ISO/TR 27912:2016

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 27912
First edition
2016-05-15
Carbon dioxide capture — Carbon
dioxide capture systems, technologies
and processes
Capture du dioxyde de carbone — Systèmes de capture du dioxyde de
carbone, technologies et processus
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
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ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .vii
Introduction .viii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 8
5 Carbon dioxide (CO ) capture system .12
5.1 General .12
5.2 Classification of CO capture systems .14
5.3 System boundary .16
6 Review and documentation .16
6.1 General .16
6.2 Separation processes .18
6.2.1 Separation with sorbents/solvents .18
6.2.2 Separation with membranes .21
6.2.3 Separation by cryogenics or flash evaporation .22
7 Post-combustion capture in the power industry .22
7.1 System boundary .22
7.1.1 Boundary with power plant or other process stream (cooling water,
steam, flue gas, product CO ) .22
7.1.2 Boundary of the PCC plant .25
7.1.3 Boundary with transport and storage of CO .
2 25
7.2 Technologies, equipment and processes .25
7.2.1 Chemical absorption process based on (alkanol-) amines (amine process) (A) .25
7.2.2 Chilled ammonia process (CAP) (B) .26
7.2.3 Amino acid salts (AAS) process (C) .27
7.3 Carbon dioxide streams, flue gas streams and emissions, process and waste products .28
7.3.1 Flue Gas streams .28
7.3.2 Composition of carbon dioxide streams .32
7.3.3 Solvent streams, reclaiming waste products .34
7.3.4 Waste (process) water streams .35
7.3.5 Emission determination and calculation .36
7.3.6 Process by-products . .37
7.4 Evaluation procedure for capture performance.37
7.4.1 Clarification of the evaluation basis .38
7.4.2 Basic performance .38
7.4.3 Utility consumption .40
7.4.4 Operability (operational requirements).41
7.4.5 Economic evaluation index .42
7.5 Safety issues .43
7.5.1 Safety categories .43
7.5.2 Relevant equipment and manifestations .44
7.5.3 Chemical substances and their behaviours .46
7.5.4 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) .49
7.5.5 Preventive measures .49
7.6 Reliability issues .52
7.6.1 Need for reliability assessment .52
7.6.2 Operational reliability .53
7.6.3 Reliability evaluation methods .54
7.6.4 Parameters of reliability .54
7.7 Management system .57
7.7.1 Management system between capture plant and emission source .57
7.7.2 Operational management .58
7.7.3 Relationship with other areas for CCS standardization .59
7.8 Reference plants .59
8 Pre-combustion capture in power industry .60
8.1 General .60
8.2 System boundary .61
8.3 Technologies, equipment and processes .62
8.3.1 Establishment of CO capture rate .62
8.3.2 CO capture process .62
8.4 Carbon dioxide streams, gas streams and emissions, process and waste products .65
8.4.1 CO streams .66
8.4.2 Synthetic gas streams .68
8.4.3 Waste products .69
8.5 Evaluation procedure for capture performance.69
8.5.1 Definition of greenhouse gas (GHG) capture rate .69
[ ] 70
8.5.2 Evaluation procedure for capture performance 96 .
8.6 Safety issues .73
8.7 Reliability issues .74
8.8 Management system .74
8.8.1 Management system between capture plant and emission source .74
8.8.2 Operational management .75
8.8.3 Relationship with other areas for CCS standardization .76
9 Oxyfuel combustion power plant with CO capture.76
9.1 System boundary .77
9.2 Technology, processes and equipment .78
9.2.1 Boiler island and auxiliary equipment.78
9.2.2 Steam turbine island and generators .79
9.2.3 Air separation unit (ASU) .80
9.2.4 Flue gas processing units (environmental island) .86
9.2.5 Flue gas condenser (flue gas cooler) .89
9.2.6 CO processing unit (CPU).91
9.2.7 Balance of plant .110
9.3 Product CO , other major gas streams, emissions and waste products .111
9.3.1 Product CO .
2 111
9.3.2 Other gas streams .114
