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ASTM D5952-02

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Inspecting Water Systems for Legionellae and Investigating Possible Outbreaks of Legionellosis (Legionnaires' Disease or Pontiac Fever)

Standard Guide for Inspecting Water Systems for Legionellae and Investigating Possible Outbreaks of Legionellosis (Legionnaires' Disease or Pontiac Fever)

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers appropriate responses for employers, building owners and operators, facility managers, health and safety professionals, public health authorities, and others: (1) to a concern that a manmade water system may be contaminated with the bacteria known as legionellae (see 6.1); and (2) to the identification of one or more cases of Legionnaires' disease or Pontiac fever due to inhalation of airborne legionellae (see 6.3-6.5). Comprehensive and explicit recommendations to limit legionella multiplication in water systems and to disinfect potential sources of human exposure to legionellae are beyond this guide's scope.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.3 and 8.5 for specific hazard statements.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2002
ICS
07.100.10 - Medical microbiology
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.08 - Assessment, Sampling, and Analysis of Microorganisms
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5952-96(2002) - Standard Guide for Inspecting Water Systems for Legionellae and Investigating Possible Outbreaks of Legionellosis (Legionnaires' Disease or Pontiac Fever)
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Replaced By
ASTM D5952-08 - Standard Guide for the Inspection of Water Systems for Legionella and the Investigation of Possible Outbreaks of Legionellosis (Legionnaires' Disease or Pontiac Fever)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2008
Referred By
ASTM D8429-21 - Standard Test Method for <emph type="bdit">Legionella pneumophila</emph> in Water Samples Using Legiolert
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7297-21 - Standard Practice for Evaluating Residential Indoor Air Quality Concerns
Effective Date
10-Nov-2002

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ASTM D5952-02 - Standard Guide for Inspecting Water Systems for Legionellae and Investigating Possible Outbreaks of Legionellosis (Legionnaires' Disease or Pontiac Fever)ASTM D5952-02 - Standard Guide for Inspecting Water Systems for Legionellae and Investigating Possible Outbreaks of Legionellosis (Legionnaires' Disease or Pontiac Fever)
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ASTM D5952-02 - Standard Guide for Inspecting Water Systems for Legionellae and Investigating Possible Outbreaks of Legionellosis (Legionnaires' Disease or Pontiac Fever)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5952–02
Standard Guide for
Inspecting Water Systems for Legionellae and Investigating
Possible Outbreaks of Legionellosis (Legionnaires’ Disease
1
or Pontiac Fever)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5952; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Water-Formed Deposits
D3370 PracticesforSamplingWaterfromClosedConduits
1.1 This guide covers appropriate responses for employers,
D3856 Guide for Good Laboratory Practices in Laborato-
building owners and operators, facility managers, health and
ries Engaged in Sampling and Analysis of Water
safetyprofessionals,publichealthauthorities,andothers:(1)to
D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
a concern that a water system may be contaminated with the
E645 Test Method for Efficacy of Microbicides Used in
bacteria known as legionellae (see 6.1); and (2) to the identi-
Cooling Systems
fication of one or more cases of Legionnaires’ disease or
3
2.2 APHA Documents:
Pontiac fever (see 6.3-6.5). Comprehensive and explicit rec-
The Public Health Law Manual, Second Edition
ommendations to limit legionella multiplication in water sys-
Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-
tems and to disinfect potential sources of human exposure to
water, Twentieth Edition
legionellae are beyond this guide’s scope.
Control of Communicable Diseases Manual, Seventeenth
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Edition
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4
2.3 ASHRAE Documents:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Cooling Towers. Handbook—Heating, Ventilating, and Air-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Conditioning Systems and Equipment
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.3 and 8.5 for
Codes and Standards. Handbook—Heating, Ventilating, and
specific hazard statements.
Air-Conditioning Systems and Equipment
2. Referenced Documents WaterTreatment. Handbook—Heating,Ventilating, andAir-
2
Conditioning Systems and Equipment
2.1 ASTM Standards:
MinimizingtheRiskofLegionellosisAssociatedwithBuild-
D512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion in Water
ing Water Systems
D596 Practice for Reporting Results of Analysis of Water
2.4 ASM Documents:
D887 Practices for Sampling Water-Formed Deposits
5
Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Fifth Edition
D1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
6
Manual of Environmental Microbiology
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
7
2.5 CDC Documents:
D1192 Specification for Equipment for Sampling Water
Guidelines for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia
and Steam in Closed Conduits
Hospital-Laboratory Diagnosis of Legionella Infections
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling andAnalysis of
Atmospheres
3
D2331 PracticesforPreparationandPreliminaryTestingof
Available from the American Public Health Association, 1015 18th St. N.W.,
Washington, DC 20036, USA, 1990, 1989.
4
Available from the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
1 5
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD22onSamplingand Winn, W.C., “Legionella,” in Manual of Clinical Microbiology, Murray, P.R.,
Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 Ed., American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC 20005, USA, 1999, pp.
on Indoor Air. 572–585.
6
Current edition approved November 10, 2002. Published January 2003. Origi- Fields, B. S. Legionellae and Legionnaires’ disease in Manual of Environmen-
nallyapprovedin1996.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin1996asD5952-96(02). talMicrobiology.Hurst,C.J.,Ed.,AmericanSocietyforMicrobiology,Washington,
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or DC 20005, USA, 1997, pp. 666–675.
7
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333,
the ASTM website. USA, 1987, 1994, 1996, 1997, 2000.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5952–02
Procedures for the Recovery of Legionella from the Envi- 3.2.9 biocide, n—for legionellae, a chemical used to kill
ronment legionellae and other microorganisms.
Final Recommendations to Minimize T
...

