ISO/IEC 5259-2:2024

International
Standard
ISO/IEC 5259-2
First edition
Artificial intelligence — Data
2024-11
quality for analytics and machine
learning (ML) —
Part 2:
Data quality measures
Intelligence artificielle — Qualité des données pour les analyses
de données et l’apprentissage automatique —
Partie 2: Mesure de la qualité des données
Reference number
© ISO/IEC 2024
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references .1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 5
5 Data quality components and data quality models for analytics and machine learning . 5
5.1 Data quality components in data life cycle .5
5.2 Data quality model .6
6 Data quality characteristics and quality measures .8
6.1 General .8
6.2 Inherent data quality characteristics .9
6.2.1 Accuracy .9
6.2.2 Completeness .10
6.2.3 Consistency . 12
6.2.4 Credibility . 13
6.2.5 Currentness .14
6.3 Inherent and system-dependent data quality characteristics . 15
6.3.1 Accessibility . 15
6.3.2 Compliance . 15
6.3.3 Efficiency .16
6.3.4 Precision .16
6.3.5 Traceability .17
6.3.6 Understandability .17
6.4 System-dependent data quality characteristics .18
6.4.1 Availability .18
6.4.2 Portability .18
6.4.3 Recoverability .19
6.5 Additional data quality characteristics .19
6.5.1 Auditability.19
6.5.2 Balance . 20
6.5.3 Diversity . . 22
6.5.4 Effectiveness . 23
6.5.5 Identifiability .24
6.5.6 Relevance . 25
6.5.7 Representativeness . 25
6.5.8 Similarity . . . 26
6.5.9 Timeliness .27
7 Implementing a data quality model and data quality measures for an analytics or ML
task .28
8 Data quality reporting .28
8.1 Data quality reporting framework . 28
8.2 Data quality measure information . 29
8.3 Guidance to organizations . 29
Annex A (informative) Design and document of a measurement function .30
Annex B (informative) UML model of data quality measure framework .32
Annex C (informative) Overview of data quality characteristics .33
Annex D (informative) Alternative groups of data quality characteristics .35

© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
iii
Annex E (informative) Comparison between data quality characteristics of ISO/IEC 25012 and
ISO/IEC 5259-2 .36
Bibliography .37

© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
iv
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity.
ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the ISO/
IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives or www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs).
ISO and IEC draw attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the
use of (a) patent(s). ISO and IEC take no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any
claimed patent rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO and IEC had not
received notice of (a) patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers
are cautioned that this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent
database available at www.iso.org/patents and https://patents.iec.ch. ISO and IEC shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
In the IEC, see www.iec.ch/understanding-standards.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 42, Artificial Intelligence.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 5259 series can be found on the ISO and IEC websites.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards
body. A complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html and
www.iec.ch/national-committees.

© ISO/IEC 2024 – All rights reserved
v
Introduction
Data-supported decision-making brings new challenges to data quality management in data analytics and
artificial intelligence (AI) based on machine learning (ML). Issues in data quality, such as incomplete, false
or outdated data, can adversely affect analytics and ML processes and outcomes. Data from various sources,
including structured data (e.g. relational databases) and unstructured data (e.g. documents, images,
audios), can be directly consumed into the data life cycle for analytics and ML model development. Data
are transformed in each stage of the data life cycle of analytics and ML. A holistic standardized approach to
control, produce and deliver sufficient high-quality data is nece
...