 000 10 500 . . . . . .
FR-1 12 000 10 000 13 000 11 000 13 000 11 000 14 000 12 000 14 000 12 000 14 000 12 000 . . . . . .
FR-2 12 000 10 500 12 000 10 500 12 000 10 500 12 000 10 500 12 000 10 500 12 000 10 500 . . . . . .
FR-3 20 000 16 000 20 000 16 000 20 000 16 000 20 000 16 000 20 000 16 000 20 000 16 000 . . . . . .
ES-1 . . 13 500 13 500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ES-2 . . . . 13 500 13 500 13 500 13 500 13 500 13 500 13 500 13 500 . . . . . .
ES-3 . . 13 500 13 500 13 500 13 500 13 500 13 500 13 500 13 500 13 500 13 500 . . . . . .
C 17 000 16 000 17 000 16 000 17 000 16 000 17 000 16 000 17 000 16 000 17 000 16 000 16 000 15 000 16 000 15 000 15 000 14 000
CE 16 500 14 000 16 500 14 000 16 500 14 000 16 500 14 000 16 000 14 000 16 000 14 000 15 500 13 500 15 500 13 500 14 500 13 000
L 16 500 14 500 16 500 14 500 16 500 14 500 16 500 14 500 16 500 14 500 16 500 14 500 15 500 14 000 15 500 14 000 15 000 13 500
GPO-1, GPO-2, 18 000 18 000 18 000 18 000 18 000 18 000 18 000 18 000 18 000 18 000 18 000 18 000 18 000 18 000 . . . .
GPO-3
GPO-1P, GPO-2P, 16 000 16 000 16 000 16 000 16 000 16 000 16 000 16 000 16 000 16 000 . . . . . . . .
GPO-3P
LE 16 000 14 000 16 000 14 000 16 000 14 000 16 000 14 000 16 000 14 000 16 000 14 000 15 000 13 500 15 000 13 500 14 500 13 000
G-3 18 000 16 000 20 000 18 000 20 000 18 000 20 000 18 000 20 000 18 000 20 000 18 000 20 000 18 000 19 000 17 000 17 000 15 300
G-5 55 000 45 000 50 000 40 000 47 000 39 000 44 000 38 000 41 000 36 000 38 000 34 000 31 200 28 500 31 200 28 500 31 200 28 500
G-7 10 000 8 000 20 000 18 000 20 000 18 000 20 000 18 000 18 000 15 000 18 000 15 000 16 000 13 000 16 000 13 000 14 400 11 700
G-9 . . 60 000 40 000 . . 55 000 35 000 . . . . 45 000 30 000 . . . .
D
G-10, G-11 60 000 50 000 60 000 50 000 60 000 50 000 55 000 45 000 55 000 45 000 55 000 45 000 45 000 35 000 40 000 30 000 40 000 30 000
FR-4 60 000 50 000 60 000 50 000 60 000 50 000 55 000 45 000 56 000 45 000 55 000 45 000 45 000 35 000 40 000 30 000 40 000 30 000
FR-5 60 000 50 000 60 000 50 000 60 000 50 000 60 000 45 000 55 000 45 000 55 000 45 000 45 000 35 000 40 000 30 000 40 000 30 000
N-1 10 000 9 500 10 000 9 500 10 000 9 500 10 000 9 500 9 500 9 000 9 000 8 500 9 000 8 500 9 000 8 500 8 000 7 500
CEM-1 50 000 40 000 35 000 28 000 30 000 25 000 . . . . . . . . . . . .
CEM-3 50 000 40 000 40 000 32 000 33 000 27 000 . . . . . . . . . . . .
A
See 14.2.
B
For intermediate thicknesses, the values for the next smaller thickness shall apply.
C
LW = tested in a lengthwise direction.
CW = tested in a crosswise direction.
D 1
The flexural strength of Grade G-11 for a lengthwise specimen ⁄8 in. (3 mm) thick measured at 150 C, Condition E-1/501, shall be no less than 30 000 psi for thicknesses
up to ⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) inclusive.
A
No standards have been developed for sizes above 25 in. (635 mm) up to 48 in. (1219 mm). No standards have been developed for Grade G-5 (melamine glass-rolled
tubes) for sizes above 8 in. (203 mm) inside diameter.