9.3.3 Emissions and waste products from oxyfuel combustion power plant .118
9.4 Evaluation procedure for CO capture performance .119
9.5 Safety issues .119
9.5.1 Safe operation of the ASU and handling of oxygen on site .120
9.5.2 Prevention procedure of known risks to fire and/or explosion in the
boiler or mills should be revisited for oxyfuel combustion operation .121
9.5.3 Accidental release of CO , flue gases, or other inert gases including liquid
gas products .121
9.5.4 Prevention of any low temperature corrosion that could compromise the
structural integrity of equipment.121
[ ][ ]
10 Capture from cement production processes 176 177 .121
10.1 System boundary .122
10.2 Technologies, equipment and processes .123
10.2.1 Post-combustion method (PCC) .125
10.2.2 Oxy-combustion method.125
10.3 Carbon dioxide streams, gas streams and emissions, process and waste products .126
10.3.1 NO .
x 129
10.3.2 SO .
x 129
10.3.3 Dust .129
10.3.4 HCl (Hydrogen chloride) .130
10.4 Evaluation procedure for capture performance.130
10.5 Safety issues .130
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

10.6 Reliability issues .131
10.7 Management system .132
11 CO Capture in the iron and steel industry .132
11.1 Overview — Global steel production .132
11.2 Point sources of CO emissions within the iron and steel production .133
11.2.1 Calculation of CO emissions from the steel mill .133
11.2.2 Direct CO emissions in an integrated mill producing steel through the
BF-BOF route .133
11.2.3 Overview of CO emissions from alternative steel making processes .136
11.3 CO reduction and CCS deployment strategy in the steel industry .138
11.4 Review of major CO breakthrough programmes worldwide .139
11.4.1 ULCOS programme .139
11.4.2 COURSE50 programme .140
11.4.3 POSCO/RIST programme . .141
11.5 System boundary .141
11.6 Capture of CO from blast furnace gas .142
11.6.1 Development of chemical absorption technology under the
COURSE50 programme .142
11.6.2 Development of chemical absorption technology under the POSCO/
RIST programme .144
11.6.3 Development of physical adsorption technology under
COURSE50 programme .145
11.6.4 ULCOS BF — Oxygen-blown BF with top gas recycle .146
11.6.5 Other commercial development .148
11.7 Specific energy consumption of CO captured .150
11.8 Gas streams .153
11.8.1 Conventional blast furnace gas (BFG) .153
11.8.2 BFG from an oxygen-blown BF with top gas recycle (ULCOS BF) .153
11.9 CO capture from alternative ironmaking process .154
11.9.1 Direct reduction ironmaking process .154
11.9.2 Smelting reduction ironmaking process .160
11.10 Evaluation procedures for capture processes .166
11.11 Reliability issues .166
11.12 Safety issues .166
12 Capture from industrial gas production processes .167
12.1 System boundary .168
12.1.1 Natural gas sweetening process .168
12.1.2 Ammonia production process .169
12.1.3 Hydrogen production process .169
12.2 Technologies, equipment and processes .171
12.3 Carbon dioxide streams, gas streams and emissions, process and waste products .172
12.3.1 Chemical absorption .172
12.3.2 Physical absorption process .173
12.3.3 Membrane separation .173
12.3.4 Evaluation procedure for capture performance .173
12.4 Safety issues .174
12.5 Reliability issues .175
12.6 Management system .175
12.6.1 Management system between capture plant and emission source .175
12.6.2 Operational management .177
12.6.3 Relationship with other areas for CCS standardization .177
13 Discussion on possible future direction .177
13.1 General .177
13.2 Possible area of standardization.178
13.3 Discussion .178
Annex A (informative) Chemical absorption processes.181
Annex B (informative) Examples of flue gas compositions .186
Annex C (informative) Physical absorption processes .190
Annex D (informative) CO capture terms and definitions list .193
Bibliography .209
vi © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 265, Carbon dioxide capture, transportation, and
geological storage.
