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ASTM D1388-07a

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics

Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Both test options in this test method are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
In general, these procedures are more suitable for testing woven fabrics than knit fabrics.
The Cantilever Test Option is the preferred procedure because it is simpler to perform. It is, however, not suitable for very limp fabrics or those that show a marked tendency to curl or twist at a cut edge.
The Heart Loop Test Option is suitable for fabrics that show a tendency to curl or twist.
Both options can provide a correlation with a subjective evaluation of a given fabric type. That is, a higher number represents a stiffer fabric.
The stiffness of a fabric may change with storage.
No evidence has been found showing that bending length is dependent on the width. The tendency for specimens to curl or twist will affect the r...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness properties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexural rigidity is calculated. Two procedures are provided.
1.1.1 Option A—Cantilever Test, employing the principle of cantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass.
1.1.2 Option B—Heart Loop Test, employing the principle of a loop formed in a fabric strip and hung vertically.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2007
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.60 - Fabric Physical Test Methods B
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1388-07 - Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Replaced By
ASTM D1388-08 - Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008
Referred By
ASTM D1048-22 - Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Blankets
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM F3510-21 - Standard Guide for Characterizing Fiber-Based Constructs for Tissue-Engineered Medical Products
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM F3260-18 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Flexural Stiffness of Medical Textiles
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6828-02(2019) - Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by Blade/Slot Procedure
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4032-08(2016) - Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the Circular Bend Procedure
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6575/D6575M-22 - Standard Test Method for Determining Stiffness of Geosynthetics Used as Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRMs)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM F1891-19 - Standard Specification for Arc and Flame Resistant Rainwear
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D5446-08(2019) - Standard Practice for Determining Physical Properties of Fabrics, Yarns, and Sewing Thread Used in Inflatable Restraints
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2320-18(2022) - Standard Specification for Rubber Insulating Sheeting
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2150-19 - Standard Guide for Characterization and Testing of Biomaterial Scaffolds Used in Regenerative Medicine and Tissue-Engineered Medical Products
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM D4850-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007
Referred By
ASTM F2733-21 - Standard Specification for Flame-Resistant Rainwear for Protection Against Flame Hazards
Effective Date
01-Dec-2007

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D1388–07a
Standard Test Method for
1
Stiffness of Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1388; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness 3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
properties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexural Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
rigidity is calculated. Two procedures are provided. 3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
1.1.1 Option A—CantileverTest,employingtheprincipleof bending length, cross-machine direction, CD, fabric, flexural
cantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass. rigidity, machine direction, MD, stiffness.
1.1.2 Option B—Heart Loop Test, employing the principle 3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
of a loop formed in a fabric strip and hung vertically. Terminology D123.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including
4. Summary of Test Method Options
wovenfabrics,airbagfabrics,blankets,nappedfabrics,knitted
4.1 Option A, Cantilever Test—A specimen is slid at a
fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be
untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise specified rate in a direction parallel to its long dimension, until
its leading edge projects from the edge of a horizontal surface.
treated.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the The length of the overhang is measured when the tip of the
specimen is depressed under its own mass to the point where
standard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the the line joining the top to the edge of the platform makes a
0.724 rad (41.5°) angle with the horizontal. From this mea-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- sured length, the bending length and flexural rigidity are
calculated.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4.2 Option B, Heart Loop Test—Astrip of fabric is formed
into a heart-shaped loop. The length of the loop is measured
2. Referenced Documents
when it is hanging vertically under its own mass. From this
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: measured length, the bending length and flexural rigidity are
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles calculated.
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
5. Significance and Use
D2904 PracticeforInterlaboratoryTestingofaTextileTest
5.1 Both test options in this test method are considered
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments
since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are
Textiles
D3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for
acceptance testing.
Fabric
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabric 5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
reportedtestresultswhenusingthistestmethodforacceptance
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextiles plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
Specific.
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
approved in 1956. Discontinued 1995 and reinstated as D1388–96. Last previous
edition approved in 2007 as D1388–07.
specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1388–07a
3
laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statis- 6.1.1.4 Specimen Feed Unit, motorized
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D1388–07 Designation:D1388–07a
Standard Test Method for
1
Stiffness of Fabrics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1388; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of stiffness properties of fabrics. Bending length is measured and flexural rigidity
is calculated. Two procedures are provided.
1.1.1 Option A—Cantilever Test, employing the principle of cantilever bending of the fabric under its own mass.
1.1.2 Option B—Heart Loop Test, employing the principle of a loop formed in a fabric strip and hung vertically.
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics,
layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles
D3776 Test Methods for Mass Per Unit Area (Weight) of Fabric
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabric
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: bending length, cross-machine direction, CD, fabric, flexural rigidity,
machine direction, MD, stiffness.
3.2 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Summary of Test Method Options
4.1 Option A, Cantilever Test—Aspecimenisslidataspecifiedrateinadirectionparalleltoitslongdimension,untilitsleading
edge projects from the edge of a horizontal surface. The length of the overhang is measured when the tip of the specimen is
depressedunderitsownmasstothepointwherethelinejoiningthetoptotheedgeoftheplatformmakesa0.724rad(41.5°)angle
with the horizontal. From this measured length, the bending length and flexural rigidity are calculated.
4.2 Option B, Heart Loop Test—Astrip of fabric is formed into a heart-shaped loop. The length of the loop is measured when
it is hanging vertically under its own mass. From this measured length, the bending length and flexural rigidity are calculated.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Bothtestoptionsinthistestmethodareconsideredsatisfactoryforacceptancetestingofcommercialshipmentssincecurrent
estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of
commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD13.60onFabricTestMethods,Specific.
Current edition approved JulyDec. 1, 2007. Published August 2007.January 2008. Originally approved in 1956. Discontinued 1995 and reinstated as D1388–96. Last
previous edition approved in 20022007 as D1388–96(2002).D1388–07.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1388–07a
between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.As a minimum, the two
parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of mate
...

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5.1 In general, these procedures are more suitable for testing woven fabrics than knit fabrics.  
5.2 Both test options in this test method are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
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1.1 This specification covers the performance requirements for woven high stretch fabrics used in apparel.  
1.2 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods described in this performance specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4157-13(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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