ISO 20480-5:2023

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 20480-5
First edition
2023-12
Fine bubble technology — General
principles for usage and measurement
of fine bubbles —
Part 5:
Shelled bubble vocabulary
Technologie des fines bulles — Principes généraux pour l'utilisation et
le mesurage des fines bulles —
Partie 5: Vocabulaire des bulles enveloppées
Reference number
© ISO 2023
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Terms related to shelled bubble . 1
3.2 Terms related to shelled bubble categorization . . 4
3.3 Terms related to generation and characterization of shelled bubbles . 5
Index . 6
iii
Foreword
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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 281, Fine bubble technology.
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iv
Introduction
Fine bubbles are the bubbles of a size typically less than 100 μm. Fine bubbles without a shell have
recently seen growth in their applications in both industrial and biomedical fields, especially
wastewater treatment, food processing, ultrasound imaging and medicine.
This document recognizes general principles of the definition of fine bubbles. However, it is to define
the fine bubbles with shell materials encapsulation at the gas-liquid interface, resulting longer stability
and controllability when application.
The shelled gas bubbles have shown extraordinary potential when used in the biomedical and food
industries, especially in the applications of drug delivery and ultrasonic imaging. Shelled bubbles
combine the unique responsiveness of bubbles to ultrasound and the specific functionalization of shells.
Bubbles have a strong acoustic impedance, which allows them to reflect sound waves far more
efficiently than the surrounding fluid and biological tissue. Therefore, the use of bubbles in ultrasound
imaging can effectively enhance the reflection of ultrasound, so as to obtain a higher image resolution.
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound can be used to observe blood perfusion in an organ, to measure the flow
rate of blood in the heart or other organs, and for a number of other purposes.
Different types of materials can also be chosen to endow bubbles with different functions, such as
specific targeting, and carriers for drugs, genes and other contrast agents for multimodal imaging.
Besides, bioactive gases such as oxygen gas, nitric oxide, hydrogen can be stored in the shelled bubble.
Bubbles coated with nutritional ingredients or drugs can help to improve the nutrition or act as a
medicinal aid in food.
When a gaseous core is encapsulated with shell materials encapsulated at the gas-liquid interface, it will
result in longer stability and increased controllability when applied. With the shell, the size distribution
of fine bubbles can be further controlled. The bioactive gasses (e.g. oxygen, hydrogen, nitric oxide) and/
or soluble gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ozone) bubbles can be obtained
in the solution for a longer duration time. Other functions of fine bubbles can be also tuned for specific
applications. There is no document for distinction between a shelled bubble and nanoparticle or a fine
bubble without a shell.
This document specifies terms, definitions and categories of a shelled bubble. Shelled bubbles accelerate
further applications in the biomedical field, and also initiate new applications in other fields, such as
energy storage, the food industry, environmental technology, agriculture and separation technologies.
Development of appropriate general principles for usage, measurement and vocabulary for shelled
bubbles is therefore critical to business trade or product acceptance by hospitals and consumers.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 20480-5:2023(E)
Fine bubble technology — General principles for usage and
measurement of fine bubbles —
Part 5:
Shelled bubble vocabulary
1 Scope
This document specifies the general principles of the definition of bubbles with shells, including the
gas-filled structures/particles dispersed in liquids. The shell cited in this document is one created
deliberately in manufacturing. Shells created by naturally occurring layers created on the surface of
bubbles due to adhesion
...