B
Steps in outside diameter apply only to molded tubes. Rolled tubes are ground to size order.
The standard sizes of square and rectangular molded tubes are as shown in Table 36.
12. Rod Sizes and Permissible Variations
12.1 Length—Unless otherwise specified, molded rods shall be furnished to manufacturer’s standard lengths (Note 13). When
molded rods cut to definite lengths are specified, the permissible variations shall be as shown in Tables 36 and 37.
NOTE 13—Molded rods are available in lengths that vary from 18 to 48 in. (457 to 1219 mm) for small diameters, and from 30 to 48 in. (762 to 1219
mm) for large diameters.
12.2 Diameter—The diameters of rods (Note 14) shall be as specified by the purchaser. The permissible variations in diameter
of molded rods shall be as shown in Table 38.
NOTE 14—Molded rods are available in the ranges of diameters given in Table 39.
13. Sampling and Number of Tests
13.1 For purposes of sampling, a production lot shall consist of a given machine run, and of a particular thickness range as
agreed upon between the purchaser and the manufacturer. A machine run shall consist of all of the material pressed from a coating
operation in which the basic resin, filler, and treating conditions are the same.
13.2 Sheets—One sheet of a particular grade or thickness shall be selected at random from each lot or shipment, whichever is
the smaller. One set of test specimens as prescribed in Section 15 shall be considered sufficient. The average result for the
specimens tested shall conform to the requirements prescribed in this specification. Because of the expense in both material and
1 1
time, it is recommended that complete conformance tests be confined, where possible, to sheets from ⁄16 to ⁄2 in. (1.6 to 13 mm)
in thickness.
D709 − 17
TABLE 8 Impact and Bonding Strength Requirements for Sheets
Impact Strength Impact Strength
(Izod, Edgewise), (Izod, Edgewise),
Bonding Strength, Bonding Strength,
min avg, min avg,
min avg, lb min avg, lb
ft·lb/in. ft·lb/in.
of notch of notch
Condition E-48/50 Condition E-48/50
1 1
Thicknesses, ⁄2 in. Thicknesses, ⁄2 in.
1 1
thicknesses: ⁄8 in. thicknesses: ⁄8 in.
Grade (13 mm) up to Grade (13 mm) up to
(3 mm) up to maxi- (3 mm) up to maxi-
maximum for maximum for
mum thickness for mum thickness for
grade, but not over grade, but not over
grade, but not over grade, but not over
A A
2 in. (51 mm) 2 in. (51 mm)
2 in. (51 mm) 2 in. (51 mm)
Condi- Condi-
Condi- Condi-
B B B B
LW CW tion D- LW CW tion D-
C C
tion A tion A
C C
48/50 48/50
X 0.55 0.50 700 400 G-3 6.50 5.50 850 700
XX 0.40 0.35 800 600 GPO-1, GPO-2, 8.0 8.0 850 800
D
XXX 0.40 0.35 950 700 GPO-3 1400
E E
G-5
1570 550
G-7
6.5 5.5
FR-1 . . . . G-9 . . 1700 1500
FR-2 . . . .
FR-3 . . . .
ES-1 0.25 0.22 . . G-10 7.0 5.5 2000 1600
ES-2 0.25 0.22 . . G-11 7.0 5.5 1600 1500
ES-3 0.25 0.22 . . GPO-1P, GPO-2P, 5.0 5.0 . .
A
GPO-3P
C 1.90 1.70 1800 1600 7.0 5.5 2000 1600
CE 1.60 1.40 1800 1600
L 1.35 1.10 1600 1500 FR-4 7.0 5.5 1600 1500
LE 1.25 1.00 1600 1500 FR-5 1.8 1.2 . .
CEM-1 . . . .
CEM-3 3.0 2.0 1000 1000
N-1
A
Specimens shall be nominal ⁄2 in. (13 mm) in thickness or machined to 0.500± 0.005 in. (13 ± 0.13 mm) from thicker sheets. Unmachined specimens shall be within
standard tolerance for ⁄2-in. thickness for the guide being tested. For thicker sheets, the specimens shall be cut from the center of the cross-section, machining
approximately equal amounts from each surface.
