iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM D1474/D1474M-13

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings

Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Indentation hardness measurements have proven to be useful in rating coatings on rigid substrates for their resistance to mechanical abuse, such as that produced by blows, gouging, and scratching. These measurements do not necessarily characterize the resistance to mechanical abuse of coatings that are required to remain intact when deformed.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the indentation hardness of organic materials such as dried paint, varnish, and lacquer coatings, when applied to an acceptable plane rigid surface, for example, metal or glass.  
1.2 Two methods are covered as follows:    
Sections  
Method A—Knoop Indentation Hardness  
6 – 12  
Method B—Pfund Indentation Hardness  
13 – 19
1.3 Method A, which has the greater precision, provides hardness values in terms of Knoop Hardness Number (KHN). Method B provides hardness in terms of Pfund Hardness Number (PHN). Although the hardness value scales of these methods differ, the methods agree in the ranking of coating hardness.  
1.4 Test Method A of these test methods is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 6441-1and ISO 6441-2.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2008
ICS
25.220.60 - Organic coatings
Technical Committee
D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
Drafting Committee
D01.23 - Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D1474-98(2008) - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jul-2008

Buy Standard

ASTM D1474/D1474M-13 - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic CoatingsASTM D1474/D1474M-13 - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM D1474/D1474M-13 - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
English language
5 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview
REDLINE ASTM D1474/D1474M-13 - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic CoatingsREDLINE ASTM D1474/D1474M-13 - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
PreviousNext
Standard
REDLINE ASTM D1474/D1474M-13 - Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
English language
5 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1474/D1474M − 13
Standard Test Methods for
1
Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1474/D1474M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D823Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
D1005Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
indentation hardness of organic materials such as dried paint,
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
varnish, and lacquer coatings, when applied to an acceptable
D7091Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry
plane rigid surface, for example, metal or glass.
Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
1.2 Two methods are covered as follows:
Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-
Sections
ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
Method A—Knoop Indentation Hardness 6–12
E384Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of
Method B—Pfund Indentation Hardness 13–19
Materials
1.3 Method A, which has the greater precision, provides
2.2 Other Standards:
hardness values in terms of Knoop Hardness Number (KHN).
ISO 6441-1Paints and Varnishes—Determination of micro-
Method B provides hardness in terms of Pfund Hardness
indentation hardness—Part 1: Knoop hardness by mea-
Number (PHN). Although the hardness value scales of these
3
surement of the indentation length
methods differ, the methods agree in the ranking of coating
ISO 6441-2Paints and Varnishes—Determination of micro-
hardness.
indentation hardness—Part 2: Knoop hardness by mea-
3
1.4 TestMethodAofthesetestmethodsissimilarincontent
surement of the indentation depth under load
(butnottechnicallyequivalent)toISO6441-1andISO6441-2.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units 3. Terminology
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
3.1 Definitions:
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1.1 indentation hardness, n—the resistance to penetration
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
by an indenter.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.1.2 Knoop indenter, n—a pyramidal diamond of pre-
with the standard.
scribed dimensions.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety
3.1.3 Pfund indenter, n—hemispherical quartz or sapphire
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
indenter of prescribed dimensions.
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
3.1.4 Knoop hardness number, KHN, n—the indentation
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
hardness determined with a Knoop indenter, and calculated as
limitations prior to use.
follows:
2. Referenced Documents
2
KHN 5 L/A 5 L/l C (1)
p p
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
where:
L = load applied to the indenter, kg,
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
l = measured length of long diagonal of the indentation,
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
mm,
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint
2
C = indenter constant relating l to A , and
p p
Films.
2
A = projected area of indentation, mm .
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originally p
approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D1474–98(2008).
DOI: 10.1520/D1474_D1474M-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1474/D1474M − 13
3.1.5 Pfund hardness number, PHN, n—the indentation 7.2 Knoop Indenter—The Knoop indenter is a pyramidal
hardness determined with a Pfund indenter, and calculated as diamond with included longitudinal angles of 172° 30' and
follows: included transverse angle of 130° 0'.
2 2
PHN 5 L/A 54L/πd 51.27 L/d (2)
~ !
NOTE 1—The ratio of the long to the short diagonal of the impression
is approximately 7:1; the ratio of the long
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1474 − 98 (Reapproved 2008) D1474/D1474M − 13
Standard Test Methods for
1
Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1474;D1474/D1474M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the indentation hardness of organic materials such as dried paint, varnish,
and lacquer coatings, when applied to an acceptable plane rigid surface, for example, metal or glass.
1.2 Two methods are covered as follows:
Sections
Method A—Knoop Indentation Hardness 6 – 12
Method B—Pfund Indentation Hardness 13 – 19
1.3 Method A, which has the greater precision, provides hardness values in terms of Knoop Hardness Number (KHN). Method
B provides hardness in terms of Pfund Hardness Number (PHN). Although the hardness value scales of these methods differ, the
methods agree in the ranking of coating hardness.
1.4 Test Method A of these test methods is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 6441-1and ISO 6441-2.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values given in
parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the
user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thickness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
D1186D7091 Test Methods Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied
to a Ferrous BaseFerrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals (Withdrawn
2006)
D1400 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonconductive Coatings Applied to a
3
Nonferrous Metal Base (Withdrawn 2006)
E384 Test Method for Knoop and Vickers Hardness of Materials
2.2 Other Standards:
ISO 6441-1 Hardness testing—Part 1: Determination of Paints and Varnishes—Determination of micro-indentation hardness—
3
Part 1: Knoop hardness by measurement of the indentation length using a microscope
ISO 6441-2 Hardness testing—Part 2: Determination of Paints and Varnishes—Determination of micro-indentation hardness—
3
Part 2: Knoop hardness by measurement of the indentation depth under load
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008Nov. 1, 2013. Published July 2008December 2013. Originally approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 20022008 as
D1474 – 98 (2002).(2008). DOI: 10.1520/D1474-98R08.10.1520/D1474_D1474M-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1474/D1474M − 13
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 indentation hardness, n—the resistance to penetration by an indenter.
3.1.2 Knoop indenter, n—a pyramidal diamond of prescribed dimensions.
3.1.3 Pfund indenter, n—hemispherical quartz
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM D7835/D7835M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Solvent Resistance of an Organic Coating Using a Mechanical Rubbing Machine