Introduction
Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a technology to mitigate climate change. Many demonstration
projects have been conducted worldwide, and CO capture is an important process in CCS and is cost
and energy intensive.
CO capture in power industry could be classified through pre, post and oxy combustion. Technologies
such as chemical and physical absorption, adsorption, and membrane separation are currently
[1]
under development and are in various stages of maturity from commercial (110 MW) large-scale
demonstrations to laboratory-scale evaluation, and should be delivered at low cost and low energy
consumption.
The objectives of this Technical Report are to specify and review existing capture technologies,
equipment and processes and comprehend CO capture systems so that this Technical Report can
provide stakeholders with the guidance and knowledge necessary to develop a series of standards for
CO capture and build consensus on this standardization work in advance.
This Technical Report describes CO capture systems based on published papers and other documents
and then summarizes the different issues deemed most important by ISO/TC 265. This includes the
following:
— boundary for CO capture systems;
— technologies, equipment and processes;
— CO streams, gas streams and emissions, processes and waste products;
— evaluation procedures for capture performance;
— safety issues on each capture system;
— reliability issues on each capture system;
— management system.
viii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 27912:2016(E)
Carbon dioxide capture — Carbon dioxide capture systems,
technologies and processes
1 Scope
This Technical Report describes the principles and information necessary to clarify the CO capture
system and provide stakeholders with the guidance and knowledge necessary for the development of
a series of standards for CO capture. This Technical Report also covers technologies, equipment and
processes specific to CO capture from the viewpoints of the international standardization for the
implementation of CCS.
The purpose of this Technical Report is to provide guidance for the development of an ISO document
related to CO capture as part of a CCS chain. This Technical Report covers CO capture systems
2 2
applicable to CO emission sources and their respective boundaries, as well as capture technologies,
equipment and processes. In addition, it can be used for the development of International Standards
under TC 265.
The following issues are to be excluded from this Technical Report:
— industrial use of CO ;
— compression of CO (not described in detail);
— terminologies not used in this Technical Report.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
absorbent
substance able to absorb liquid or gas
3.2
affinity
tendency of substances to react with each other
Note 1 to entry: Also defined as the decrease in Gibbs energy on going from the reactants to the products of a
chemical reaction.
[SOURCE: IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology]
3.3
air separation unit
unit separating oxygen, nitrogen and other inert gases from air which delivers the reqired oxygen for
gasification or combustion applications in the context of CCS
3.4
alkanolamine
chemical compound that carries hydroxy (−OH) and amino (−NH , −NHR, and −NR ) functional
2 2
groups on an alkane backbone
3.5
amine
chemical compound consisting nitrogen atoms bound to hydrogen and/or carbon atoms having the
general formula R N
3.6
amino acid
any of a class of organic compounds in which a carbon atom has bonds to an amino group, a carboxyl
group, a hydrogen atom and an organic side group
3.7
antioxidant
substance that inhibits oxidation or reactions promoted by oxygen, peroxides, or free radicals
3.8
Brayton cycle
thermodynamic cycle that describes the workings of a constant pressure heat engine such as gas
turbine engine
3.9
capital cost
sum of direct equipment costs to capture CO which is also known as investment cost or first cost
[SOURCE: IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage]
3.10
capital requirement
sum of direct equipment costs and indirect costs to capture CO
3.11
catalyst
substance that increases the rate of reaction without itself being consumed in the reaction
3.12
CCS energy consumption
total energy used for the development and operation of a CCS project
3.13
chemical absorption
process in which CO is absorbed by chemical reaction
3.14
circulating dry scrubber
type of semi-dry FGD using hydrated lime as chemical reagent which is based on a circulating bed
reactor set up to desulfurize the flue gas
3.15
clinker
mass of incombustible matter fused together
3.16
CO capture
separation of CO in such a manner as to produce a concentrated stream of CO that can readily be
2 2
transported for storage
3.17
CO capture rate
ratio of the captured CO mass flow rate at CO capture system to the inlet CO mass flow rate to CO
2 2 2 2
capture system
2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

3.18
CO processing unit
group of processes used in the purification of the CO rich gas to a desired CO specification
2 2
Note 1 to entry: Also known as compression and purification unit (CPU), CO purification unit (CPU), cryogenic
purification unit, gas processing unit (GPU).
