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ASTM C341/C341M-03a

(Test Method)

Standard Practice for Length Change of Cast, Drilled, or Sawed Specimens of Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete

Standard Practice for Length Change of Cast, Drilled, or Sawed Specimens of Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the length changes of cast, drilled, or sawed specimens of hydraulic-cement mortar and concrete due to causes other than externally applied forces and temperature changes. It can be readily adapted, if desired, to studies of length change involving different schedules or environmental treatment than the standard procedures prescribed by this practice.
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units shall be regarded separately as standard. The units stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining in any way. The inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2003
ICS
91.100.10 - Cement. Gypsum. Lime. Mortar
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.68 - Volume Change
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C341/C341M-03 - Standard Practice for Length Change of Cast, Drilled, or Sawed Specimens of Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Replaced By
ASTM C341/C341M-05 - Standard Practice for Length Change of Cast, Drilled, or Sawed Specimens of Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
Effective Date
01-May-2005
Referred By
ASTM C1856/C1856M-17 - Standard Practice for Fabricating and Testing Specimens of Ultra-High Performance Concrete
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM C666/C666M-15 - Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003

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ASTM C341/C341M-03a - Standard Practice for Length Change of Cast, Drilled, or Sawed Specimens of Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and ConcreteASTM C341/C341M-03a - Standard Practice for Length Change of Cast, Drilled, or Sawed Specimens of Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
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ASTM C341/C341M-03a - Standard Practice for Length Change of Cast, Drilled, or Sawed Specimens of Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 341/C 341M – 03a
Standard Practice for
Length Change of Cast, Drilled, or Sawed Specimens of
1
Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 341/C 341M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* of Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and
Concrete
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the length
C 666 Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid
changes of cast, drilled, or sawed specimens of hydraulic-
Freezing and Thawing
cement mortar and concrete due to causes other than externally
applied forces and temperature changes. It can be readily
3. Terminology
adapted, if desired, to studies of length change involving
3.1 Definition
different schedules or environmental treatment than the stan-
3.1.1 length change, n—an increase or decrease in a linear
dard procedures prescribed by this practice.
dimension of a test specimen, which has been caused to change
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
by any factor other than externally applied forces and tempera-
shall be regarded separately as standard. The units stated in
ture changes.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system must be used independently of the other, without
4. Significance and Use
combining in any way. The inch-pound units are shown in
4.1 Measurements of length change permit assessment of
brackets.
the potential for volumetric expansion or contraction of cast,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
drilled, or sawed specimens of hydraulic-cement mortar, and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
concrete due to various causes other than externally applied
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
forces and temperature changes. This practice is particularly
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
useful for comparative evaluation of this potential in different
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
mortar or concrete specimens.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Apparatus
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5.1 Length Comparator—The length comparator shall gen-
A 276 Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes
erally conform to the requirements of Specification C 490,
C 31/C 31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
except that it shall be constructed to accommodate the speci-
Specimens in the Field
mens to be tested under this practice, which shall have gage
C 42/C 42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled
lengths of 75 mm [3 in.] or more.
Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete
5.1.1 Gage Studs in Ends of Specimens—When the com-
C 157/C 157M Test Method for Length Change of Hard-
parator is to be used to measure between gage studs in the ends
ened Hydraulic-Cement, Mortar, and Concrete
of specimens, the gage length for computing percentage length
C 192/C 192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete
change shall be considered to be the distance between the
Test Specimens in the Laboratory
innermost ends of the gage studs, and the contact terminals of
C 490 Practice for Use of Apparatus for the Determination
the comparator shall be plane, polished, heat-treated surfaces
as described in Specification C 490. Fig. 3 of Specification
C 490 shows one type of comparator that has been found
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete
suitable for such specimens. A horizontal comparator is desir-
andConcreteAggregatesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC09.68on
able for specimens that are considered too large to be handled
Volume Change.
by the type of comparator illustrated in Fig. 3 of Specification
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published January, 2004. Originally
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as C 341 – 03.
C 490.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.1.2 Gage Studs on Sides of Specimen—When the com-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
parator is to be used to measure between gage studs on the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. sides of specimens, the contact terminals shall be conical,
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C 341/C 341M – 03a
heat-treated surfaces as shown in Fig. 1, which illustrates a 6.3.1 The s
...