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many coatings used in the coil coating and other industries achieve a degree of solvent resistance after they have experienced a bake condition characterized by exposure to elevated temperatures in an oven over time. Insufficient bake, or occasionally over bake, may affect the intended chemical bonds or physical curing of the film and result in reduced solvent resistance.  
5.2 The mechanical rubbing machine provides consistent stroke length, rate, pressure, and contact area that are not subject to variables such as human fatigue (see Practice D5402).  
5.3 Factors other than bake can influence degree of solvent resistance of a coated surface. Paint film chemistry and composition, surface preparation, oven dwell time, oven air velocity, ambient oven temperature, oven profiling, film thickness, etc., all are influential. The test solvent used in the rub machine has a significant effect on the number of double rubs measured. Common solvents used for these tests include Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK), Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIBK), and Isopropyl Alcohol to name a few. The specific solvent to be used and the umber of double rubs to be achieved should be agreed upon between manufacturer and user for any given coating system, thickness, and application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a mechanical rub method for assessing the solvent resistance of an organic coating that chemically and/or physically changes during the curing process. This technique can be used in the laboratory, in the field, or in the fabricating shop.  
1.2 This test method does not specify the solvent, number of double rubs, or expected test results.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D1474/D1474M-13(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Indentation Hardness of Organic Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Indentation hardness measurements have proven to be useful in rating coatings on rigid substrates for their resistance to mechanical abuse, such as that produced by blows, gouging, and scratching. These measurements do not necessarily characterize the resistance to mechanical abuse of coatings that are required to remain intact when deformed.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the indentation hardness of organic materials such as dried paint, varnish, and lacquer coatings, when applied to an acceptable plane rigid surface, for example, metal or glass.  
1.2 Two methods are covered as follows:    
Sections  
Method A—Knoop Indentation Hardness  
6 – 12  
Method B—Pfund Indentation Hardness  
13 – 19  
1.3 Method A, which has the greater precision, provides hardness values in terms of Knoop Hardness Number (KHN). Method B provides hardness in terms of Pfund Hardness Number (PHN). Although the hardness value scales of these methods differ, the methods agree in the ranking of coating hardness.  
1.4 Test Method A of these test methods is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 6441-1 and ISO 6441-2.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D3003-01(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pressure Mottling and Blocking Resistance of Organic Coatings on Metal Substrates

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for determining the pressure mottling and sticking, or blocking resistance of organic coatings applied on coil-coated or factory coated metal substrates prior to fabrication. The coated metal is cut into at least four, preferably six, suitably-sized panels which are then subjected to a specified pressure and temperature for a specified time. After the heat is turned off and the specimen cooled, the samples are examined for any signs of sticking or blocking and mottling.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the pressure mottling and sticking, or blocking resistance of organic coatings applied to coil-coated or factory-coated metal prior to fabrication.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D2197-16(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Adhesion of Organic Coatings by Scrape Adhesion

