ISO 19136-2:2015
(Main)Geographic information - Geography Markup Language (GML) - Part 2: Extended schemas and encoding rules
Geographic information - Geography Markup Language (GML) - Part 2: Extended schemas and encoding rules
The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML encoding in compliance with ISO 19118 for the transport and storage of geographic information modelled in accordance with the conceptual modelling framework used in the ISO 19100‑ series of International Standards and including both the spatial and non-spatial properties of geographic features. ISO 19136-2:2015 defines the XML Schema syntax, mechanisms and conventions that: ? provide an open, vendor-neutral framework for the description of geospatial application schemas for the transport and storage of geographic information in XML; ? allow profiles that support proper subsets of GML framework descriptive capabilities; ? support the description of geospatial application schemas for specialized domains and information communities; ? enable the creation and maintenance of linked geographic application schemas and datasets; ? support the storage and transport of application schemas and datasets; ? increase the ability of organizations to share geographic application schemas and the information they describe. Implementers may decide to store geographic application schemas and information in GML, or they may decide to convert from some other storage format on demand and use GML only for schema and data transport. ISO 19136-2:2015 builds on ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), and extends it with additional schema components and requirements. NOTE If an ISO 19109 conformant application schema described in UML is used as the basis for the storage and transportation of geographic information, this part of ISO 19136 provides normative rules for the mapping of such an application schema to a GML application schema in XML Schema and, as such, to an XML encoding for data with a logical structure in accordance with the ISO 19109 conformant application schema.
Information géographique — Langage de balisage en géographie (GML) — Partie 2: Schémas étendus et règles d'encodage
Le langage GML (Geography Markup Language, Langage de balisage en géographie) est un codage XML conforme à l'ISO 19118 pour le transport et le stockage des informations géographiques modélisées conformément au cadre de modélisation conceptuelle utilisé dans la série de Normes internationales ISO 19100, et comprenant les propriétés spatiales et non spatiales des entités géographiques. La présente partie de l'ISO 19136 définit la syntaxe, les mécanismes et les conventions du schéma XML qui: — offrent un cadre ouvert indépendant du fournisseur pour la description des schémas d'application géospatiale pour le transport et le stockage des informations géographiques en langage XML; — autorisent les profils prenant en charge les sous-ensembles corrects de possibilités descriptives du cadre GML; — prennent en charge la description des schémas d'application géospatiale pour les domaines et communautés d'informations spécialisés; — permettent de créer et d'entretenir des schémas d'application géographique associés et des ensembles de données; — prennent en charge le stockage et le transport des schémas d'application et des ensembles de données; — augmentent les possibilités d'organisation pour partager des schémas d'application géographique et les informations qu'ils décrivent. Les implémenteurs peuvent choisir de stocker les schémas d'application géographique et les informations en GML, ou de les convertir à la demande à partir d'un autre format de stockage et d'utiliser GML uniquement pour le schéma et le transport des données. La présente partie de l'ISO 19136 s'appuie sur l'ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2) et la complète avec des composants de schéma et des exigences supplémentaires. NOTE Si un schéma d'application conforme à l'ISO 19109 décrit en langage UML est utilisé comme base du stockage et du transport des informations géographiques, la présente partie de l'ISO 19136 donne les règles normatives de mise en correspondance de ce type de schéma d'application avec le schéma d'application GML en langage XML et, en tant que tel, avec le codage XML pour les données dotées d'une structure logique conformément au schéma d'application conforme à l'ISO 19109.
Geografske informacije - Jezik za označevanje geografskih podatkov (GML) - 2. del: Razširjene sheme in pravila kodiranja
Jezik za označevanje geografskih podatkov (GML) je koda XML v skladu s standardom ISO 19118 za transport in hrambo geografskih informacij, modeliranih v skladu z ogrodjem za konceptualno
modeliranje, uporabljenim v skupini mednarodnih standardov ISO 19100, ki vključuje tako prostorske kot
neprostorske lastnosti geografskih pojmov.
Ta del standarda ISO 19136 določa skladnjo, mehanizme in konvencije za shemo XML, ki:
– zagotavljajo odprto, prodajno-nevtralno ogrodje za opis geoprostorskih aplikacijskih shem za transport in hrambo geografskih informacij v shemi XML;
– omogočajo profile, ki podpirajo opisovalne zmožnosti podnaborov ogrodja GML;
– podpirajo opis geoprostorskih aplikacijskih shem za posebne domene in podatkovne skupnosti;
– omogočajo izdelavo in ohranjanje povezanih geografskih aplikacijskih shem in naborov podatkov;
– podpirajo hrambo in transport aplikacijskih shem in naborov podatkov;
– povečujejo zmožnost organizacij za skupno rabo geografskih aplikacijskih shem in informacij, ki jih opisujejo.
Izvajalci se lahko odločijo in hranijo geografske aplikacijske sheme in podatke v shemi GML ali pa jih pretvorijo iz drugih formatov za shranjevanje in uporabijo GML samo za sheme in transport podatkov.
Ta del standarda ISO 19136 temelji na standardu ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2) in ga dopolnjuje z dodatnimi shematskimi komponentami in zahtevami.
OPOMBA: Če je aplikacijska shema v skladu s standardom ISO 19109, opisana v obliki UML, uporabljena kot osnova za hrambo in transport geografskih informacij, ta del standarda ISO 19136 zagotavlja normativna pravila za preslikavo takšnih aplikacijskih shem v aplikacijske sheme GML v shemi XML in kot take v kode XML za podatke z logično strukturo skladno z aplikacijskimi shemami v skladu s standardom ISO 19109.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 03-Aug-2015
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 211 - Geographic information/Geomatics
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 211/WG 4 - Geospatial services
- Current Stage
- 9020 - International Standard under periodical review
- Start Date
- 15-Oct-2025
- Completion Date
- 15-Oct-2025
Relations
- Effective Date
- 23-Feb-2012
Overview
ISO 19136-2:2015 - "Geographic information - Geography Markup Language (GML) - Part 2: Extended schemas and encoding rules" extends the core GML specification (ISO 19136:2007 / GML 3.2) with additional XML Schema components, encoding rules and conventions. It defines an open, vendor‑neutral framework for describing geospatial application schemas and for the transport and storage of geographic information (both spatial and non‑spatial properties) using XML/GML. The part also provides normative mapping rules when an ISO 19109 UML application schema is used as the basis for storage and transport.
Key topics and technical requirements
- XML Schema syntax and conventions for GML application schemas, including namespaces and MIME media types.
- Mechanisms to create profiles that represent proper subsets of the GML framework for constrained use-cases.
- Extended schema components covering compact encodings of commonly used geometries (e.g., SimplePolygon, SimpleRectangle, SimpleCircle, various arc encodings).
- Triangulated Irregular Networks (TINs) and related types for terrain and surface modeling.
- Linear Referencing capabilities (position expressions, linear elements, offset and referent models) for route and asset location along linear features.