3.19
critical pressure
vapour pressure at the critical temperature
3.20
critical temperature
temperature above which liquid cannot be formed simply by increasing the pressure
3.21
decarboxylation reaction
chemical breakdown of compounds containing carbonates
3.22
degradation
act or process of chemical which makes its functional effectiveness or chemical purity decrease towards
the failure to meet the performance of the plant through physical and chemical breakdown or reaction
with other substances
3.23
dehydration
process of removing water from a stream or material
3.24
demineralized water
demin water
water of which the mineral matter or salts have been removed
Note 1 to entry: Sometimes designated as demin water.
3.25
demister
device, often fitted with vapour-liquid separator vessels, to enhance the removal of liquid droplets or
mist entrained in a vapour stream
3.26
desorption
release of CO from absorbent or adsorbent
3.27
direct quench
process where hot gas is cooled by injection of water, cool gas or water immersion
3.28
effluent
flow of waste material discharged into the environment
3.29
equilibrium
state of balance between opposing forces or actions that is either static or dynamic
3.30
flash gas
gas separated from a liquid by pressure reduction
3.31
flue gas
gases produced by combustion of a fuel that are normally emitted to the atmosphere
3.32
flue gas condenser
process of removing water from the flue gas by cooling
3.33
flue gas desulfurization
equipment normally used in the removal of SO in the flue gas by using chemical reagents
x
3.34
flue gas processing unit
unit of processes used to remove different criteria pollutants (SO , NO , PM, etc.) from flue gas of boilers
x x
or fired heaters
Note 1 to entry: Also known as environmental island, air quality control system (AQCS), gas quality control
system (GQCS).
3.35
forced oxidation wet flue gas desulfurization
type of wet FGD using limestone as chemical reagent
3.36
gas turbine
machine in which a fuel is burned with compressed air or oxygen and mechanical work is recovered by
the expansion of the hot products
3.37
gasification
reaction that coal, biomass, petroleum coke, or natural gas is converted into a syngas composed mainly
of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H )
3.38
gasifier
reactor in which coal, biomass, petroleum coke, or natural gas is converted into a syngas composed
mainly of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H )
3.39
membrane
permeable solid material that selectively separates the components of a fluid mixture
3.40
mist
stream of liquid in the form of very small drops
3.41
nitrosamine
any of various organic compounds which are characterized by the grouping NNO
3.42
nitramine
any of various organic compounds which are characterized by the grouping NNO
3.43
off-gas
gas that is produced as a by-product of a process
4 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

3.44
oxy-combustion
oxyfuel combustion
process involving combustion of a fuel with pure oxygen or a mixture of oxygen and re-circulated flue gas
3.45
oxy-CFB boiler
CFB boiler using technology based on oxyfuel combustion with recycled flue gas
3.46
oxy-PC boiler
PC boiler using technology based on oxyfuel combustion with recycled flue gas
3.47
particulate emission
solid and liquid particles that are by-products of combustion entrained in flue gas exiting the stack of a
fossil fueled boiler
3.48
permeability rate
quantity of flow of gas (or liquid) through a membrane per unit of time and area
3.49
permeance
measure of gas actually flowing through a membrane per unit of pressure differential
Note 1 to entry: In general, it is expressed in gas permeance units (GPU).