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Coatings to perform satisfactorily must adhere to the substrates on which they are applied. This test method has been found useful in differentiating the degree of adhesion of coatings to substrates. It is most useful in providing relative ratings for a series of coated panels exhibiting significant differences in adhesion.  
4.2 Studies performed in a laboratory using the loop stylus specified in the previous edition showed meaningful adhesion data were impossible when loads of 10 to 20 kg were required to break the surface of a solvent based coating. The chrome plated loop stylus chattered and skipped across the coating surface when loads of this magnitude were required. Similar meaningless data were obtained when powder coatings were tested that required more than 10 kg to break the surface. Therefore, testing under these conditions is not applicable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the adhesion of organic coatings such as paint, varnish, and lacquer when applied to smooth, flat (planar) panel surfaces.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D1640/D1640M-14(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Drying, Curing, or Film Formation of Organic Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods can be used to determine the various stages and rates of drying, curing, and film formation of organic coatings for comparing types of coatings, assessing the impact of compositional changes on drying time, or for assessing drying/curing time in the shop or field. Low temperature can significantly slow the drying rate of coatings so low temperature curing agents, catalysts and/or accelerators are often available to aid drying and film formation under cooler temperatures. Method B is designed to evaluate these components and/or to determine the effect of cooler temperatures on drying rates. Conversely, the drying/curing rate of certain coatings can be accelerated under elevated temperature/humidity conditions, while others may be adversely impacted by elevated humidity. Method C is designed to evaluate the effects of elevated temperature and relative humidity conditions on drying, curing, and film formation of paints and coatings. The terms dry or drying, cure or curing, and film formation are used interchangeably throughout this standard.  
3.2 Test Methods A, B and C are limited to a comparison of paints/coatings applied to smooth, non-absorbent substrates and do not reflect the effect of absorption of the paint vehicle into the substrate material.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the various stages and rates of film formation in the drying or curing of organic coatings under laboratory controlled conditions of air temperature, (low, ambient and/or elevated) and/or humidity. Procedures for assessing drying under prevailing conditions of temperature and humidity in the shop and field are also described.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D968-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Abrasion Resistance of Organic Coatings by Falling Abrasive

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Silica sand produces a slower rate of abrasion for organic coatings than that provided by silicon carbide. For some types of coatings, it may also provide greater differentiation.  
5.2 The abrasion resistance scales produced by the two methods differ, but the methods provide approximately the same rankings of coatings for abrasion resistance.  
5.3 Each of the methods has been found useful for rating the abrasion resistance of specific types of coatings. For example Method A (falling sand) has been used for rating floor coatings while Method B (falling silicon carbide) has been used for rating coatings for ship decks.
FIG. 1 Abrasion Test Apparatus
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the resistance of organic coatings to abrasion produced by abrasive falling onto coatings applied to a plane rigid surface, such as a metal or glass panel.  
1.2 Two test methods based on different abrasives are covered as follows:    
Sections  
Method A—Falling Sand Abrasion Test  
6 – 13  
Method B—Falling Silicon Carbide Abrasion Test  
14 – 21  
1.3 These methods should be restricted to testing in only one laboratory when numerical values are used because of the poor reproducibility of the methods (see 13.1.2 and 21.1.2). Interlaboratory agreement is improved significantly when ranking is used in place of numerical values.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6132-13(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Applied Organic Coatings Using an Ultrasonic Coating Thickness Gage

