ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023/Cor 1:2026
(Corrigendum)Information technology — Database languages SQL — Part 16: Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ) — Technical Corrigendum 1
General Information
- Abstract
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 02-Aug-2026
- Technical Committee
- ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 - Data management and interchange
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32/WG 3 - Database language
- Current Stage
- 6060 - International Standard published
- Start Date
- 03-Aug-2026
- Completion Date
- 03-Aug-2026
Overview
ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023/Cor 1:2026 is a technical corrigendum to ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023, the international standard for SQL's Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ). Maintained by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32, this document corrects and clarifies language, rules, and syntax related to querying and managing property graphs in SQL-compliant database systems. By refining definitions and conformance statements, this corrigendum ensures that the implementation of SQL/PGQ remains accurate, interoperable, and aligned with industry best practices in information technology and database management.
Key Topics
Property Graph Concepts: The corrigendum clarifies terms and rules for representing pure property graphs, including how labels, directed and undirected edges, and vertex label sets are defined and managed.
Syntax and Semantic Corrections: Updates are provided to syntax rules for property graph definitions, scalar expressions (such as
<identifierchain>), and path pattern matching, ensuring precise language usage and predictable behavior.Equality Operations: The document introduces stricter requirements for equality operations, specifying how columns in edge and vertex tables should be comparable and how data types should be checked for equality.
Graph Pattern Matching: Several clarifications address the correct use of pattern matching syntax, the handling of infinite sets in path queries, and how specific modes-such as "different edges match"-affect the results and performance of graph queries.
Label Expressions and Predicates: Rules for processing label expressions, especially in various SQL/PGQ clauses, are enhanced to ensure conformance and clarity in how graph labels are referenced based on context.
Conformance and Feature Relationships: The corrigendum augments the table of implied feature relationships in SQL/PGQ, further specifying dependencies among advanced path modes, explicit keywords, and graph table features.
Applications
Implementing ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023/Cor 1:2026 is relevant for:
- Database Engine Developers: Ensuring compliance and interoperability in SQL systems that offer property graph querying capabilities.
- Data Architects: Designing property graph data models and queries that conform with the latest international standards.
- Software Integrators: Building analytics and data integration solutions that rely on standardized graph query features in SQL.
- Compliance and QA Teams: Verifying that SQL-based graph features meet the corrected conformance and syntax requirements outlined by ISO.
Typical use cases include social network analysis, recommendation systems, fraud detection, and network topology mapping, where accurate and efficient property graph queries are essential.
Related Standards
Organizations implementing this corrigendum should consider the following related standards for comprehensive SQL and property graph management:
- ISO/IEC 9075-1 – Information technology - Database languages SQL - Part 1: Framework (SQL/Framework)
- ISO/IEC 9075-2 – Information technology - Database languages SQL - Part 2: Foundation (SQL/Foundation), which provides the core language elements referenced in the corrigendum.
- ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023 – Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ), the primary specification corrected by this document.
- ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 32 – Standards related to data management and interchange.
By adhering to this technical corrigendum in conjunction with the above standards, organizations support robust, interoperable, and internationally recognized SQL property graph query implementations.
For further details and access to the official publication, visit the ISO website.
Relations
- Effective Date
- 07-Jan-2026
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Frequently Asked Questions
ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023/Cor 1:2026 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Information technology — Database languages SQL — Part 16: Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ) — Technical Corrigendum 1". This standard covers: Information technology — Database languages SQL — Part 16: Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ) — Technical Corrigendum 1
Information technology — Database languages SQL — Part 16: Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ) — Technical Corrigendum 1
ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023/Cor 1:2026 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 35.060 - Languages used in information technology. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023/Cor 1:2026 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023/Cor 1:2026 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
International
Standard
ISO/IEC 9075-16
First edition
Information technology — Database
2023-06
languages SQL —
TECHNICAL
Part 16:
CORRIGENDUM 1
Property Graph Queries (SQL/PGQ)
2026-08
TECHNICAL CORRIGENDUM 1
Reference number
ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023/Cor. 1:2026(en) © ISO/IEC 2026
ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023/Cor. 1:2026(en)
© ISO/IEC 2026
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO/IEC 2026 – All rights reserved
ii
or. 1:2026(en)
ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023/Cor.1:2026(en)
Technical Corrigendum 1 to ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC
1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 32, Data management and interchange.
© ISO/IEC 2026 – All rights reserved
iii
ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023/Cor. 1:2026(en)
4 Concepts
4.5 SQL-propertygraphs
4.5 Purepropertygraph
1. Rationale: Correcttheuseoftermsrelatedtolabels.
Replacethesecondsubitemofthefourthitemofthesecondparagraphwith:
— .
— .
— .
— .
• .
• Anindicationwhethertheedgetripletdescribesdirectededgesorundirectededges.
Case:
— Iftheedgetripletdescribesdirectededges,then:
• asourcevertexdefinedlabelset,whichisasubsetofavertexdefinedlabel
set;
• adestinationvertexdefinedlabelset,whichisasubsetofavertexdefined
labelset.
— Iftheedgetripletdescribesundirectededges,then:
• apairofendpointvertexdefinedlabelsets,eachofwhichisasubsetofa
vertexdefinedlabelset.
