ISO/FDIS 22475-1.2

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 22475-1
ISO/TC 182
Geotechnical investigation and
Secretariat: BSI
testing — Sampling methods and
Voting begins on:
2020-02-25 groundwater measurements —
Voting terminates on:
Part 1:
2020-04-21
Technical principles for the sampling
of soil, rock and groundwater
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 22475-1:2020(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2020
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 22475-1:2020(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms ................................................................................................................................ 2

3.1 Ground investigation methods .................................................................................................................................................. 2

3.2 Drilling rigs and equipment ......................................................................................................................................................... 3

3.3 Sampling ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

3.4 Rock and soil properties ................................................................................................................................................................. 8

3.5 Abbreviated terms ............................................................................................................................................................................... 8

4 Equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

4.1 Requirements for the drilling rigs and equipment .................................................................................................. 9

4.2 Drilling parameters ............................................................................................................................................................................. 9

4.3 Safety and special requirements.............................................................................................................................................. 9

5 Procedures ...............................................................................................................................................................................................................10

5.1 General requirements for sampling ...................................................................................................................................10

5.2 Selection of techniques and methods ...............................................................................................................................10

5.3 Sampling categories for soil ......................................................................................................................................................11

5.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................11

5.3.2 Sample disturbance ....................................................................................................................................................11

5.3.3 Category A sampling ..................................................................................................................................................12

5.3.4 Category B sampling ..................................................................................................................................................12

5.3.5 Category C sampling ..................................................................................................................................................12

5.3.6 Category D sampling ........................................................................................................................................... .......13

5.3.7 Category E sampling ..................................................................................................................................................13

5.4 Sampling categories for rock ...................................................................................................................................................13

5.4.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................13

5.4.2 Sampling disturbance ...............................................................................................................................................14

5.4.3 Category A sampling ..................................................................................................................................................15

5.4.4 Category B sampling ..................................................................................................................................................15

5.4.5 Category C sampling ..................................................................................................................................................15

5.4.6 Category D sampling ........................................................................................................................................... .......15

5.4.7 Category E sampling ..................................................................................................................................................15

5.5 Sampling in trial pits, other excavations, headings and shafts ...................................................................15

5.6 Requirements for ground investigation sites and points ................................................................................16

5.7 Preliminary information needed before starting sampling ..........................................................................16

5.8 Backfilling and site reinstatement ......................................................................................................................................17

6 Soil sampling methods ................................................................................................................................................................................17

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................17

6.2 Categories of soil sampling methods ................................................................................................................................17

6.3 Sampling by drilling (continuous sampling) ..............................................................................................................18

6.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................18

6.3.2 Sampling by rotary drilling ..................................................................................................................................21

6.3.3 Sampling by use of hammer driving methods .....................................................................................23

6.3.4 Sampling by cable percussion drilling .......................................................................................................23

6.3.5 Sampling by hollow stem auger drilling ...................................................................................................23

6.3.6 Sampling by grab drilling ......................................................................................................................................24

6.3.7 Soil sampling by small diameter drilling .................................................................................................24

6.3.8 Sampling by resonance drilling ........................................................................................................................24

6.4 Sampling using samplers ............................................................................................................................................................24

6.4.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................24

6.4.2 Sampling using the open-tube sampler and the piston sampler .........................................28

6.4.3 Sampling using the standard penetration test sampler ..............................................................33

6.4.4 Sampling by using the window sampler ..................................................................................................33

6.4.5 Sampling using the windowless sampler ................................................................................................33

6.5 Block sampling .....................................................................................................................................................................................33

6.5.1 Sampling from trial pits ..........................................................................................................................................33

6.5.2 Sampling using large samplers .........................................................................................................................34

7 Rock sampling methods .............................................................................................................................................................................34

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................34

7.2 Sampling by drilling .........................................................................................................................................................................38

7.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................38

7.2.2 Sampling by rotary dry core drilling ...........................................................................................................38

7.2.3 Sampling by rotary core drilling .....................................................................................................................38

7.2.4 Sampling by wireline core drilling ................................................................................................................39

7.2.5 Sampling of cuttings by rotary open hole drilling............................................................................39

7.3 Block sampling .....................................................................................................................................................................................39

8 Groundwater sampling methods for geotechnical purposes ..............................................................................39

8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................39

8.2 Equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................40

8.3 Techniques of groundwater sampling ..............................................................................................................................40

8.3.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................40

8.3.2 Extraction by pumping ............................................................................................................................................40

8.3.3 Extraction by water sampler ..............................................................................................................................41

8.3.4 Extraction by vacuum bottles ............................................................................................................................41

9 Preservation, labelling, transport and storage of samples ...................................................................................41

9.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................41

9.2 Preservation of samples ...............................................................................................................................................................41

9.3 Labelling of samples ........................................................................................................................................................................42

9.4 Transport and storage of samples .......................................................................................................................................43

9.4.1 General considerations ............................................................................................................................................43