B
LW = tested in a lengthwise direction.
CW = tested in a crosswise direction.
C
See 14.2.
D
1 1
For specimens ⁄8 to ⁄2 in. (3 to 13 mm) inclusive.
E
Impact requirements for Grades G-5 and G-9 are as follows:
Minimum Average Impact Strength, ft-lb/1-in. (25 mm) notch
Thickness, in. (mm)
LW CW
1 1
⁄8 to ⁄2 (3 to 13), excl 7.0 5.5
A
⁄2 to 2 (13 to 51), excl 9.0 6.0
A
1 3
For specimens ⁄8 to ⁄16 in. inclusive.
13.3 Tubes—Random samples of any grade and size of tubing shall be taken to determine conformance with the density
requirements. A minimum of 2 tubes from each lot of 50 tubes or a fraction thereof (of any one size), or 3 % of a larger quantity
of tubes of any grade and specific size, shall be tested. The average result for the specimens tested shall conform to the
requirements prescribed in this specification.
13.4 Rods—Random samples of rods shall be selected from each lot or shipment of any grade or size. A minimum of 2 rods
from a lot of 50 rods or a fraction therofthereof (of any one size), or 3 % from larger lots, shall be tested. The average result for
the specimens tested shall conform to the requirements prescribed in this specification.
13.5 Alternatively, the procedure described in Practice D3636 is acceptable for use with the inspection levels as agreed upon
by the purchaser.
14. Conditioning
14.1 Nomenclature—The following letters shall be used to indicate the respective general conditioning procedures for test
specimens:
14.1.1 Condition A—As received; no special conditioning.
14.1.2 Condition C—Humidity conditioning.
14.1.3 Condition D—Immersion conditioning in distilled water.
14.1.4 Condition E—Temperature conditioning.
D709 − 17
A
TABLE 9 Permittivity and Dissipation Factor Requirements for Sheets
Condition
B C C
Grade Condition A Condition D-24/23
C
D-48/50
1 3
⁄32 (0.8) and ⁄16 Over
D
1 1 3 1 1 1 1
Thickness, in. (mm) ⁄32 (0.8) ⁄16 (1.6) ⁄32 (2.4) ⁄8 (3) ⁄4 (6) ⁄2 (13) ⁄8 (3) only
over (4.8) ⁄2 (13)
Permittivity at 1 MHz, max avg
XX 5.50 6.30 6.20 6.10 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 .
XXX 5.30 6.00 5.90 5.80 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.70 5.70 .
XXP 5.00 5.50 5.30 5.30 5.20 5.20 5.20 . . 5.80
XXXP, XXXPC 4.60 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 . . 5.30
FR-2 4.60 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 . . 5.30
FR-3 4.60 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 4.80 . . 5.00
E
FR-4, FR-5 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.70 5.80
E
CEM-1 5.20 5.00 4.80 . . . . . .
E
CEM-3 5.40 5.40 5.40 . . . . . . .
F F F
LE 5.80 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 .
E F F F
G-5 8.00 8.70 8.70 8.90 9.20 .
G-7 4.20 4.50 4.40 4.30 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 .
E
G-9 . 7.40 7.40 7.40 7.40 7.40 8.00 8.00 7.50
E
G-10, G-11 5.40 . . . . . 5.40 5.70 5.80
E
N-1 4.20 4.00 4.00 3.90 4.30 4.30 4.40 4.50 4.00
Dissipation Factor at 1 MHz, avg max
XX 0.045 0.053 0.052 0.051 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 0.050 .
XXX 0.038 0.048 0.047 0.046 0.045 0.044 0.043 0.043 0.043 .
XXP 0.040 0.080 0.060 0.060 0.050 0.050 0.050 . . 0.10
XXXP, XXXPC 0.038 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 . . 0.05
FR-2 0.038 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 0.040 . . 0.05
FR-3 0.035 0.040 . . . . 0.040 . . 0.045
FR-4, FR-5 0.025 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.045
CEM-1 0.035 0.040 0.040 0.040 . . . . . .
F A F
LE 0.055 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.070 0.070 .