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4.1 The results of mortar mixture tests can be suitable for comparing the relative performance of combinations of concrete-making materials such as fine aggregate, chemical admixtures, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), water, and hydraulic cement. Furthermore, this guide can be useful to identify unexpected performances due to combination of various materials. The relative trends in performance observed with the mortar method may suggest relative performance in concrete mixtures batched with the same materials and relative mixture proportions.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information on how to compare the relative performance and potential incompatibility of combinations of concrete-making materials. Performance tests on fresh and early-age properties of mortar mixtures can be useful indicators of concrete performance using similar materials. The performance tests described in this guide include mortar-slump, mortar spread, mortar-workability retention, early stiffening of mortar, time of setting, air entrainment, and hydration kinetics.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended to provide a means of assessing the ability of a hydraulic-cement grout to retain a stable volume during the stipulated testing period of 28 days, provided that the tendency to change height does not include the effects of drying caused by evaporation, uptake of moisture, carbonation, or exposure to temperatures outside the range 23.0 °C ± 2.0 °C [73 °F ± 3.5 °F] (Note 2). An exception is made when the options described in the section on test conditions are exercised.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Test Method for Change in Height at Early Ages of Cylindrical Specimens of Cementitious Mixtures

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1.1 This specification covers the production, properties, packaging, and testing of packaged, dry, combined materials for concrete and high strength mortar. The classifications of concrete and mortar covered are defined in Section 3.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effect on mortar strength of the organic impurities in fine aggregate, whose presence is indicated using Test Method C40/C40M. Comparison is made between compressive strengths of mortar made with washed and unwashed fine aggregate.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in the practice.
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Standard Practice for Measuring Hydration Kinetics of Hydraulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Isothermal Calorimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermal power curves are used to evaluate the isothermal hydration kinetics of the combined mixture of different materials during the early period after being mixed with water. These isothermal power curves, or hydration profiles, may provide indications relative to setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance and early strength development. The isothermal hydration profiles can also be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as curing temperature. Special care must be used in evaluating extended retardation with paste specimens, which have been shown to overestimate the retardation of some mixtures containing cement, SCM, and admixtures.  
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5.3 Although this technique has been used historically to understand issues related to setting and slump loss, it must be emphasized that isothermal calorimetry results cannot predict concrete performance definitely, either positively or negatively. Extensive verification in concrete at planned dosages and temperatures, and at higher dosages, is needed. Isothermal calorimetry is an effective tool to identify sensitivities, so that concrete testing can be efficiently planned and performed.  
5.4 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.5 The procedure and apparatus can be used to monitor the thermal power from pastes and mortars alone or in combination with chemical admixtures.  
5.6 The isothermal calorimeter described here can be used to measure the thermal power and heat of hydration of mortars prepared independently or obtained by wet sieving from concrete in accordance with Practice C172/C1...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for measuring relative differences in hydration kinetics of hydraulic cementitious mixtures, either in paste or mortar (see Note 1), including those containing admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), and other fine materials by measuring the thermal power using an isothermal calorimeter.
Note 1: Paste specimens are often preferred for mechanistic research when details of individual reaction peaks are important or for particular calorimetry configurations. Mortar specimens may give results that have better correlation with concrete setting and early strength development and are often preferred to evaluate different mixture proportions for concrete. Both paste and mortar studies have been found to be effective in evaluating concrete field problems due to incompatibility of materials used in concrete mixtures.  
1.2 This practice does not cover the measurement of heat of hydration. Heat of hydration can be determined according to Test Method C1702.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
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4.1 Supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) covered under existing ASTM specifications are fly ash, slag cement, raw and calcined natural pozzolans including calcined clays, silica fume, and ground-glass pozzolan. The use of these materials, and limits established in existing specifications, are based on data obtained from research programs, field testing, and long term performance monitoring. Performance of SCM in specific concrete mixtures is commonly verified through preconstruction testing. This guide provides an approach to assessing the properties of materials that are not covered under existing specifications, and for assessing the performance of those materials in concrete.  