9.4.2 Sampling category A ..................................................................................................................................................43

9.4.3 Sampling category B to E .......................................................................................................................................43

9.4.4 Transport of water samples ................................................................................................................................44

10 Report ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................44

10.1 Field report .............................................................................................................................................................................................44

10.1.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................44

10.1.2 Summary log .....................................................................................................................................................................45

10.1.3 Drilling record .................................................................................................................................................................45

10.1.4 Sampling record ............................................................................................................................................................46

10.1.5 Record of identification and description of soil and rock .........................................................47

10.1.6 Backfilling record .........................................................................................................................................................47

10.1.7 Record of groundwater measurements during drilling and sampling ...........................48

10.1.8 Daily record .......................................................................................................................................................................48

10.2 Report of the results ........................................................................................................................................................................48

Annex A (informative) Example of a form for the preliminary information on the intended

sampling .....................................................................................................................................................................................................................49

Annex B (informative) Field reports ..................................................................................................................................................................51

Annex C (informative) Drilling and sampling equipment for soil and rock .............................................................59

Annex D (informative) Examples of commonly used samplers and sample types ........................................121

Annex E (informative) Vacuum bottles for groundwater sampling ...............................................................................124

Annex F (informative) Sealing and securing samples ..................................................................................................................126

Annex G (informative) Sampling of coarse soils by drilling ..................................................................................................127

Annex H (informative) Sample quality ........................................................................................................................................................128

Bibliography .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................132

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 182, Geotechnics, in collaboration with

the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 341, Geotechnical

Investigation and Testing, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 22475-1:2006), which has been

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

This document deals with principles of sampling of soil, rock and groundwater as part of the programme

NOTE 1 This document fulfils the requirements for sampling of soil, rock and groundwater, and groundwater

measurements as part of the programme of geotechnical investigation and testing according to EN 1997-1 and

a) to recover soil, rock and water samples of a quality appropriate to assess the general suitability of a site for

geotechnical engineering purposes and to determine the required ground characteristics in the laboratory;

b) to obtain information on the sequence, thickness and orientation of strata and discontinuities;

d) to obtain information on groundwater conditions and recover water samples for assessment of the

Soil sampling for the purposes of agricultural and environmental soil investigation is not covered.

NOTE 2 Guidance on soil sampling for these purposes including of contaminated or potentially contaminated

sites is provided in the ISO 18400 series. ISO 18400-204 provides in addition guidance on sampling and

NOTE 3 The sampling methods, presented in this document may not be suitable for all types of soil e.g. peat

NOTE 4 Some of the sampling methods presented in this document are suitable for both soil and rock.

Water sampling for the purposes of quality control, quality characterisation and identification of

sources of pollution of water, including bottom deposits and sludges, is not covered.

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 14688-1, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification and classification of soil — Part 1:

ISO 14689, Geotechnical investigation and testing — Identification, description and classification of rock

ISO 3551-1, Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System A — Part 1: Metric units

ISO 3552-1, Rotary core diamond drilling equipment — System B — Part 1: Metric units

ISO 10097-1, Wireline diamond core drilling equipment — System A — Part 1: Metric units

ISO/IEC Guide 98-3, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty in

ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008/Suppl 1:2008, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression

of uncertainty in measurement (GUM: 1995) — Supplement 1: Propagation of distributions using a Monte

ISO/IEC Guide 98-1, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 1: Introduction to the expression of uncertainty

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 14688-1, ISO 14689 and the

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

open excavation constructed to examine the ground conditions in-situ, recover samples (3.3.4) or carry

open or steeply inclined excavation, typically more than 5 m deep, constructed to examine the ground

small tunnel driven horizontally or with a slight inclination from a shaft (3.1.2) or into sloping ground

to examine the ground conditions in-situ, recover samples (3.3.4) or carry out field testing

hole of any predetermined diameter and length formed in any geological formation or manmade

Note 1 to entry: Investigations carried out in such a hole can be to recover rock, soil or water samples (3.3.4) from

process by which a borehole (3.1.4) is produced in any geological formation by rotary, rotary percussive,

percussive, resonance/sonic or thrust methods and in any predetermined direction in relation to the

drilling (3.1.5) in the soil with a diameter greater than 30 mm but less than 80 mm

device, which is attached to, or an integral part of, the drill string that is used for penetrating the

device, which is attached to, or an integral part of, the drill string that is used as a cutting tool to

Note 1 to entry: It is used e.g. to stabilise it, to prevent the loss of flushing medium (3.2.5) to the surrounding

liquid or gaseous medium to remove cuttings (3.3.8) from the borehole (3.1.4), to aid sampling and to

substance added to the flushing medium (3.2.5) in order to affect or change its properties to improve its

split, internally slotted or serrated conical spring steel ring fitted to the core barrel to hold and retain

the core sample (3.3.6) whilst the core barrel is being hoisted from the borehole (3.1.4)