- Localization support (localisable strings and language types) and other additional base types.
- Conformance and mapping rules, including normative guidance to map ISO 19109 UML application schemas to GML XML Schema and XML encodings.
- Support for linked application schemas and datasets, and provisions for storage vs. transport strategies (store in GML or convert on demand).
Practical applications
ISO 19136-2:2015 is intended for organizations and projects that need a standardized XML encoding for complex geospatial models and datasets. Use cases include:
- Exchanging geospatial application schemas and datasets between GIS platforms and web services.
- Encoding terrain models and surfaces using TIN for engineering, hydrology or 3D modeling.
- Implementing linear-referencing systems for transportation networks, utility asset management, and route-based analytics.
- Creating constrained GML profiles for domain-specific applications to ensure interoperability.
- Enabling multilingual metadata and localized content in geospatial data exchanges.
Who should use this standard
- GIS software and data implementers, developers and vendors
- Spatial data custodians and national mapping agencies
- Systems integrators building geospatial data exchange pipelines
- Standards bodies and interoperability program managers
- Domain experts requiring precise encoding rules (transportation, utilities, environmental modeling)
Related standards
- ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2) - core GML specification
- ISO 19118 - XML encoding rules for geographic information
- ISO 19109 - Rules for application schema (UML mapping guidance)
- ISO 19100 series - conceptual modelling framework for geographic information
Keywords: ISO 19136-2:2015, Geography Markup Language, GML, XML Schema, geospatial application schema, GML 3.2, TIN, linear referencing, ISO 19109.
ISO 19136-2:2015 - Geographic information -- Geography Markup Language (GML)
ISO 19136-2:2015 - Information géographique -- Langage de balisage en géographie (GML)
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 19136-2:2015 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Geographic information - Geography Markup Language (GML) - Part 2: Extended schemas and encoding rules". This standard covers: The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML encoding in compliance with ISO 19118 for the transport and storage of geographic information modelled in accordance with the conceptual modelling framework used in the ISO 19100‑ series of International Standards and including both the spatial and non-spatial properties of geographic features. ISO 19136-2:2015 defines the XML Schema syntax, mechanisms and conventions that: ? provide an open, vendor-neutral framework for the description of geospatial application schemas for the transport and storage of geographic information in XML; ? allow profiles that support proper subsets of GML framework descriptive capabilities; ? support the description of geospatial application schemas for specialized domains and information communities; ? enable the creation and maintenance of linked geographic application schemas and datasets; ? support the storage and transport of application schemas and datasets; ? increase the ability of organizations to share geographic application schemas and the information they describe. Implementers may decide to store geographic application schemas and information in GML, or they may decide to convert from some other storage format on demand and use GML only for schema and data transport. ISO 19136-2:2015 builds on ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), and extends it with additional schema components and requirements. NOTE If an ISO 19109 conformant application schema described in UML is used as the basis for the storage and transportation of geographic information, this part of ISO 19136 provides normative rules for the mapping of such an application schema to a GML application schema in XML Schema and, as such, to an XML encoding for data with a logical structure in accordance with the ISO 19109 conformant application schema.
The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML encoding in compliance with ISO 19118 for the transport and storage of geographic information modelled in accordance with the conceptual modelling framework used in the ISO 19100‑ series of International Standards and including both the spatial and non-spatial properties of geographic features. ISO 19136-2:2015 defines the XML Schema syntax, mechanisms and conventions that: ? provide an open, vendor-neutral framework for the description of geospatial application schemas for the transport and storage of geographic information in XML; ? allow profiles that support proper subsets of GML framework descriptive capabilities; ? support the description of geospatial application schemas for specialized domains and information communities; ? enable the creation and maintenance of linked geographic application schemas and datasets; ? support the storage and transport of application schemas and datasets; ? increase the ability of organizations to share geographic application schemas and the information they describe. Implementers may decide to store geographic application schemas and information in GML, or they may decide to convert from some other storage format on demand and use GML only for schema and data transport. ISO 19136-2:2015 builds on ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), and extends it with additional schema components and requirements. NOTE If an ISO 19109 conformant application schema described in UML is used as the basis for the storage and transportation of geographic information, this part of ISO 19136 provides normative rules for the mapping of such an application schema to a GML application schema in XML Schema and, as such, to an XML encoding for data with a logical structure in accordance with the ISO 19109 conformant application schema.
ISO 19136-2:2015 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 35.240.70 - IT applications in science. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 19136-2:2015 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 19136:2007. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase ISO 19136-2:2015 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of ISO standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2016
*HRJUDIVNHLQIRUPDFLMH-H]LN]DR]QDþHYDQMHJHRJUDIVNLKSRGDWNRY*0/
GHO5D]ãLUMHQHVKHPHLQSUDYLODNRGLUDQMD
Geographic information -- Geography Markup Language (GML) -- Part 2: Extended
schemas and encoding rules
Information géographique -- Langage de balisage en géographie (GML) -- Partie 2:
Schémas étendus et règles d'encodage
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 19136-2:2015
ICS:
07.040 Astronomija. Geodezija. Astronomy. Geodesy.
Geografija Geography
35.060 Jeziki, ki se uporabljajo v Languages used in
informacijski tehniki in information technology
tehnologiji
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19136-2
First edition
2015-08-01
Geographic information — Geography
Markup Language (GML) —
Part 2:
Extended schemas and encoding rules
Information géographique — Langage de balisage en géographie
(GML) —
Partie 2: Schémas étendus et règles d’encodage
Reference number
©
ISO 2015
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
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ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .vi
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance . 1
3 Normative references . 2
4 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.2 Terms and definitions . 2
4.3 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 3
5 Conventions . 3
5.1 MIME media types . 3
5.2 XML namespaces . 3
5.3 Deprecated parts of previous versions of GML . 4
6 Additional base types . 5
6.1 Target namespace . 5
6.2 Localisable strings . 5
6.2.1 LanguageStringType . 5
6.2.2 Additional types based on LanguageStringType . 5
6.3 TimePositionUnion . 5
6.4 Requirements class . 7
6.5 Conformance . 7
7 Compact Encodings of Commonly Used GML Geometries . 8
7.1 Target namespace . 8
7.2 Introduction . 8
7.3 SimplePolygon . 8
7.4 SimpleRectangle . 9
7.5 SimpleTriangle .10
7.6 SimpleArcString .10
7.7 SimpleArc .11
7.8 SimpleArcByCenterPoint .11
7.9 SimpleArcStringByBulge .12
7.10 SimpleArcByBulge .12
7.11 SimpleCircle .13
7.12 SimpleCircleByCenterPoint .13
7.13 SimpleMultiPoint .14
7.14 MultiPointPropertyType .14
7.15 Requirements class .14
7.16 Conformance .14
8 Triangulated Irregular Networks.15
8.1 Target namespace .15
8.2 Introduction .15
8.3 TriangulatedSurface .15
8.4 SimpleTrianglePatch .15
8.5 TIN .16
8.6 TINElement .16
8.7 TINElementPropertyType .17
8.8 TINElementTypeType .17
8.9 Requirements class .19
8.10 Conformance .20
9 Linear Referencing .20
9.1 Target namespaces .20
9.2 Introduction .20
9.3 Basic Linear Referencing .21
9.3.1 Target namespace .21
9.3.2 Introduction .21
9.3.3 PositionExpression .21
9.3.4 PositionExpressionPropertyType .21
9.3.5 LinearElement . .22
9.3.6 LinearElementPropertyType .23
9.3.7 StartValueType .23
9.3.8 LinearReferencingMethod .23
9.3.9 LinearReferencingMethodPropertyType .24
9.3.10 DistanceExpressionType .24
9.3.11 DistanceExpressionPropertyType .25
9.3.12 AlongReferent .25
9.3.13 AlongReferentPropertyType .25
9.3.14 Referent .26
9.3.15 ReferentPropertyType .27
9.3.16 MeasureType .27
9.3.17 LRMNameType .27
9.3.18 LRMTypeType .31
9.3.19 ReferentTypeType .32
9.3.20 LinearSRS .33
9.3.21 LinearSRSPropertyType .33
9.4 Linear Referencing Towards Referent .34
9.4.1 Target namespace .34
9.4.2 Introduction .34
9.4.3 DualAlongReferent .34
9.4.4 DualAlongReferentPropertyType .34
9.5 Linear Referencing Offset .35
9.5.1 Target namespace .35
9.5.2 Introduction .35
9.5.3 LRMWithOffset .35
9.5.4 LRMWithOffsetPropertyType .35
9.5.5 LateralOffsetDistanceExpressionType .36
9.5.6 LateralOffsetExpressionType .36
9.5.7 VerticalOffsetExpressionType .37
9.5.8 LateralOffsetDirectionType .38
9.5.9 VerticalOffsetDirectionType .39
9.5.10 LateralOffsetLinearSRS .39
9.5.11 LateralOffsetLinearSRSPropertyType .40
9.6 Linear Referencing Offset Vectors .41
9.6.1 Target namespace .41
9.6.2 Introduction .41
9.6.3 VectorOffsetDistanceExpressionType .41
9.6.4 VectorOffsetExpressionType .41
9.6.5 VectorOffsetLinearSRS .42
9.6.6 VectorOffsetLinearSRSPropertyType .45
9.7 Requirements classes .45
9.8 Conformance .47
10 ReferenceableGrid .48
10.1 Target namespace .48
10.2 Clarifications to ISO 19123:2005 .48
10.3 AbstractReferenceableGrid .49
10.4 ReferenceableGridByArray .50
10.5 ReferenceableGridByVectorsType, ReferenceableGridByVectors.51
10.6 ReferenceableGridByTransformation .57
10.7 gridCRS .58
10.8 Coverages using ReferenceableGrid .58
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
10.9 Requirements classes .58
10.10 Conformance .59
11 Code lists, dictionaries and definitions.60
11.1 Overview .60
11.2 Requirements class .61
11.3 Conformance .62
12 Encoding rule .62
12.1 Target namespace .62
12.2 Improved conversion rule .62
12.2.1 Conversion rule changes .62
12.2.2 Requirements class .64
12.2.3 Conformance .65
12.3 Association class conversion rule .67
12.3.1 Overview .67
12.3.2 Requirements class .68
12.3.3 Conformance .69
12.4 Encoding rule extensions .70
12.4.1 Overview .70
12.4.2 gmlexr:extendedEncodingRule .70
12.4.3 Requirements class .70
12.4.4 Conformance class .71
Annex A (informative) Linear referencing method examples .73
Bibliography .78
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
The Geography Markup Language (GML) was originally developed within the Open Geospatial Consortium
(OGC). The Committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
ISO 19136 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic Information — Geography
Markup Language:
— Part 2: Extended schemas and encoding rules
A future Part 1 will revise and replace the currently available ISO 19136:2007.
vi © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Geography Markup Language is an XML grammar written in XML Schema for the description of
application schemas as well as the transport and storage of geographic information.
The key concepts used by Geography Markup Language (GML) to model the world are drawn from the
ISO 19100- series of International Standards and the OpenGIS Abstract Specification.
A feature is an “abstraction of real world phenomena” (ISO 19101); it is a geographic feature if it is
associated with a location relative to the Earth. So a digital representation of the real world may be
thought of as a set of features. The state of a feature is defined by a set of properties, where each property
may be thought of as a {name, type, value} triple.
The number of properties a feature may have, together with their names and types, is determined by its
type definition. Geographic features with geometry are those with properties that may be geometry-
valued. A feature collection is a collection of features that may itself be regarded as a feature; as a
consequence a feature collection has a feature type and thus may have distinct properties of its own, in
addition to the features it contains.
Following ISO 19109, the feature types of an application or application domain is usually captured in an
application schema. A GML application schema is specified in XML Schema and can be constructed in
two different and alternative ways:
— by adhering to the rules specified in ISO 19109 for application schemas in UML, and conforming to
both the constraints on such schemas and the rules for mapping them to GML application schemas
specified in this part of ISO 19136;
— by adhering to the rules for GML application schemas specified in this part of ISO 19136 for creating
a GML application schema directly in XML Schema.
Both ways are supported by this part of ISO 19136. To ensure proper use of the conceptual modelling
framework of the ISO 19100- series of International Standards, all application schemas are expected
to be modelled in accordance with the General Feature Model as specified in ISO 19109. Within the
ISO 19100- series, UML is the preferred language by which to model conceptual schemas.
GML specifies XML encodings, conformant with ISO 19118, of several of the conceptual classes defined
in the ISO 19100- series of International Standards and the OpenGIS Abstract Specification. These
conceptual models include those defined in:
— ISO/TS 19103, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language (units of measure, basic types);
— ISO 19107, Geographic information — Spatial schema (geometry and topology objects);
— ISO 19108, Geographic information — Temporal schema (temporal geometry and topology objects,
temporal reference systems);
— ISO 19109, Geographic information — Rules for application schemas (features);
— ISO 19111, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates (coordinate reference systems);
— ISO 19123, Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry and functions;
— ISO 19148, Geographic information — Linear referencing.
The aim is to provide a standardized encoding (i.e. a standardized implementation in XML) of types
specified in the conceptual models specified by the International Standards listed above. If every
application schema were encoded independently and the encoding process included the types from, for
example, ISO 19108, then, without unambiguous and completely fixed encoding rules, the XML encodings
would be different. Also, since every implementation platform has specific strengths and weaknesses,
it is helpful to standardize XML encodings for core geographic information concepts modelled in the
ISO 19100- series of International Standards and commonly used in application schemas.