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many coating properties are markedly affected by the film thickness of the dry film such as adhesion, flexibility, wear, durability, chemical resistance, and hardness. To be able to compare results obtained by different operators, it is essential to measure film thickness carefully.  
5.2 Most protective and high performance coatings are applied to meet a requirement or a specification for the dry-film thickness of each coat, or for the complete system, or both. Coatings must be applied within certain minimum and maximum thickness tolerances in order that they can fulfill their intended function. In addition to potential performance deficiencies, it is uneconomical to apply more material than necessary when coating large areas such as floors and walls.  
5.3 Low readings may occur occasionally on coatings with rough surfaces. The instrument may allow a user adjustment to prevent this.  
5.4 This test method may not be applicable to measure organic coating thickness on all substrates. The instrument's ability to detect a distinct interface between the coating and the substrate may be impeded if the coating and the substrate are of similar composition, density or attenuation or if the coating is non-homogeneous. Verify operation on a known thickness of the coating/substrate combination if these circumstances are thought to exist.  
5.5 Multilayered coatings have many interfaces and the instrument will measure to the interface separating the two most acoustically different materials. Some instruments have the ability to detect and measure the individual layer thicknesses in a multi-layer system.  
5.6 The use of this test method is not necessarily limited by the type of substrate material.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the use of ultrasonic film thickness gages to measure accurately and nondestructively the dry film thickness of organic coatings applied over a substrate of dissimilar material. Measurements may be made on field structures, on commercially manufactured products, or on laboratory test specimens. These types of gages can accurately measure the dry film thickness of organic coatings on a variety of substrates such as concrete, wood, wallboard, plastic, fiber composites and metal.  
1.2 This test method is not applicable to coatings that will be readily deformable under load of the measuring instrument as the instrument probe is placed directly on the coating surface to take a reading.  
1.3 The effective range of instruments using the principle of ultrasonics is limited by gage design. A thickness range of 8 μm to 7.60 mm (0.3 to 300 mils) has been demonstrated.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D3363-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Pencil hardness measurements have been used by the coatings industry for many years to determine the hardness of clear and pigmented organic coating films. This test method has also been used to determine the cure of these coatings, especially when using forced dried heat.  
5.2 This test method is convenient in developmental work and in production control testing in a single laboratory. It should be recognized that the results obtained may vary between different laboratories when different manufacturer’s pencils as well as when different substrates are used. To improve test result reproducibility for a specific group of tests, it is recommended to utilize drawing leads or pencils made by the same manufacturer and from the same batch. If drawing leads or pencils from the same manufacturer and from the same batch are not available at the time of subsequent evaluations, it shall be noted on the test report.
Note 3: Using leads or pencils made by different manufacturers or from the same manufacturer but different production batches, may result in significant variation for leads within the same pencil hardness scale.  
5.3 This test method has been found to be useful in providing relative rankings for a series of coatings that exhibit significant differences in film hardness. Caution should be used when attempting to compare coatings of similar film hardness.  
5.4 This test method may not be appropriate for coatings applied to a wood or other softer substrate in which results may be more a function of substrate deformation than coating hardness.  
5.5 If this test method is used as a basis for purchase agreement, maximum precision will be achieved if a given set of referee pencils be agreed upon between the interested parties.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for rapid, inexpensive determination of the film hardness of an organic coating on a metal or similarly hard substrate in terms of drawing leads or pencil leads of known hardness.  
1.2 This test method is similar in content (but not technically equivalent) to ISO 15184.
Note 1: Other procedures are available to measure permanent deformation of organic coatings under the action of a single point (stylus tip) including but not limited to Test Methods D2197, D5178, and G171.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D6991-17(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurements of Internal Stresses in Organic Coatings by Cantilever (Beam) Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Stresses in coatings arise as a result of their shrinkage or expansion if expected movements are prevented by coating adhesion to its substrate.  
5.2 There are several causes leading to arrival of stresses in the coatings: film formation (cross-linking, solvent evaporation, etc.); differences in thermal expansion coefficients between coating and substrate; humidity and water absorption; environmental effects (ultraviolet radiation, temperature and humidity), and others.  
5.3 Knowledge of the internal stresses in coatings is very important because they may effect coating performance and service life. If the internal stress exceeds the tensile strength of the film, cracks are formed. If stress exceeds adhesion between coating and substrate, it will reduce adhesion and can lead to delamination of coatings. Quantitative information about stresses in coatings can be useful in coating formulation and recommendations for their application and use.  
5.4 This method has been found useful for air-dry industrial organic coatings but the applicability has not yet been assessed for thin coatings (thickness
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for measurements of internal stresses in organic coatings by using the cantilever (beam) method.  
1.2 This method is appropriate for the coatings for which the modulus of elasticity of substrate (Es) is significantly greater than the modulus of elasticity of coating (Ec) and for which the thickness of substrate is significantly greater than thickness of coating (see Note 7 and Note 8).  
1.3 The stress values are limited by the adhesion values of coating to the substrate and by the tensile strength of the coating, or both.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    5 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM D2370-16(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Organic Coatings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Tensile properties determined by this method are of value in studying the behavior of coatings subjected to environmental stresses, such as those produced by aging and weathering. (See Refs. (1-10).)4  
5.2 Tensile properties may vary with specimen thickness, method of preparation, gage length, rate of load application, tensile tester response, and type of grips used. Consequently, where precise comparative results are desired, these factors must be carefully controlled.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elongation, tensile strength, and stiffness (modulus of elasticity) of organic coatings when tested as free films.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off