6 Scalarexpressions
6
1. Rationale: AugmentthecorrectRule.
ReplaceSyntaxRule2)with:
2) AugmentSR8) byadding“apropertyPR”tothelistofpossiblereferentsofabasis.
©ISO/IEC2026–Allrightsreserved
ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023/Cor. 1:2026(en)
8 Predicates
8.4
1. Rationale: CorrectthescopeofaConformanceRule.
ReplaceConformnaceRule1)with:
1) WithoutFeatureG112,“ISSOURCEandISDESTINATIONpredicate”,conformingSQLlanguage
shallnotcontaina,ora.
9 Additionalcommonrules
9.0 Equalityoperations
1. Rationale: Addmissingitemstodefinitionsof“equalityoperation”and“operandofanequalityoperation”
InsertanewSubclause
9.0 Equalityoperations
ThisSubclausemodifiesSubclause9.11,“Equalityoperations”,inISO/IEC9075-2.
Function
Specifytheprohibitionsandrestrictionsbydatatypeonoperationsthatinvolvetestingforequality.
SyntaxRules
1) InsertafterSR1)i): An.
2) InsertafterSR2)m):Acolumnofa,acolumnofa
vertextablekeyclause>,oracolumnofa.
AccessRules
NoadditionalAccessRules.
GeneralRules
NoadditionalGeneralRules.
ConformanceRules
NoadditionalConformanceRules.
©ISO/IEC2026–Allrightsreserved
ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023/Cor. 1:2026(en)
9.6 Machineryforgraphpatternmatching
1. Rationale: Replaceundefinedsymbolwithdefinedsymbol.
ReplacetheleadtextofGeneralRule13)with:
13) Apathbindingisasequenceofzeroormoreelementarybindings,B=(LET,GE),.,(LET ,
1 1 N
GE ).GivenapathbindingB:
N
2. Rationale: Replaceundefinedsymbolwithdefinedsymbol.
ReplaceGeneralRule13)b)with:
13) .
b) TheannotatedpathofBisthesequenceGE,.,GE .
1 N
3. Rationale: Replaceundefinedsymbolwithdefinedsymbol.
ReplaceGeneralRule16)b)with:
16) .
b) Foreverytwovertexbindings(LET,GE)and(LET,GE)thatarenotseparable,GE
1 1 2 2 1
=GE.
4. Rationale: Takeaccountofthe.
ReplaceNote76with:
*
NOTE76—IfSisnotempty,thenS isaninfiniteset;however,afiniteresultforeveryisassured
bythesyntacticrequirementthateveryisbounded,containedinarestrictive
pathpatternexpression>,containedinaselective,orinthescopeofthe.
9.7 Evaluationofa
1. Rationale: Takeaccountofthe.
ReplaceNote78with:
NOTE78—RL(BNT)andSLM(BNT)canbeinfinitesetsifBNTcontainsaneffectivelyunboundedquantifier.Every
effectivelyunboundedquantifierisrequiredtobeeithercontainedinaselectiveorinthescopeofthe
.Foraselective,thepotentiallyinfinitesetoflocalmatchesissubsequently
reducedtoafinitesetbytheGeneralRulesofSubclause9.8,“Evaluationofaselective”.For
edgesmatchmode>,thematchesarereducedtoafinitesetbytheGeneralRulesofSubclause10.4,“”.
9.14 Creationofanedgetabledescriptor
1. Rationale: Ensurethattherulesforequalityanddeclaredtypearechecked.
InsertthefollowingSyntaxRules:
9) .
©ISO/IEC2026–Allrightsreserved
ISO/IEC 9075-16:2023/Cor. 1:2026(en)
b) .
iii) EachcolumninESKanditscorrespondingcolumninSVKareoperandsofan
equalityoperation.TheSyntaxRulesandConformanceRulesofSubclause9.0,
“Equalityoperations”,apply.
iv) ESKshallcontainthesamenumberNCNofsasSVK.For1(one)
≤i≤NCN,thei-thcolumn,identifiedinESKcorrespondstothei-thcolumn
identifiedinSVK.ThedeclaredtypeofeachcolumninESKshallbecomparable
tothedeclaredtypeofthecorrespondingcolumninSVK.
2. Rationale: Ensurethattherulesforequalityanddeclaredtypearechecked.
InsertthefollowingSyntaxRules:
10) .
b) .
iii) EachcolumninEDKanditscorrespondingcolumninDVKareoperandsofan
equalityoperation.TheSyntaxRulesandConformanceRulesofSubclause9.0,
“Equalityoperations”,apply.
iv) EDKshallcontainthesamenumberNCNofsasDVK.For1(one)
≤i≤NCN,thei-thcolumn,identifiedinEDKcorrespondstothei-thcolumn
identifiedinDVK.ThedeclaredtypeofeachcolumninEDKshallbecomparable
tothedeclaredtypeofthecorrespondingcolumninDVK.
9.15 Consistencycheckofatabularpropertygraphdescriptor
1. Rationale: Ensurethatallcharacterstringpropertieshaveacollation.
InsertthefollowingSyntaxRules:
4) .
c) .
iii) .
1.0) IfthedeclaredtypeofPisacharacterstringtype,thenPshallhavea
declaredtypecollation.
...