In many cases, the mapping from the conceptual classes is straightforward, while in some cases the
mapping is more complex (a detailed description of the mapping is part of this part of ISO 19136).
In addition, GML provides XML encodings for additional concepts not yet modelled in the ISO 19100-
series of International Standards or the OpenGIS Abstract Specification, for example, dynamic features,
simple observations or value objects.
Predefined types of geographic feature in GML include coverages and simple observations.
A coverage is a subtype of feature that has a coverage function with a spatiotemporal domain and a
value set range of homogeneous 1- to n-dimensional tuples. A coverage may represent one feature
or a collection of features “to model and make visible spatial relationships between, and the spatial
distribution of, Earth phenomena” (OGC Abstract Specification Topic 6) and a coverage “acts as a function
to return values from its range for any direct position within its spatiotemporal domain” (ISO 19123).
An observation models the act of observing, often with a camera or some other procedure, a person
or some form of instrument (Merriam-Webster Dictionary: “an act of recognizing and noting a fact or
occurrence often involving measurement with instruments”). An observation is considered to be a GML
feature with a time at which the observation took place, and with a value for the observation.
A reference system provides a scale of measurement for assigning values to a position, time or other
descriptive quantity or quality.
A coordinate reference system consists of a set of coordinate system axes that is related to the Earth
through a datum that defines the size and shape of the Earth.
A temporal reference system provides standard units for measuring time and describing temporal
length or duration.
A reference system dictionary provides definitions of reference systems used in spatial or temporal
geometries.
Spatial geometries are the values of spatial feature properties. They indicate the coordinate reference
system in which their measurements have been made. The “parent” geometry element of a geometric
complex or geometric aggregate makes this indication for its constituent geometries.
Temporal geometries are the values of temporal feature properties. Like their spatial counterparts, temporal
geometries indicate the temporal reference system in which their measurements have been made.
Spatial or temporal topologies are used to express the different topological relationships between features.
A units-of-measure dictionary provides definitions of numerical measures of physical quantities, such
as length, temperature and pressure, and of conversions between units.
viii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19136-2:2015(E)
Geographic information — Geography Markup Language
(GML) —
Part 2:
Extended schemas and encoding rules
1 Scope
The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML encoding in compliance with ISO 19118 for the
transport and storage of geographic information modelled in accordance with the conceptual modelling
framework used in the ISO 19100- series of International Standards and including both the spatial and
non-spatial properties of geographic features.
This part of ISO 19136 defines the XML Schema syntax, mechanisms and conventions that:
— provide an open, vendor-neutral framework for the description of geospatial application schemas
for the transport and storage of geographic information in XML;
— allow profiles that support proper subsets of GML framework descriptive capabilities;
— support the description of geospatial application schemas for specialized domains and
information communities;
— enable the creation and maintenance of linked geographic application schemas and datasets;
— support the storage and transport of application schemas and datasets;
— increase the ability of organizations to share geographic application schemas and the information
they describe.
Implementers may decide to store geographic application schemas and information in GML, or they
may decide to convert from some other storage format on demand and use GML only for schema and
data transport.
This part of ISO 19136 builds on ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), and extends it with additional schema
components and requirements.
NOTE If an ISO 19109 conformant application schema described in UML is used as the basis for the storage
and transportation of geographic information, this part of ISO 19136 provides normative rules for the mapping of
such an application schema to a GML application schema in XML Schema and, as such, to an XML encoding for data
with a logical structure in accordance with the ISO 19109 conformant application schema.
2 Conformance
This part of ISO 19136 defines XML implementations of concepts used in spatiotemporal datasets. It
extends the XML implementations specified in ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2). Requirements and conformance
classes specified in ISO 19136:2007 also apply for this part of ISO 19136.
XML instances that encode geographic information using one or more of the schemas specified in this
part of ISO 19136 are the standardization target of the requirements stated in this part of ISO 19136.
The implementation is described using the XML Schema language and Schematron.
Conformance classes are specified in Clauses 6 to 12 of this part of ISO 19136.
3 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19136:2007, Geographic information — Geography Markup Language (GML)
ISO 19148:2012, Geographic information — Linear referencing
1)
OGC Technical Committee Policies and Procedures: MIME Media Types for GML
ISO 8601:2004, Data elements and interchange formats — Information interchange — Representation of
dates and times
ISO/IEC 13249-3:2011, Information technology — Database languages — SQL multimedia and application
packages — Part 3: Spatial
4 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 General
For the purposes of this document, the terms, definitions, symbols abd abbreviated terms listed in
ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), Clause 4, apply.
4.2 Terms and definitions
In addition to the terms listed in ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), the following terms and definitions apply.
4.2.1
grid coordinate reference system
grid CRS
coordinate reference system for the positions in a grid that uses a defined coordinate system congruent
with the coordinate system described by the GridEnvelope and axisLabels of gml:GridType
Note 1 to entry: A grid CRS uses a defined coordinate system with the same grid point positions and origin as the
GridEnvelope, with the same axisLabels, but need not define any limits on the grid size. This coordinate system is
sometimes called the internal grid coordinate system.
4.2.2
referenceable grid
grid associated with a transformation that can be used to convert grid coordinate values to values of
coordinates referenced to an external coordinate reference system
Note 1 to entry: If the coordinate reference system is related to the Earth by a datum, the grid is a
georeferenceable grid.
[SOURCE: ISO 19123:2005, 4.1.33]
1) The latest version at the publication of this part of ISO 19136 is OGC document 09-144r1. The MIME type
is currently in the registration process at IETF / IANA. The reference has intentionally been undated so that the
reference is to the latest version in case changes to the MIME media type specification are required as part of the
registration process.
2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
4.3 Symbols and abbreviated terms
In addition to the symbols and abbreviated terms listed in ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), the following are
used in this document:
LRS Linear Referencing System
OWL Web Ontology Language
OWS OGC Web Services
SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System
5 Conventions
5.1 MIME media types
For exchanging GML instance documents over the internet, the media type “application/gml+xml” is
used as specified by the OGC Technical Committee Policies and Procedures: MIME Media Types for GML.
5.2 XML namespaces
The XML namespaces used within this part of ISO 19136 are listed in Table 1. For each namespace, the
namespace prefix used within this document and the canonical location of the all-components schema
document are provided, too.
Table 1 — XML Namespaces
Name-
XML Namespace space Canonical location of all-components schema document
prefix
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.2 gml http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.2.1/gml.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/xbt gmlxbt http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/extdBaseTypes.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/ce gmlce http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/geometryCompact.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/tin gmltin http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/tin.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/lr gmllr http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/linearRef.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/lrtr http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/linearRefTowardsRef-
gmllrtr
erent.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/lro gmllro http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/linearRefOffset.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/lrov gmllrov http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/linearRefOffsetVector.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/rgrid gmlr- http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/referenceableGrid.xsd
grid
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/xer gmlexr http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/extdEncRule.xsd
http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink xlink http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink.xsd
http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/name- http://www.w3.org/2001/xml.xsd
xml
space
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema xs (or n/a
default)
NOTE 1 A GML application schema conforming to this part of ISO 19136 will import the GML 3.2 schema plus
zero or more additional GML 3.3 schemas as needed.