-6 3 2
Note 2 to entry: 1 GPU = 10 cm (STP)/scm (cmHg).
3.50
physical absorption
process where a solvent absorbs a gas physically with pressure and without chemical reaction
3.51
post-combustion capture
capture of carbon dioxide from flue gas stream produced by fuel air combustion
3.52
power output
electricity which is produced or supplied from a power plant
3.53
pre-combustion capture
capture of carbon dioxide following the processing of the fuel before combustion
3.54
pressure swing adsorption
method of separating gases using the physical adsorption of one gas at high pressure and releasing it at
low pressure
3.55
pulverized coal
finely ground coal
3.56
pulverized coal boiler
utility boilers using pulverized fuel or coal as fuel
3.57
pulverized fuel
finely ground solid fuels such as coal or biomass
3.58
quench
to cool hot gas suddenly
3.59
radiant quench design
design of the process where hot gas is cooled by radiant cooler
3.60
reaction rate
speed of a chemical reaction
3.61
reclaimer
process or unit that regenerates deteriorated absorbent
3.62
recycled flue gas
flue gas recycled to moderate the combustion temperature
3.63
regenerator
see stripper (3.79)
3.64
reliability
ability of an item to perform a required function, under given environmental and operational conditions
and for a stated period of time
[SOURCE: ISO 8402]
3.65
retrofit
modification of the existing equipment to upgrade and incorporate changes after installation
[SOURCE: IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage]
Note 1 to entry: See IEA Technology Roadmap: Carbon Capture and Storage.
3.66
saturation
point of a solution condition at which a solution of a substance can dissolve no more of that substance
and additional amounts of it will appear as a separate phase at the stable condition
3.67
scrubber
gas liquid contactor device, normally used to remove gaseous and solid emissions from flue gas streams
3.68
selectivity
degree that one substance is absorbed in comparison to others
[SOURCE: US Department of Energy/National Energy Technology Laboratory, Advanced Carbon Dioxide
Capture R&D Program: Technology Update, February 2013]
3.69
shift conversion
see shift reaction (3.71)
3.70
shift converter
reactor in which the water-gas shift reaction, CO + H O = CO + H , takes place
2 2 2
6 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

3.71
shift reaction
chemical formation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen from carbon monoxide and water
3.72
sludge
semi-liquid (or semi-solid) residue or solids separated from suspension in a liquid in industrial
processes and treatment of sewage and waste water
3.73
slurry
thick, flowable mixture of solids and a liquid, usually water
3.74
solute
dissolved substance in a solution
3.75
solvent
liquid substance capable of dissolving CO
3.76
sorbent
substance that absorbs CO or to which CO is adsorbed
2 2
3.77
sour shift (reaction)
shift reaction without removing H S or COS
3.78
steam reforming
catalytic process in which a hydrocarbon is reacted with steam to produce a mixture of H , CO and CO
2 2
3.79
stripper
gas-liquid contacting device, in which a component is transferred from liquid phase to the gas phase
Note 1 to entry: Can also be referred to as “regenerator” or “desorber”.
3.80
sweet shift (reaction)
shift reaction after removing H S or COS
3.81
syngas
synthetic gas produced through gasification process
3.82
treated gas
gas finally discharged from the CO capture process in the emission side after being processed to have
a lower CO concentration than the feed gas
3.83
waste water
water for which there is no use in the process anymore
3.84
water gas shift
see shift reaction (3.71)
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
%RH % relative humidity
AAS Amino acid salt
ACI Activated carbon injection
AEP American Electric Power
AGR Acid gas removal
AIGA Asian Industrial Gas Association
AOD Argon-oxygen decarbonization
AQCS Air quality control systems
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASU Air separation unit
A-USC Advanced ultra-supercritical
BAC Booster air compressor
BAHX Brazed aluminium heat exchanger
BAT Best available technology
BF Blast furnace
BFG Blast furnace gas
...