ASTM D4236-94(2001)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D4236–94 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Practice for
Labeling Art Materials for Chronic Health Hazards
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4236; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Uninformed or careless use of some art material products can give rise to health hazards, either
acute or chronic, or both. Specific and readily available warnings are needed to help protect users of
any age. One way to disseminate such information is to provide appropriate precautionary labeling on
art material products.
Labeling for acute health hazards, including those associated with art materials, is being addressed
by such requirements as the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Act (CPSC) , the Federal Hazardous
Substances Act, and the like. There are presently no specific national standards for labeling art
materials with respect to chronic health hazards.
This practice is intended to provide a standard for developing precautionary labels concerning
chronic health hazards related to the use of art materials. It is further intended to have the adaptability
necessary to keep labels current with existing scientific and medical knowledge, as well as in
conformity with other precautionary labeling requirements, both acute and chronic, thereby avoiding
unnecessary confusion by users with respect to other precautionary labeling.
1. Scope labeling rests with the producer or repackager who markets the
materials for art or craft use.
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for developing
1.4 This practice does not specify test methods for deter-
precautionary labels for art materials and provides hazard and
mining whether a substance or product presents chronic health
precautionary statements based upon knowledge that exists in
hazards.
the scientific and medical communities. This practice concerns
1.5 This practice does not apply to products appropriately
those chronic health hazards known to be associated with a
labeled for known chronic health hazards in accordance with
product or product component(s), when the component(s) is
chemical substance labeling standards and practices, such as
present in a physical form, volume, or concentration that in the
another national consensus standard, existing labeling statutes,
opinion of a toxicologist (see 2.1.11) has the potential to
regulations, or guidelines.
produce a chronic adverse health effect(s).
1.6 Since knowledge about chronic health hazards is incom-
1.2 This practice applies exclusively to art materials pack-
plete and warnings cannot cover all uses of any product, it is
aged in sizes intended for individual users of any age or those
not possible for precautionary labeling to ensure completely
participating in a small group.
safe use of an art product.
1.3 Labeling determinations shall consider reasonable fors-
1.7 Manufacturers or repackagers may wish to determine
eeable use or misuse. The responsibility for precautionary
individually or collectively precautionary labeling for art
materials in accordance with this practice. Compliance may be
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
certified by a certifying organization. Guidelines for a certify-
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
ing organization are given in Appendix X1.
Subcommittee D01.57 on Artist Paints and Related Materials.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Current edition approved March 15, 1994. Published May 1994. Originally
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
published as D 4236 – 83. Last previous edition D 4236 – 92.
ASTM Practice D 4236 has been codified into U.S. law as part of the Federal
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Hazardous SubstancesAct, 15 USC S1277. User of this standard should be familiar
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
with the law and its regulations. Under this law and its regulations (16 CRF 1500),
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
manufacturers must submit to the CPSC (Washington DC 20207) written criteria
used by the toxicologist to recommend labeling.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D4236–94 (2001)
2. Terminology such review to be in accordance with Section 4 of this practice.
The toxicologist shall be required to keep product formula-
2.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
tion(s) confidential.
2.1.1 analytical laboratory—a laboratory having personnel
3.1.1 Unless otherwise agreed in writing by the producer or
and apparatus capable of performing quantitative or qualitative
repackager,nooneotherthanthetoxicologistshallhaveaccess
analyses of art materials, which may yield information that is
to the formulation(s); except that the toxicologist shall furnish
used by a toxicologist for evaluation of potentially hazardous
a patient’s physician, on a confidential basis, the information
materials.
necessary to diagnose or treat cases of exposure or accidental
2.1.2 art material or art material product—any raw or
ingestion.
processed material, or manufactured product, marketed or
3.2 To conform to this practice, the producer or repackager,
represented by the producer or repackager as intended for and
upon advice given by a toxicologist in accordance with Section
suitable for users as defined herein.
4 of this practice, shall adopt precautionary labeling in accor-
2.1.3 bioavailability—the extent that a substance can be
dance with Section 5 of this practice and based upon generally
absorbed in a biologically active form.
accepted, well-established evidence that a component sub-
2.1.4 chronic adverse health effect(s)—a persistent toxic
stance(s) is known to cause chronic adverse health effects.
effect(s) that develops over time from a single, prolonged, or
repeated exposure to a substance. This effect may result from
3.3 To conform to this practice, labeling shall be parallel to,
exposure(s) to a substance that can, in humans, cause sterility, conform to, and minimally include any labeling practices
birth defects, harm to a developing fetus or to a nursing infant,
prescribed by U.S. federal and state statutes or regulations and
cancer, allergenic sensitization, damage to the nervous system, shall not diminish the effect of required acute toxicity warn-
or a persistent adverse effect to any other organ system.
ings.
2.1.5 chronic health hazard(s) (hereafter referred to as
3.4 To conform to this practice, the producer or repackager
“chronic hazard”)—a health risk to humans, resultant from
shall supply a poison exposure management information
exposure to a substance that may cause a chronic adverse
source the generic formulation information required for dis-
health effect.
seminationtopoisoncontrolcentersorprovidea24-hcost-free
2.1.6 label—a display of written, printed, or graphic matter
telephone number to poison control centers.
upon the immediate container of any art material product.