EXAMPLE 1 The following GML application schema imports both the GML 3.2 schema and the GML 3.3 compact
geometry encoding.
targetNamespace=”http://www.example.org/app”
xmlns:app=”http://www.example.org/app”
xmlns:gmlce=”http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/ce”
xmlns:gml=”http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.2”
xmlns:xlink=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema”
xmlns:xml=”http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace”
elementFormDefault=”qualified”
version=”1.0.0”>
schemaLocation=”http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.2.1/gml.xsd”/>
schemaLocation=”http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/geometryCompact.xsd”/>
type=”app:ParcelType”/>
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19136-2
First edition
2015-08-01
Geographic information — Geography
Markup Language (GML) —
Part 2:
Extended schemas and encoding rules
Information géographique — Langage de balisage en géographie
(GML) —
Partie 2: Schémas étendus et règles d’encodage
Reference number
©
ISO 2015
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .vi
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance . 1
3 Normative references . 2
4 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.2 Terms and definitions . 2
4.3 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 3
5 Conventions . 3
5.1 MIME media types . 3
5.2 XML namespaces . 3
5.3 Deprecated parts of previous versions of GML . 4
6 Additional base types . 5
6.1 Target namespace . 5
6.2 Localisable strings . 5
6.2.1 LanguageStringType . 5
6.2.2 Additional types based on LanguageStringType . 5
6.3 TimePositionUnion . 5
6.4 Requirements class . 7
6.5 Conformance . 7
7 Compact Encodings of Commonly Used GML Geometries . 8
7.1 Target namespace . 8
7.2 Introduction . 8
7.3 SimplePolygon . 8
7.4 SimpleRectangle . 9
7.5 SimpleTriangle .10
7.6 SimpleArcString .10
7.7 SimpleArc .11
7.8 SimpleArcByCenterPoint .11
7.9 SimpleArcStringByBulge .12
7.10 SimpleArcByBulge .12
7.11 SimpleCircle .13
7.12 SimpleCircleByCenterPoint .13
7.13 SimpleMultiPoint .14
7.14 MultiPointPropertyType .14
7.15 Requirements class .14
7.16 Conformance .14
8 Triangulated Irregular Networks.15
8.1 Target namespace .15
8.2 Introduction .15
8.3 TriangulatedSurface .15
8.4 SimpleTrianglePatch .15
8.5 TIN .16
8.6 TINElement .16
8.7 TINElementPropertyType .17
8.8 TINElementTypeType .17
8.9 Requirements class .19
8.10 Conformance .20
9 Linear Referencing .20
9.1 Target namespaces .20
9.2 Introduction .20
9.3 Basic Linear Referencing .21
9.3.1 Target namespace .21
9.3.2 Introduction .21
9.3.3 PositionExpression .21
9.3.4 PositionExpressionPropertyType .21
9.3.5 LinearElement . .22
9.3.6 LinearElementPropertyType .23
9.3.7 StartValueType .23
9.3.8 LinearReferencingMethod .23
9.3.9 LinearReferencingMethodPropertyType .24
9.3.10 DistanceExpressionType .24
9.3.11 DistanceExpressionPropertyType .25
9.3.12 AlongReferent .25
9.3.13 AlongReferentPropertyType .25
9.3.14 Referent .26
9.3.15 ReferentPropertyType .27
9.3.16 MeasureType .27
9.3.17 LRMNameType .27
9.3.18 LRMTypeType .31
9.3.19 ReferentTypeType .32
9.3.20 LinearSRS .33
9.3.21 LinearSRSPropertyType .33
9.4 Linear Referencing Towards Referent .34
9.4.1 Target namespace .34
9.4.2 Introduction .34
9.4.3 DualAlongReferent .34
9.4.4 DualAlongReferentPropertyType .34
9.5 Linear Referencing Offset .35
9.5.1 Target namespace .35
9.5.2 Introduction .35
9.5.3 LRMWithOffset .35
9.5.4 LRMWithOffsetPropertyType .35
9.5.5 LateralOffsetDistanceExpressionType .36
9.5.6 LateralOffsetExpressionType .36
9.5.7 VerticalOffsetExpressionType .37
9.5.8 LateralOffsetDirectionType .38
9.5.9 VerticalOffsetDirectionType .39
9.5.10 LateralOffsetLinearSRS .39
9.5.11 LateralOffsetLinearSRSPropertyType .40
9.6 Linear Referencing Offset Vectors .41
9.6.1 Target namespace .41
9.6.2 Introduction .41
9.6.3 VectorOffsetDistanceExpressionType .41
9.6.4 VectorOffsetExpressionType .41
9.6.5 VectorOffsetLinearSRS .42
9.6.6 VectorOffsetLinearSRSPropertyType .45
9.7 Requirements classes .45
9.8 Conformance .47
10 ReferenceableGrid .48
10.1 Target namespace .48
10.2 Clarifications to ISO 19123:2005 .48
10.3 AbstractReferenceableGrid .49
10.4 ReferenceableGridByArray .50
10.5 ReferenceableGridByVectorsType, ReferenceableGridByVectors.51
10.6 ReferenceableGridByTransformation .57
10.7 gridCRS .58
10.8 Coverages using ReferenceableGrid .58
iv © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
10.9 Requirements classes .58
10.10 Conformance .59
11 Code lists, dictionaries and definitions.60
11.1 Overview .60
11.2 Requirements class .61
11.3 Conformance .62
12 Encoding rule .62
12.1 Target namespace .62
12.2 Improved conversion rule .62
12.2.1 Conversion rule changes .62
12.2.2 Requirements class .64
12.2.3 Conformance .65
12.3 Association class conversion rule .67
12.3.1 Overview .67
12.3.2 Requirements class .68
12.3.3 Conformance .69
12.4 Encoding rule extensions .70
12.4.1 Overview .70
12.4.2 gmlexr:extendedEncodingRule .70
12.4.3 Requirements class .70
12.4.4 Conformance class .71
Annex A (informative) Linear referencing method examples .73
Bibliography .78
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
The Geography Markup Language (GML) was originally developed within the Open Geospatial Consortium
(OGC). The Committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
ISO 19136 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic Information — Geography
Markup Language:
— Part 2: Extended schemas and encoding rules
A future Part 1 will revise and replace the currently available ISO 19136:2007.
vi © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Geography Markup Language is an XML grammar written in XML Schema for the description of
application schemas as well as the transport and storage of geographic information.
The key concepts used by Geography Markup Language (GML) to model the world are drawn from the
ISO 19100- series of International Standards and the OpenGIS Abstract Specification.
