ISO/IEC 9075-15:2023

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 9075-15
Second edition
2023-06
Information technology — Database
languages SQL —
Part 15:
Multidimensional arrays (SQL/
MDA)
Technologies de l'information — Langages de base de données
SQL —
Partie 15: Tableaux multi-dimensionnels (SQL/MDA)
Reference number
© ISO/IEC 2023
© ISO/IEC 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO/IEC 2023 – All rights reserved

ISO/IEC9075-15:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword.vii
Introduction.ix
1 Scope.1
2 Normativereferences.2
3 Termsanddefinitions.3
4 Concepts.4
4.1 Notationsandconventions.4
4.1.1 Notations.4
4.2 Data types.4
4.2.1 Generalintroductiontodatatypes.4
4.2.2 Datatypeterminology.4
4.3 Numbers.5
4.3.1 Operationsinvolvingnumbers.5
4.4 User-defined types.5
4.4.1 Distincttypes.5
4.5 Collectiontypes.5
4.5.1 Introductiontocollectiontypes.5
4.5.2 MD-arrays.6
4.5.3 Collectioncomparisonandassignment.7
4.5.4 OperationsinvolvingMD-arrays.7
4.5.4.1 OperatorsthatoperateonMD-arrayvaluesandreturnMD-arrayvalues.7
4.5.4.2 OperatorsthatoperateonMD-arrayvaluesandreturntables.8
4.5.4.3 OperatorsthatoperateonMD-arrayvaluesandreturnnumbers.9
4.5.4.4 OperatorsthatoperateonMD-arrayvaluesandreturncharacterstrings.9
4.5.4.5 OperatorsthatoperateonMD-arrayvaluesandreturnnumbersorBooleanvalues.9
4.5.4.6 OperatorsthatoperateonMD-arrayvaluesandreturncharacterorbinarystrings.10
4.5.4.7 OperatorsthatconstructnewMD-arrayvalues.10
4.5.4.8 OperatorsthatoperateonMD-arrayvaluesandreturnMD-arrayelements.10
4.5.5 MD-axis variables.10
5 Lexicalelements.11
5.1 and.11
5.2 Namesandidentifiers.12
6 Scalarexpressions.13
6.1 .13
6.2 .16
6.3 .18
6.4 .21
6.5 .22
©ISO/IEC2023–Allrightsreserved iii

ISO/IEC9075-15:2023(E)
6.6 .25
6.7 .27
6.8 .30
6.9 .31
6.10 .34
6.11 .36
6.12 .38
6.13 .44
6.14 .52
6.15 .58
7 Queryexpressions.60
7.1 .60
7.2 .63
8 Predicates.64
8.1 .64
9 Additionalcommonrules.65
9.1 Retrieval assignment.65
9.2 Storeassignment.67
9.3 PassingavaluefromahostlanguagetotheSQL-server.68
9.4 PassingavaluefromtheSQL-servertoahostlanguage.69
9.5 Resultofdatatypecombinations.70
9.6 Typenamedetermination.71
9.7 Determinationofidenticalvalues.72
9.8 Equalityoperations.73
9.9 Groupingoperations.74
9.10 Multisetelementgroupingoperations.75
9.11 Orderingoperations.76
9.12 Potentialsourcesofnon-determinism.77
9.13 InvokinganSQL-invokedroutine.78
9.14 Datatypeidentity.79
9.15 Indexed name.80
9.16 MD-array subset.82
9.17 CanonicalizeMD-arrayelementreference.86
9.18 ExecutionofMD-array-returningexternalfunctions.88
10 Additionalcommonelements.92
10.1 .92
10.2 .95
11 Schemadefinitionandmanipulation.96
11.1 .96
11.2 .97
11.3 .98
11.4 .99
12 SQL-clientmodules.100
12.1 .100
12.2 Datatypecorrespondences.102
iv ©ISO/IEC2023–Allrightsreserved

ISO/IEC9075-15:2023(E)
13 Data manipulation.104
13.1 .104
14 Additionaldatamanipulationrules.106
14.1 Evaluatinga.106
15 DynamicSQL.108
15.1 DescriptionofSQLdescriptorareas.108
15.2 .110
15.3 .111
16 EmbeddedSQL.112
16.1 .112
16.2 .114
16.3 .115
16.4 .116
16.5 .117
16.6 .118
17 Call-LevelInterfacespecifications.119
17.1 SQL/CLIdatatypecorrespondences.119
18 InformationSchema.121
18.1 InformationSchemadigitalartifact.121
18.2 ELEMENT_TYPESview.121
18.3 MD_EXTENTSview.122
19 DefinitionSchema.123
19.1 DefinitionSchemadigitalartifact.123
19.2 DATA_TYPE_DESCRIPTORbasetable.123
19.3 ELEMENT_TYPESbasetable.125
19.4 MD_EXTENTSbasetable.126
20 Statuscodes.128
20.1 SQLSTATE.128
21 Conformance.130
21.1 ClaimsofconformancetoSQL/MDA.130
21.2 ImpliedfeaturerelationshipsofSQL/MDA.130
AnnexA(informative) SQLconformancesummary.131
AnnexB(informative) Implementation-defined elements.135
AnnexC(informative) Implementation-dependent elements.138
AnnexD(informative) SQLoptionalfeaturetaxonomy.139
AnnexE(informative) Deprecatedfeatures.140
AnnexF(informative) IncompatibilitieswithISO/IEC9075:2016.141
AnnexG(informative) DefectReportsnotaddressedinthiseditionofthisdocument.143
Bibliography.144
Index.145
©ISO/IEC2023–Allrightsreserved v

ISO/IEC9075-15:2023(E)
Tables
Table Page
1 Tableaggregationoperators.9
2 DatatypecorrespondencesforAda.102
3 DatatypecorrespondencesforC.102
4 DatatypecorrespondencesforCOBOL.102
5 DatatypecorrespondencesforFortran.102
6 DatatypecorrespondencesforM.103
7 DatatypecorrespondencesforPascal.103
8 DatatypecorrespondencesforPL/I.103
9 DatatypesofsusedinSQLitemdescriptorareas.108
10 CodesusedforSQLdatatypesinDynamicSQL.109
11 SQL/CLIdatatypecorrespondencesforAda.119
12 SQL/CLIdatatypecorrespondencesforC.119
13 SQL/CLIdatatypecorrespondencesforCOBOL.119
14 SQL/CLIdatatypecorrespondencesforFortran.120
15 SQL/CLIdatatypecorrespondencesforM.120
16 SQL/CLIdatatypecorrespondencesforPascal.120
17 SQL/CLIdatatypecorrespondencesforPL/I.120
18 SQLSTATEclassandsubclasscodes.128
19 ImpliedfeaturerelationshipsofSQL/MDA.130
D.1 Featuretaxonomyforoptionalfeatures.139
vi ©ISO/IEC2023–Allrightsreserved

Foreword
ISO (the Interna
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