3.5 To conform to this practice, the producer or repackager
When the product is unpackaged, or is not packaged in an
shall have a toxicologist review as necessary, but at least every
immediate container intended or suitable for delivery to users,
5 years, art material product formulation(s) and associated
the label can be a display of such matter directly upon the
label(s) based upon the then current, generally accepted,
article involved or upon a tag or other suitable labeling device
well-established scientific knowledge. If an art material pro-
attached to the art material.
ducer or repackager becomes newly aware of any significant
2.1.7 producer—the person or entity who manufactures,
information regarding the chronic hazards of an art material or
processes, or imports an art material.
ways to protect against the chronic hazard, this new informa-
2.1.8 repackager—the person or entity who obtains materi-
tion must be incorporated into the labels of such art materials
als from producers and without making changes in such
that are manufactured after 12 months from the date of
materials puts them in containers intended for sale as art
discovery. If a producer or repackager reformulates an art
materials to users.
material, the new information must be evaluated and labeled in
2.1.9 sensitizer—a substance known to cause, through an
accordance with Section 5 of this practice.
allergicprocess,achronicadversehealtheffectwhichbecomes
3.6 Statement of Conformance—“Conforms toASTM Prac-
evident in a significant number of people on re-exposure to the
tice D 4236,” or “Conforms to ASTM D4236,” or “Conforms
same substance.
to the health requirements of ASTM D4236.” This statement
2.1.10 toxic—applies to any substance that is likely to
may be combined with other conformance statements. The
produce personal injury or illness to humans through ingestion,
purpose of the conformance statement is to inform the pur-
inhalation, or skin contact.
chaser, at the time of purchase, of the product’s compliance
2.1.11 toxicologist—an individual who through education,
with the standard.To accomplish this purpose the conformance
training,andexperiencehasexpertiseinthefieldoftoxicology,
statement should appear whenever practical on the product;
as it relates to human exposure, and is either a toxicologist or
however, it shall also be acceptable to place the statement on
physician certified by a nationally recognized certification
one or more of the following: (a) the individual product
board.
package, (b) a display or sign at the point of purchase, (c)
2.1.12 users—artists or crafts people of any age who create,
separate explanatory literature available on request at the point
or recreate in a limited number, largely by hand, works which
of purchase, (d) a response to a formal request for bid or
may or may not have a practical use, but in which aesthetic
proposal.
considerations are paramount.
3. Requirements
Two of the larger poison exposure management information sources are: The
3.1 To conform to this voluntary practice the producer or
Rocky Mountain Poison Control Center, West 8th and Cherokee. Denver, CO
repackager of art materials shall submit art material product
80204; and the National Poison Center Network, 125 De Soto St., Pittsburgh, PA
formulation(s) or reformulation(s) to a toxicologist for review, 15213.
D4236–94 (2001)
4. Determination of Labeling the procedures of Section 4, shall be listed prominently.
Generically equivalent names may be used.
4.1 An art material is considered to have the potential for
5.4 Safe Handling Instructions—Appropriate precautionary
producing chronic adverse health effects if any customary or
statements as to work practices, personal protection, and
reasonably foreseeable use can result in a chronic hazard.
ventilation requirements shall be used substantially conform-
4.2 In making the determination a toxicologist(s) shall take
ing with those listed in Annex A2 of this practice.
into account the following:
5.5 List of Sensitizing Components— To protect users from
4.2.1 Current chemical composition of the art material,
known sensitizers found within art materials, each label shall
supplied by an analytical laboratory or by an industrial chemist
contain a list of those sensitizers present in sufficient amounts
on behalf of a manufacturer or repackager.
to contribute significantly to a known skin or respiratory
4.2.2 Current generally accepted, well-established scientific
sensitization.
knowledge of the chronic toxic potential of each component
5.6 Combined Statements—If an art material contains more
and the total formulation.
than one component capable of causing a chronic adverse
4.2.3 Specificphysicalandchemicalformoftheartmaterial
health effect, or if a single chemical can cause several different
product, bioavailability, concentration, and the amount of each
chronic adverse health effects, the potential effects may be
potentially chronic toxic component found in the formulation.
combined into one statement.
4.2.4 Reasonably foreseeable uses of the art material prod-
5.7 Information Sources—In addition to an appropriate
uct as determined by consultation with users and other indi-
telephone number, the precautionary label shall contain a
viduals who are experienced in use of the material(s), such as
statementidentifyingasourceforadditionalhealthinformation
teachers, or by market studies, unless such use information has
substantially in conformance with one of the phrases listed
previously been determined with respect to the specific art
below:
material(s) under review.
5.7.1 For more health information—(24-h cost-free tele-
4.2.5 Potential for known synergism and antagonism of the
phone number), or
various components of the formulation.
5.7.2 For further health information call a poison control
4.2.6 Potentially chronic adverse health effects of decom-
center.
position or combustion products, if known, from any reason-
5.8 Labeling Content, Product Size— An art material prod-
ably foreseeable use of the hazardous art material product.
uct(s) in a container larger in size than one fluid ounce (30 mL)
4.2.7 Opinions of various regulatory agencies and scientific
(if the product is sold by volume) or one ounce net weight (28
bodies, including the International Agency for Research on
g) (if the product is sold by weight) shall have full precaution-
Cancer and the National Cancer Institute, on the potential for
ary labeling, as generally described in Section 5 of this
chronic adverse health effects of the various components of the
practice. An art material product(s) in a container equal to or
formulation.
smallerthanonefluidounceoroneouncenetweightshallhave
4.3 Basedupontheconclusionreachedinconformancewith
a label that includes a signal word in conformance with 5.1 of
review determinations set forth herein the toxicologist(s) shall
this practice and a list of potentially harmful or sensitizing
recommendprecautionarylabelingconsistentwithSection5of
components in conformance with 5.3 and 5.5 of this practice.
this practice.
If the toxicologist determines that an art material in a container
equal to or smaller than one fluid ounce (30 mL) or one ounce
5. Labeling Practices
net weight (28 g) has the potential for producing chronic
5.1 Signal Word:
adverse health effects with customary or reasonably foresee-
5.1.1 Whenasignalwordforanacutehazard(s)ismandated
able use desp
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