A feature is an “abstraction of real world phenomena” (ISO 19101); it is a geographic feature if it is
associated with a location relative to the Earth. So a digital representation of the real world may be
thought of as a set of features. The state of a feature is defined by a set of properties, where each property
may be thought of as a {name, type, value} triple.
The number of properties a feature may have, together with their names and types, is determined by its
type definition. Geographic features with geometry are those with properties that may be geometry-
valued. A feature collection is a collection of features that may itself be regarded as a feature; as a
consequence a feature collection has a feature type and thus may have distinct properties of its own, in
addition to the features it contains.
Following ISO 19109, the feature types of an application or application domain is usually captured in an
application schema. A GML application schema is specified in XML Schema and can be constructed in
two different and alternative ways:
— by adhering to the rules specified in ISO 19109 for application schemas in UML, and conforming to
both the constraints on such schemas and the rules for mapping them to GML application schemas
specified in this part of ISO 19136;
— by adhering to the rules for GML application schemas specified in this part of ISO 19136 for creating
a GML application schema directly in XML Schema.
Both ways are supported by this part of ISO 19136. To ensure proper use of the conceptual modelling
framework of the ISO 19100- series of International Standards, all application schemas are expected
to be modelled in accordance with the General Feature Model as specified in ISO 19109. Within the
ISO 19100- series, UML is the preferred language by which to model conceptual schemas.
GML specifies XML encodings, conformant with ISO 19118, of several of the conceptual classes defined
in the ISO 19100- series of International Standards and the OpenGIS Abstract Specification. These
conceptual models include those defined in:
— ISO/TS 19103, Geographic information — Conceptual schema language (units of measure, basic types);
— ISO 19107, Geographic information — Spatial schema (geometry and topology objects);
— ISO 19108, Geographic information — Temporal schema (temporal geometry and topology objects,
temporal reference systems);
— ISO 19109, Geographic information — Rules for application schemas (features);
— ISO 19111, Geographic information — Spatial referencing by coordinates (coordinate reference systems);
— ISO 19123, Geographic information — Schema for coverage geometry and functions;
— ISO 19148, Geographic information — Linear referencing.
The aim is to provide a standardized encoding (i.e. a standardized implementation in XML) of types
specified in the conceptual models specified by the International Standards listed above. If every
application schema were encoded independently and the encoding process included the types from, for
example, ISO 19108, then, without unambiguous and completely fixed encoding rules, the XML encodings
would be different. Also, since every implementation platform has specific strengths and weaknesses,
it is helpful to standardize XML encodings for core geographic information concepts modelled in the
ISO 19100- series of International Standards and commonly used in application schemas.
In many cases, the mapping from the conceptual classes is straightforward, while in some cases the
mapping is more complex (a detailed description of the mapping is part of this part of ISO 19136).
In addition, GML provides XML encodings for additional concepts not yet modelled in the ISO 19100-
series of International Standards or the OpenGIS Abstract Specification, for example, dynamic features,
simple observations or value objects.
Predefined types of geographic feature in GML include coverages and simple observations.
A coverage is a subtype of feature that has a coverage function with a spatiotemporal domain and a
value set range of homogeneous 1- to n-dimensional tuples. A coverage may represent one feature
or a collection of features “to model and make visible spatial relationships between, and the spatial
distribution of, Earth phenomena” (OGC Abstract Specification Topic 6) and a coverage “acts as a function
to return values from its range for any direct position within its spatiotemporal domain” (ISO 19123).
An observation models the act of observing, often with a camera or some other procedure, a person
or some form of instrument (Merriam-Webster Dictionary: “an act of recognizing and noting a fact or
occurrence often involving measurement with instruments”). An observation is considered to be a GML
feature with a time at which the observation took place, and with a value for the observation.
A reference system provides a scale of measurement for assigning values to a position, time or other
descriptive quantity or quality.
A coordinate reference system consists of a set of coordinate system axes that is related to the Earth
through a datum that defines the size and shape of the Earth.
A temporal reference system provides standard units for measuring time and describing temporal
length or duration.
A reference system dictionary provides definitions of reference systems used in spatial or temporal
geometries.
Spatial geometries are the values of spatial feature properties. They indicate the coordinate reference
system in which their measurements have been made. The “parent” geometry element of a geometric
complex or geometric aggregate makes this indication for its constituent geometries.
Temporal geometries are the values of temporal feature properties. Like their spatial counterparts, temporal
geometries indicate the temporal reference system in which their measurements have been made.
Spatial or temporal topologies are used to express the different topological relationships between features.
A units-of-measure dictionary provides definitions of numerical measures of physical quantities, such
as length, temperature and pressure, and of conversions between units.
viii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19136-2:2015(E)
Geographic information — Geography Markup Language
(GML) —
Part 2:
Extended schemas and encoding rules
1 Scope
The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML encoding in compliance with ISO 19118 for the
transport and storage of geographic information modelled in accordance with the conceptual modelling
framework used in the ISO 19100- series of International Standards and including both the spatial and
non-spatial properties of geographic features.
This part of ISO 19136 defines the XML Schema syntax, mechanisms and conventions that:
— provide an open, vendor-neutral framework for the description of geospatial application schemas
for the transport and storage of geographic information in XML;
— allow profiles that support proper subsets of GML framework descriptive capabilities;
— support the description of geospatial application schemas for specialized domains and
information communities;
— enable the creation and maintenance of linked geographic application schemas and datasets;
— support the storage and transport of application schemas and datasets;
— increase the ability of organizations to share geographic application schemas and the information
they describe.
Implementers may decide to store geographic application schemas and information in GML, or they
may decide to convert from some other storage format on demand and use GML only for schema and
data transport.
This part of ISO 19136 builds on ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), and extends it with additional schema
components and requirements.
NOTE If an ISO 19109 conformant application schema described in UML is used as the basis for the storage
and transportation of geographic information, this part of ISO 19136 provides normative rules for the mapping of
such an application schema to a GML application schema in XML Schema and, as such, to an XML encoding for data
with a logical structure in accordance with the ISO 19109 conformant application schema.
2 Conformance
This part of ISO 19136 defines XML implementations of concepts used in spatiotemporal datasets. It
extends the XML implementations specified in ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2). Requirements and conformance
classes specified in ISO 19136:2007 also apply for this part of ISO 19136.
XML instances that encode geographic information using one or more of the schemas specified in this
part of ISO 19136 are the standardization target of the requirements stated in this part of ISO 19136.
The implementation is described using the XML Schema language and Schematron.
Conformance classes are specified in Clauses 6 to 12 of this part of ISO 19136.
3 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19136:2007, Geographic information — Geography Markup Language (GML)
ISO 19148:2012, Geographic information — Linear referencing
1)
OGC Technical Committee Policies and Procedures: MIME Media Types for GML
ISO 8601:2004, Data elements and interchange formats — Information interchange — Representation of
dates and times
ISO/IEC 13249-3:2011, Information technology — Database languages — SQL multimedia and application
packages — Part 3: Spatial
4 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 General
For the purposes of this document, the terms, definitions, symbols abd abbreviated terms listed in
ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), Clause 4, apply.