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ASTM D5952-08(2015)(Guide)
Standard Guide for the Inspection of Water Systems for Legionella and the Investigation of Possible Outbreaks of Legionellosis (Legionnaires' Disease or Pontiac Fever)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Water systems may be inspected (see Section 7) and tested (see Section 8) for legionella under three circumstances (1) in the absence of reported legionellosis (see 5.2); (2) when a single legionellosis case has been reported (see 5.3); and (3) when two or more legionellosis cases are reported in a limited time period and geographic region (see 5.4). Following are factors building owners and operators need to understand when considering testing water systems for legionella in the absence of illness (see 5.2) and for single legionellosis cases (see 5.3). Refer also to the CDC 2003 Guidelines for Preventing Health-Care Associated Pneumonia, and the CDC 2000 Guidelines for Preventing Opportunistic Infections Among Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Recipients, and the WHO Legionella and the Prevention of Legionellosis. Detection of legionella in a water system is not sufficient to identify the system as a health hazard. However, failure to detect legionella does not indicate, conclusively, that the bacterium is not present (see 6.2.4) or that the water system may not pose a potential health hazard. Methods to detect legionella vary in sensitivity and specificity (see 6.2), and laboratories vary in their skill and experience in the isolation and identification of legionella. Isolation of apparently identical legionellae from clinical and environmental samples (see 6.2.1, 6.6.2.4, and Section 8) may suggest that a water system was the source of the legionella responsible for a patient's infection (see 5.3.2). However, cases of Legionnaires' disease due to different legionella serogroups or species need not necessarily have different sources of exposure because a system may be contaminated by more than one legionella. Timely inspection, testing, and treatment of possible legionella sources may reduce legal liabilities for facility owners and operators. Refer also to the APHA Public Health Law Manual.  
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1.1 This guide covers appropriate responses for employers, building owners and operators, facility managers, health and safety professionals, public health authorities, and others: (1) to a concern that a water system may be contaminated with the bacterium known as legionella (see 6.1); and (2) to the identification of one or more cases of Legionnaires' disease or Pontiac fever (see 6.3 – 6.5). Comprehensive and explicit recommendations to limit legionella multiplication in water systems, disinfect potential sources of human exposure to legionella, and prevent health-care associated infections are beyond this guide's scope.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 7.3 and 8.5 for specific hazard statements.

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ASTM E3251-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Microbial Ingress Testing on Single-Use Systems