G F F F
G-5 0.020 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 0.080 .
H
GPO-1, GPO-2 , GPO-3 . . 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 .
G-7 0.003 0.070 0.050 0.035 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 0.022 .
I
G-9 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.018 0.020 0.025 0.020
G-10, G-11 0.025 0.035 . . . . . 0.035 0.035 0.045
GPO-1P, GPO-2P, . . . . . . . . . .
GPO-3P
N-1 0.038 0.045 0.041 0.040 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.039 0.045
A
Dielectric loss factor is the product of dissipation factor and permittivity.
B
No dielectric loss values for Grades X, XPC, XP, FR-1, ES-1, ES-2, ES-3, C, CE, L, and G-3 are included because these grades are not suited to applications where
low dielectric loss under radio frequencies is required.
C
See 14.2.
D
For intermediate thicknesses, the value for the next smaller thickness shall apply.
E
Permittivity values for Grades FR-4, FR-5, G-5, G-9, G-10, G-11, CEM-1, CEM-3, and N-1, Condition A, are as follows:
F
Dissipation factor and permittivity for Grades LE and G-5 in thicknesses below ⁄8 in. (3 mm) show too great a change from Condition A to be measured satisfactorily with
usual laboratory equipment.
G
For Grade G-5 in thicknesses over 1 in. (24 mm), the value shall be 0.025.
H
For GPO-2 only measured at 60 Hz.
I
For Grade G-9 in thicknesses over ⁄2 in. (13 mm), the value shall be 0.020.
Grade Permittivity at 1 MHz, max avg (Condition A)
1 1 1 1 1 1
⁄32 to ⁄16 Over ⁄16 to Over ⁄8 to Over ⁄4 to Over ⁄2 to
Over 1
1 1 1
Thickness, in. (mm) (0.8 to 1.6), ⁄8 (1.6 to 3), ⁄4 (3 to 6), ⁄2 (6 to 13), 1 (13 to 25),
(25)
incl incl incl incl incl
G-5 7.80 7.80 8.00 8.50 8.70 9.00
G-9 7.20 7.20 7.20 7.50 7.50 .
G-10, G-11, FR-4, FR-5 5.20 5.20 5.20 5.20 5.50 .
CEM-1 5.00 4.60 . . . .
CEM-3 5.2 5.2 . . . .
N-1 3.90 3.90 4.20 4.30 4.40 .
GPO-1, GPO-2, GPO-3 . . . . . .
GPO-1P, GPO-2P, GPO-3P . . . . . .
NOTE 15—Whenever a conditioning letter is followed by a subscript 1, as D , this indicates that a prior temperature conditioning has been carried out.
D709 − 17
TABLE 10 Dielectric Breakdown Requirements for Sheets,
Parallel to Laminations (Step-by-Step Test), Min Average kV
A B B
Grade Condition A Condition D-48/50
Over Over
1 1
⁄32 to ⁄32 to
1 to 2 1 to 2
Thickness, 1 (0.8 1 (0.8
(25 to (25 to
in. (mm) to 25), to 25),
51), 51),
incl incl
incl incl
XX 40.0 25.0 5.0 3.0
XXX 50.0 40.0 6.0 4.0
XP 40.0 . . .
XXP 60.0 . 5.0 3.0
XXXP, XXXPC 60.0 . 15.0 .
FR-1 40.0 . . .
FR-2 60.0 . 15.0 .
FR-3 60.0 . 30.0 .
FR-4, FR-5 45.0 . 40.0 .
CEM-1 45.0 . 40.0 .
CEM-3 45.0 . 40.0 .
C 15.0 10.0 .
CE 35.0 25.0 2.5 2.5
C
GPO-1, GPO-2, GPO-3 40.0 . 15.0 .
L 15.0 10.0 . .
LE 40.0 30.0 3.0 3.0
D
GPO-1P, GPO-2P, GPO-3P . . 5.0 .
G-5 23.0 15.0 5.0 3.0
G-7 32.0 25.0 15.0 .
E F F
G-9 60.0 . 45.0 40.0
G-10, G-11 45.0 . 40.0 .
N-1 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0
A
Grades X, XPC,
...