4.2 Terms and definitions
In addition to the terms listed in ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), the following terms and definitions apply.
4.2.1
grid coordinate reference system
grid CRS
coordinate reference system for the positions in a grid that uses a defined coordinate system congruent
with the coordinate system described by the GridEnvelope and axisLabels of gml:GridType
Note 1 to entry: A grid CRS uses a defined coordinate system with the same grid point positions and origin as the
GridEnvelope, with the same axisLabels, but need not define any limits on the grid size. This coordinate system is
sometimes called the internal grid coordinate system.
4.2.2
referenceable grid
grid associated with a transformation that can be used to convert grid coordinate values to values of
coordinates referenced to an external coordinate reference system
Note 1 to entry: If the coordinate reference system is related to the Earth by a datum, the grid is a
georeferenceable grid.
[SOURCE: ISO 19123:2005, 4.1.33]
1) The latest version at the publication of this part of ISO 19136 is OGC document 09-144r1. The MIME type
is currently in the registration process at IETF / IANA. The reference has intentionally been undated so that the
reference is to the latest version in case changes to the MIME media type specification are required as part of the
registration process.
2 © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved
4.3 Symbols and abbreviated terms
In addition to the symbols and abbreviated terms listed in ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), the following are
used in this document:
LRS Linear Referencing System
OWL Web Ontology Language
OWS OGC Web Services
SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System
5 Conventions
5.1 MIME media types
For exchanging GML instance documents over the internet, the media type “application/gml+xml” is
used as specified by the OGC Technical Committee Policies and Procedures: MIME Media Types for GML.
5.2 XML namespaces
The XML namespaces used within this part of ISO 19136 are listed in Table 1. For each namespace, the
namespace prefix used within this document and the canonical location of the all-components schema
document are provided, too.
Table 1 — XML Namespaces
Name-
XML Namespace space Canonical location of all-components schema document
prefix
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.2 gml http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.2.1/gml.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/xbt gmlxbt http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/extdBaseTypes.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/ce gmlce http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/geometryCompact.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/tin gmltin http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/tin.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/lr gmllr http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/linearRef.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/lrtr http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/linearRefTowardsRef-
gmllrtr
erent.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/lro gmllro http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/linearRefOffset.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/lrov gmllrov http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/linearRefOffsetVector.xsd
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/rgrid gmlr- http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/referenceableGrid.xsd
grid
http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/xer gmlexr http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/extdEncRule.xsd
http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink xlink http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink.xsd
http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/name- http://www.w3.org/2001/xml.xsd
xml
space
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema xs (or n/a
default)
NOTE 1 A GML application schema conforming to this part of ISO 19136 will import the GML 3.2 schema plus
zero or more additional GML 3.3 schemas as needed.
EXAMPLE 1 The following GML application schema imports both the GML 3.2 schema and the GML 3.3 compact
geometry encoding.
targetNamespace=”http://www.example.org/app”
xmlns:app=”http://www.example.org/app”
xmlns:gmlce=”http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/ce”
xmlns:gml=”http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.2”
xmlns:xlink=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink”
xmlns=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema”
xmlns:xml=”http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace”
elementFormDefault=”qualified”
version=”1.0.0”>
schemaLocation=”http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.2.1/gml.xsd”/>
schemaLocation=”http://schemas.opengis.net/gml/3.3/geometryCompact.xsd”/>
type=”app:ParcelType”/>
NOTE 2 A GML instance conforming to this part of ISO 19136 will directly or indirectly reference the GML 3.2
schema and zero or more additional GML 3.3 schemas as needed. A schema location attribute in the root element
of the document has to include the schema of the namespace of the root element.
EXAMPLE 2 A sample instance for the GML application schema from example 1 as returned from a Web Feature
Service. The GML schemas are imported by the GML application schema that is referenced from the instance document:
timeStamp=”2011-04-03T05:40:00Z”
numberMatched=”12”
numberReturned=”12”
xmlns:wfs=”http://www.opengis.net/wfs/2.0”
xmlns:app=”http://www.example.org/app”
xmlns:gmlce=”http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/ce”
xmlns:gml=”http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.2”
xmlns:xlink=”http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink”
xmlns:xsi=”http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance”
xsi:schemaLocation=” http://www.example.org/app http://ww
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 19136-2
Première édition
2015-08-01
Information géographique — Langage
de balisage en géographie (GML) —
Partie 2:
Schémas étendus et règles d'encodage
Geographic information — Geography Markup Language (GML) —
Part 2: Extended schemas and encoding rules
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2015
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Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .vi
Introduction .vii
1 Domaine d'application . 1
2 Conformité . 1
3 Références normatives . 2
4 Termes, définitions, symboles et abréviations . 2
4.1 Généralités . 2
4.2 Termes et définitions . 2
4.3 Symboles et abréviations . 3
5 Conventions . 3
5.1 Types de supports MIME . 3
5.2 Espaces de noms XML . 3
5.3 Parties obsolètes des versions précédentes de GML . 5
6 Types de base supplémentaires . 5
6.1 Espace de noms cible . 5
6.2 Chaînes localisables . 5
6.2.1 LanguageStringType . 5
6.2.2 Types supplémentaires reposant sur LanguageStringType . 5
6.3 TimePositionUnion . 6
6.4 Classe d’exigences . 7
6.5 Conformité . 7
7 Codages compacts de géométries GML couramment utilisées . 8
7.1 Espace de noms cible . 8