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4.1 Single-use systems (SUSs) used for biopharmaceutical manufacturing must maintain sterility and product quality of the fluid inside. Such articles or systems should therefore be validated as providing an effective barrier against microbial ingress. The microbial barrier properties of a SUS may be demonstrated using deterministic physical tests that have been correlated to microbial integrity. Such physical test methods are described in Test Method E3336. Two microbial test methods (aerosol exposure and immersion exposure) are described in this test method that can be used to demonstrate microbial integrity of a SUS or determine the MALL, the maximum defect size that does not allow microbial ingress, into a SUS.  
4.2 It is important to note that the results of microbial ingress tests are heavily dependent on the conditions under which the test is performed and are not suitable for routine checking of a SUS due to the test’s destructive nature.  
4.2.1 Any size defect may be forced to fail under sufficiently aggressive conditions (including a large enough sample size, high differential pressure, or high hydrostatic pressure, for example) that would not ordinarily reflect normal use conditions. Thus, it is necessary to clearly define the relevant conditions for a test through a risk assessment of both the actual SUS claims and its final use (Practice E3244). Once that is established, the size of defect that can be detected under those conditions can be determined, if required, using defined defects.  
4.2.2 “Relevant conditions” refers to worse-case actual use conditions but does not mean that a SUS must be tested under theoretically absolute (extreme) “worst-case” conditions.  
4.2.3 Testing may be performed on individual components or entire systems. Considerations for defining “relevant conditions” and testing design should be based on a risk assessment for the SUS intended use and should include:
4.2.3.1 A channel created by a defect or breach through the...
SCOPE
1.1 The microbial test method outlined in this test method applies to microbial ingress risk assessment of a single-use system (SUS) or its individual components that require integrity testing either by the assembly supplier or the end user of the assembly based on a potential risk of a breach to the product or manufacturing process.  
1.2 The aim of microbial ingress testing of sterile SUSs used in biopharmaceutical manufacturing is two-fold:  
1.2.1 Firstly, it is used to evaluate the ability of a SUS fluid path to remain sterile after a SUS has been challenged by microbial exposure. Microbial exposure is achieved either by directly placing a SUS into a container of microbial challenge solution, or by delivering an aerosolized microbial challenge onto a SUS that is placed inside a test chamber designed to generate and deliver the aerosol. The choice of the test challenge organism should be justified based on a risk assessment of the SUS and conditions of use.  
1.2.2 Additionally, microbial ingress testing can be used to determine the maximum allowable leakage limit (MALL) that does not allow microbial ingress under specific test conditions. The defect size that can be detected by specific physical integrity testing methods (see Test Method E3336) can be correlated to this MALL in order to claim microbial integrity. Test articles bearing calibrated defects over a range of dimensions, including up to a defect size expected to consistently allow microbial ingress as a positive control (defect-based positive control), may be tested to determine the MALL.  
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ASTM E2525-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Effect of Nanoparticulate Materials on the Formation of Mouse Granulocyte-Macrophage Colonies

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Stem cells of hematopoietic origin are pluripotential and may be particularly sensitive to the effects of stimulation by nanoparticulate materials.  
5.2 The effect of particles on macrophage responses has an extensive history and can be assessed by Practice F1903. The test method described here will assess the effect on stem cells which can be progenitor cells to the macrophage line.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a protocol for quantitative analysis of the effect of nanoparticulate materials in physiologic solution (isotonic, pH 7.2 ± 0.2) on granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming units (CFU-GM).  
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1.3 This test method employs murine bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells which proliferate and differentiate to form discrete cell clusters or colonies which are counted.  
1.4 This test method is part of the in vitro preclinical characterization cascade for nanoparticulate materials for systemic administration in medical applications.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticulate Materials in Porcine Kidney Cells and Human Hepatocarcinoma Cells

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assessing the propensity of a nanomaterial to cause cytotoxicity to the cells of a target organ can assist in preclinical development.  
5.2 The standard historical cytotoxicity testing of materials and extracts of materials has used fibroblasts and is well documented in Practice F813, Test Method F895, and ISO 10993-5. The use of macrophages and micron size particles has also provided information on cytotoxicity and stimulation using Practice F1903.  
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ASTM F2997-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Quantification of Calcium Deposits in Osteogenic Culture of Progenitor Cells Using Fluorescent Image Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In-vitro osteoblast differentiation assays are one approach to screen progenitor stem cells for their capability to become osteoblasts. The extent of calcium deposits or mineralized matrix that form in vitro may be an indicator of differentiation to a functional osteoblast; however, expression of osteogenic genes or proteins is another important measurement to use in conjunction with this assay to determine the presence of an osteoblast.  
5.2 This practice provides a technique for staining, imaging, and quantifying the fluorescence intensity and area related to the mineralization in living cell cultures using the non-toxic calcium-chelating dye, XO. The positively stained area of mineralized deposits in cell cultures is an indirect measure of calcium content. It is important to measure the intensity to ensure that the images have not been underexposed or overexposed. Intensity and area do not correlate directly to calcium content.  
5.3 XO enables the monitoring of calcium deposits repeatedly throughout the life of the culture without detriment to the culture. There is no interference on subsequent measurements of the mineralized area due to dye accumulation from repeated application (1).3 Calcium deposits that have been previously stained may appear brighter, but this does not impact the area measurement. Calcein dyes may also be used for this purpose (1) but require a different procedure for analysis than XO (that is, concentration and filter sets) and are thus not included here. Alizarin Red and Von Kossa are not suitable for use with this procedure on living cultures since there is no documentation supporting their repeated use in living cultures without deleterious effects.  
5.4 The practice may be applied to cultures of any cells capable of producing calcium deposits. It may also be used to document the absence of mineral in cultures where the goal is to avoid mineralization.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice defines a method for the estimation of calcium content at multiple time points in living cell cultures that have been cultured under conditions known to promote mineralization. The practice involves applying a fluorescent calcium-chelating dye that binds to the calcium phosphate mineral crystals present in the live cultures followed by image analysis of fluorescence microscopy images of the stained cell cultures. Quantification of the positively stained areas provides a relative measure of the calcium content in the cell culture plate. A precise correlation between the image analysis parameters and calcium content is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.2 Calcium deposition in a secreted matrix is one of several features that characterize bone formation (in vitro and in vivo), and is therefore a parameter that may indicate bone formation and osteoblast function (that is, osteoblastic differentiation). Calcium deposition may, however, be unrelated to osteoblast differentiation status if extensive cell death occurs in the cell cultures or if high amounts of osteogenic medium components that lead to artifactual calcium-based precipitates are used. Distinguishing between calcium deposition associated with osteoblast-produced mineralized matrix and that from pathological or artifactual deposition requires additional structural and chemical characterization of the mineralized matrix and biological characterization of the cell that is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.3 The parameters obtained by image analysis are expressed in relative fluorescence units or area percentage (area%), for example, fraction of coverage of the area analyzed.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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Standard Guide for Cell Culture Analysis with SIMS