4.2 If an ASCM does not yet have a significant record of performance in concrete, a comprehensive evaluation based on this Guide should be undertaken, and it should be recognized that this ASCM might be introduced for a specific project or into a limited marketplace to initially demonstrate its performance. The user should bear in mind the intended end use of the ASCM and use appropriate test methods to establish its suitability. An ASCM that demonstrates good performance through a comprehensive evaluation as outlined in this guide could then be considered to have access to broader markets and could be considered for inclusion in an ASTM standard for SCM. For this reason, the test program to demonstrate acceptable performance should include concrete mixtures with a range of characteristics specific to the ASCM’s intended use.  
4.3 In the absence of long-term durability or acceptable field performance, prospective users are advised to apply appropriate risk management and engineering practice in the use of an ASCM.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a technical approach to the evaluation of alternative supplementary cementitious materials such as pozzolans and hydraulic materials that fall outside the scope of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. This guide provides the initial steps for a comprehensive evaluation of an ASCM that provides due diligence for its specific intended uses in concrete; however, it does not evaluate conformance to all possible performance criteria for all types of concrete mixtures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Performing the tests or meeting the test limits in this guide should not imply that the material tested meets the requirements of Specifications C618, C989/C989M, C1240, and C1866/C1866M. These materials should not be represented as such and each specific source is to be evaluated separately.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1753/C1753M-21a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Early Hydration of Hydraulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Thermal Measurements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a means of assessing the relative early hydration performance of various test mixtures compared with control mixtures that are prepared in a similar manner.  
5.2 Thermal profiles are used to evaluate the hydration behavior of hydraulic cementitious mixtures after the addition of water. They may provide indications concerning setting characteristics, compatibility of different materials, sulfate balance, relative heat of hydration, and early strength development. They can be used to evaluate the effects of compositions, proportions, and time of addition of materials as well as the initial mixture and test temperatures. Thermal profile testing is an effective tool for identifying performance sensitivities or trends, and may help to reduce the number of concrete test mixtures required to develop and qualify mixtures, especially those to be subject to variable ambient environments. It may be used by concrete producers, materials suppliers, and other practitioners to support mixture development, selection of material types or sources, optimization of proportions, or troubleshooting of field problems.  
5.3 This practice can be used to understand concrete problems related to slump loss, setting, and early strength, but results may not predict field concrete performance. Performance verification with concrete is needed to quantify the trends identified using thermal testing.  
5.4 This practice can be used to evaluate the effects of chemical admixtures on the thermal profiles of cementitious mixtures. This can be especially useful in selecting dosages appropriate for different ambient conditions.  
5.5 Thermal measurement testing as described in this practice may have similar significance and use as isothermal calorimetry described by Practice C1679 or some types of near-adiabatic calorimetry. The selection of which practice or methods to use may depend on specific applications and circumstances. The thermal profiles obtained by this practic...
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1.1 This practice describes the apparatus and procedure for evaluating relative differences in early hydration of hydraulic cementitious mixtures such as paste, mortar, or concrete, including those containing chemical admixtures, various supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and other finely divided materials, by measuring the temperature history of a specimen.  
1.2 Calorimetry is the measurement of heat lost or gained during a chemical reaction such as cement hydration; calorimetric measurements as a function of time can be used to describe and evaluate hydration and related early-age property development. Calorimetry may be performed under isothermal conditions (as described in Practice C1679) or under adiabatic or semi-adiabatic conditions. This practice cannot be described as calorimetry because no attempt is made to measure or compute the heat evolved from test specimens due to hydration, but it can in many cases be used for similar evaluations. Variables that should be considered in the application of this practice are discussed in the Appendix.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Some values have only SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Warning: Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2  
1.5 This...

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ASTM
ASTM C1697-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementitious Materials

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1.1 This specification covers blended supplementary cementitious materials that result from the blending or intergrinding of two or three ASTM compliant supplementary cementitious materials, for use in concrete or mortar where hydraulic or pozzolanic action, or both, is desired. The supplementary cementitious materials include slag cement conforming to Specification C989/C989M, natural pozzolans and coal fly ash conforming to Specification C618 and silica fume conforming to Specification C1240.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The incorporation of supplementary cementitious materials as separate additions or as a manufactured blend may significantly alter the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The user should be aware of these changes and is referred to the ACI Manual of Concrete Practice2 for information and guidelines. Specific reference is made to:    
ACI 232.1R  
Use of Natural Pozzolans in Concrete  
ACI 232.2R  
Use of Fly Ash in Concrete  
ACI 233R  
Slag Cement in Concrete and Mortar  
ACI 234R  
Guide for the Use of Silica Fume in Concrete  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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