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The presence of cell growth medium complicates a direct analysis of cells with SIMS. Attempts to wash out the nutrient medium results in the exposure of cells to unphysiological reagents that may also alter their chemical composition. This obstacle is overcome by using a sandwich freeze-fracture method (1). This cryogenic method has provided a unique way of sampling individual cells in their native state for SIMS analysis.  
5.2 The procedure described here has been successfully used for imaging Na+ and K+ ion transport  (3), calcium alterations in stimulated cells (4,5), and localization of therapeutic drugs and isotopically labeled molecules in single cells (6). The frozen freeze-dried cells prepared according to this method have been checked for SIMS matrix effects  (7). Ion image quantification has also been achieved in this sample type (8).  
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1.1 This guide provides the Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) analyst with a cryogenic method for analyzing individual tissue culture cells growing in vitro. This guide is suitable for frozen-hydrated and frozen-freeze-dried sample types. Included are procedures for correlating optical, laser scanning confocal and secondary electron microscopies to complement SIMS analysis.  
1.2 This guide is not suitable for cell cultures that do not attach to the substrate.  
1.3 This guide is not suitable for any plastic embedded cell culture specimens.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E1326-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating Non-culture Microbiological Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide should be used by producers and potential producers of non-culture tests to determine the accuracy, selectivity, specificity, and precision of the tests, as defined in Practice E691. Results of such studies should identify the limitations and indicate the utility or applicability of the non-culture test, or both, for use on different types of samples. Guide E1488 recommends other statistical tools for evaluating the suitability and applicability of proposed new test methods.  
5.2 Non-culture test users and potential users should employ this guide to evaluate results of the non-culture test as compared to their present methods. Practices D5245 and D5465 should be reviewed in regards to the microbiological methods employed. If culture methods have not been used for monitoring the systems, then guidelines are included for obtaining microbiological expertise.  
5.3 Utilization of a non-culture test can reduce the time required to determine the microbiological status of the system and detect microbe that are not detected by culture testing. Consequently, non-culture tests can contribute to the improvement in the overall operating efficiency of microbial contamination condition monitoring and diagnostic efforts, and microbicide performance evaluations.  
5.4 Detecting microbial contamination levels that exceed predetermined upper control limits indicates the need for an addition of an antimicrobial agent or other corrective maintenance action. By accurately determining this in a shorter time period than is possible than by culture methods, treatment with antimicrobial agents may circumvent more serious problems than if the treatment were postponed until culture results were available. If the antimicrobial treatment program relied on an inaccurate non-culture test, then unnecessary loss of product and problems associated with inappropriate selection or improper dosing with antimicrobial agents would exist.  
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SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this guide is to assist users and producers of non-culture microbiological tests in determining the applicability of the test for processing different types of samples and evaluating the accuracy of the results. Culture test procedures such as the Heterotrophic (Standard) Plate Count, the Most Probable Number (MPN) method and the Spread Plate Count are widely cited and accepted for the enumeration of microorganisms. However, these methods have their limitations, such as performance time. Moreover, any given culture test method typically recovers only a portion of the total viable microbes present in a sample. It is these limitations that have recently led to the marketing of a variety of non-culture procedures, test kits and instruments.  
1.2 Culture test methods estimate microbial population densities based on the ability of mircoorganisms in a sample to proliferate in or on a specified growth medium, under specified growth conditions. Non-culture test methods attempt to provide the same or complimentary information through the measurement of a different parameter. This guide is designed to assist investigators in assessing the accuracy and precision of non-culture methods intended for the determination of microbial population densities or activities.  
1.3 It is recognized that the Heterotrophic Plate Count (HPC) does not recover all microorganisms present in a product or a system (1, 2).2 When this problem occurs during the characterization of a microbiological population, alternative standard enumeration procedures may be necessary, as in the case of sulfate-reducing bacteria. At other times, chemical methods that measure the rates of appearance of metabolic derivatives, the utilization of contaminated product components or genetic profile of the microbial population might be indicated. In evaluating non-culture tests, it is possible that the use of these alternative standard procedures might be...

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Standard Practice for Direct Contact Cell Culture Evaluation of Materials for Medical Devices

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is useful for assessing cytotoxic potential both when evaluating new materials or formulations for possible use in medical applications, and as part of a quality control program for established medical materials and medical devices.  
4.2 This practice assumes that assessment of cytotoxicity potential provides one method for predicting the potential for cytotoxic or necrotic reactions to medical materials and devices during clinical applications to humans. In general, cell culture testing methods have shown good correlation with animal assays when only chemical toxicities are being considered.
Note 1: The results obtained using this method may not predict in vivo behavior which can be influenced by multiple factors such as those arising from site of application or physical properties that may result from design and fabrication.  
4.3 This cell culture test method is suitable for adoption in specifications and standards for materials for use in the construction of medical devices that are intended to have direct contact with tissue, tissue fluids, or blood. However, care should be taken when testing materials that are absorbable, include an eluting or degradable coating, are liquid or gelatinous in nature, are irregularly shaped solid materials, or have a high density or mass, to make sure that the method is applicable. If leachables from the test sample are capable of diffusing through the agar layer, agarose-based methods such as Test Method F895 may be considered as an alternate method, depending on sample characteristics, or in cases where investigators wish to further evaluate the cytotoxic response of cells underlying the test sample.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a reference method of direct contact cell culture testing which may be used in evaluating the cytotoxic potential of materials for use in the construction of medical materials and devices.  
1.2 This practice may be used either directly to evaluate materials or as a reference against which other cytotoxicity test methods may be compared.  
1.3 This is one of a series of reference test methods for the assessment of cytotoxic potential, employing different techniques.  
1.4 Assessment of cytotoxicity is one of several tests employed in determining the biological response to a material, as recommended in Practice F748.  
1.5 The L-929 cell line was chosen because it has a significant history of use in assays of this type. This is not intended to imply that its use is preferred; only that the L-929 is a well characterized, readily available, established cell line that has demonstrated reproducible results in several laboratories.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Practice for Microcrystal Testing in Forensic Analysis for Cocaine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This technique involves a chemical-precipitation reaction between cocaine and the precipitating reagent. The habit and the aggregation of the crystals formed could be used to distinguish cocaine from other drugs (6).  
5.2 This technique can be utilized on cocaine present in either the salt or free base form.  
5.3 This technique does not distinguish between the salt and free base forms.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures applicable to the analysis of cocaine using multiple microcrystal tests (1-6).2  
1.2 These procedures are applicable to cocaine, which is present in solid form or an injectable liquid form. They are not typically applicable to the analysis of cocaine in biological samples.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 These procedures could generate observations indicating a positive test for cocaine or its enantiomers which could be incorporated into the analytical scheme as defined by the laboratory.  
1.5 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience (see Practice E2326) and is to be used in conjunction with professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2125-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Microcrystal Testing in Forensic Analysis for Phencyclidine and Its Analogues

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This technique involves a chemical-precipitation reaction between the phencyclidine or its analogues and the precipitating reagent. The habit and the aggregation of the crystals formed could be used to distinguish phencyclidine or its analogues from other drugs.  
5.2 This technique can be utilized on phencyclidine or its analogues present in either the salt or free base form.  
5.3 This technique does not distinguish between salt and free base forms.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures applicable to the analysis of phencyclidine and its analogues using microcrystal tests (1-8).2  
1.2 These procedures are applicable to phencyclidine and its analogues which are present in solid form or in a liquid form. They are not typically applicable to the analysis of phencyclidine and its analogues in biological samples.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 These procedures could generate observations indicating a positive test for phencyclidine and its analogues which could be incorporated into the analytical scheme as defined by the laboratory.  
1.5 This standard cannot replace knowledge, skills, or abilities acquired through appropriate education, training, and experience (see Practice E2326) and is to be used in conjunction with sound professional judgment by individuals with such discipline-specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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