7.2 Introduction . 8
7.3 SimplePolygon . 9
7.4 SimpleRectangle . 9
7.5 SimpleTriangle .10
7.6 SimpleArcString .11
7.7 SimpleArc .11
7.8 SimpleArcByCenterPoint .12
7.9 SimpleArcStringByBulge .13
7.10 SimpleArcByBulge .13
7.11 SimpleCircle .14
7.12 SimpleCircleByCenterPoint .14
7.13 SimpleMultiPoint .14
7.14 MultiPointPropertyType .15
7.15 Classe d’exigences .15
7.16 Conformité .15
8 Réseaux irréguliers de triangles (Triangulated Irregular Networks) .15
8.1 Espace de noms cible .15
8.2 Introduction .16
8.3 TriangulatedSurface .16
8.4 SimpleTrianglePatch .16
8.5 TIN .17
8.6 TINElement .17
8.7 TINElementPropertyType .18
8.8 TINElementTypeType .18
8.9 Classe d’exigences .20
8.10 Conformité .21
9 Référencement linéaire .21
9.1 Espaces de noms cible .21
9.2 Introduction .21
9.3 Référencement linéaire de base .22
9.3.1 Espace de noms cible .22
9.3.2 Introduction .22
9.3.3 PositionExpression .22
9.3.4 PositionExpressionPropertyType .23
9.3.5 LinearElement . .23
9.3.6 LinearElementPropertyType .24
9.3.7 StartValueType .24
9.3.8 LinearReferencingMethod .25
9.3.9 LinearReferencingMethodPropertyType .25
9.3.10 DistanceExpressionType .26
9.3.11 DistanceExpressionPropertyType .26
9.3.12 AlongReferent .26
9.3.13 AlongReferentPropertyType .27
9.3.14 Référent .27
9.3.15 ReferentPropertyType .28
9.3.16 MeasureType .28
9.3.17 LRMNameType .29
9.3.18 LRMTypeType .34
9.3.19 ReferentTypeType .34
9.3.20 LinearSRS .35
9.3.21 LinearSRSPropertyType .36
9.4 Référent d’orientation de référencement linéaire .36
9.4.1 Espace de noms cible .36
9.4.2 Introduction .36
9.4.3 DualAlongReferent .36
9.4.4 DualAlongReferentPropertyType .37
9.5 Décalage de référencement linéaire .37
9.5.1 Espace de noms cible .37
9.5.2 Introduction .37
9.5.3 LRMWithOffset .37
9.5.4 LRMWithOffsetPropertyType .38
9.5.5 LateralOffsetDistanceExpressionType .38
9.5.6 LateralOffsetExpressionType .39
9.5.7 VerticalOffsetExpressionType .40
9.5.8 LateralOffsetDirectionType .41
9.5.9 VerticalOffsetDirectionType .41
9.5.10 LateralOffsetLinearSRS .42
9.5.11 LateralOffsetLinearSRSPropertyType .43
9.6 Vecteurs de décalage de référencement linéaire .43
9.6.1 Espace de noms cible .43
9.6.2 Introduction .43
9.6.3 VectorOffsetDistanceExpressionType .44
9.6.4 VectorOffsetExpressionType .44
9.6.5 VectorOffsetLinearSRS .45
9.6.6 VectorOffsetLinearSRSPropertyType .48
9.7 Classes d’exigences .48
9.8 Conformité .50
10 ReferenceableGrid .51
10.1 Espace de noms cible .51
10.2 Clarifications par rapport à l’ISO 19123:2005 .51
10.3 AbstractReferenceableGrid .52
10.4 ReferenceableGridByArray .53
10.5 ReferenceableGridByVectorsType, ReferenceableGridByVectors.54
10.6 ReferenceableGridByTransformation .60
10.7 gridCRS .61
10.8 Couvertures utilisant «ReferenceableGrid» .61
iv © ISO 2015 – Tous droits réservés
10.9 Classes d’exigences .61
10.10 Conformité .62
11 Listes de codes, dictionnaires et définitions .63
11.1 Vue d'ensemble .63
11.2 Classe d’exigences .64
11.3 Conformité .65
12 Règle de codage .66
12.1 Espace de noms cible .66
12.2 Règle de conversion améliorée .66
12.2.1 Modifications des règles de conversion .66
12.2.2 Classe d’exigences .68
12.2.3 Conformité.69
12.3 Règle de conversion des classes d’association .70
12.3.1 Vue d'ensemble .70
12.3.2 Classe d’exigences .72
12.3.3 Conformité.72
12.4 Extensions des règles de codage.73
12.4.1 Vue d'ensemble .73
12.4.2 gmlexr:e xtendedEncodingRule .73
12.4.3 Classe d’exigences .73
12.4.4 Classe de conformité .74
Annexe A (Informative) Exemples de méthodes de référencement linéaire .76
Bibliographie .81
Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www
.iso .org/directives).
L’attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l’élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l’ISO (voir www .iso .org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la signification des termes et expressions spécifiques de l’ISO liés à
l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion de l’ISO aux principes
de l’OMC concernant les obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: Avant-propos —
Informations supplémentaires.
À l’origine, le langage GML (Geography Markup Language, Langage de balisage en géographie) a été
développé au sein de l’OGC (Open Geospatial Consortium). Le comité chargé de l'élaboration du présent
document est l'ISO/TC 211, Information géographique/Géomatique.
L’ISO 19136 comprend les parties suivantes, présentées sous le titre général Information géographique —
Langage de balisage en géographie (GML):
— Partie 2: Schémas étendus et règles d'encodage
La norme ISO 19136:2007 actuellement en vigueur fera ultérieurement l’objet d’une révision et sera
remplacée par une prochaine Partie 1.
vi © ISO 2015 – Tous droits réservés
Introduction
Le langage GML (Geography Markup Language) est une grammaire XML écrite dans un schéma XML
afin de décrire les schémas d'application ainsi que le transport et le stockage des informations
géographiques.
Les concepts fondamentaux sur lesquels repose le langage GML pour modéliser le monde sont issus de
la série de Normes internationales ISO 19100 et de l'OpenGIS Abstract Specification.
Une entité est une «abstraction des phénomènes réels» (ISO 19101); il s'agit d'une entité géographique
si elle est associée à un emplacement de la surface de la Terre. Par conséquent, une représentation
numérique de la réalité peut être considérée comme un ensemble d'entités. L'état d'une entité est défini
par un ensemble de propriétés, chacune d'elles pouvant être considérée comme un triplet {nom, type,
valeur}.
Le nombre de propriétés que peut contenir une entité, accompagnées de leurs noms et de leurs types, est
déterminé par la définition de son type. Les entités géographiques avec géométrie sont celles dont les
propriétés peuvent être associées à une valeur géométrique. Un ensemble d’entités peut être considéré
à son tour comme une entité; par conséquent, il est associé à un type d'entités et peut donc être doté de
propriétés distinctes qui lui sont propres, en plus des caractéristiques qu'il contient.
Suivant l'ISO 19109, les types d'entité d'une application ou d'un domaine d'application sont en général
rassemblés dans un schéma d'application. Un schéma d’application GML est spécifié en langage XML et
peut être construit de deux manières différentes:
— en respectant les règles spécifiées dans l’ISO 19109 pour les schémas d’application en langage
UML, puis en se conformant aux contraintes liées à ce type de schéma et aux règles de leur mise en
correspondance avec les schémas d’application GML spécifiés dans la présente partie de l’ISO 19136;
— en respectant les règles des schémas d’application GML spécifiées dans la présente partie de
l’ISO 19136 afin de créer un schéma d’application GML directement dans le schéma XML.
Les deux méthodes sont prises en charge par la présente partie de l’ISO 19136. Pour assurer une
utilisation correcte du cadre de modélisation conceptuel de la série de Normes internationales ISO 19100,
tous les schémas d'application sont censés être modélisés conformément au modèle sémantique (voir
l'ISO 19109). Dans la série ISO 19100, UML est le langage favori permettant de modéliser les schémas
conceptuels.
Le langage GML spécifie les codages XML, conformément à l’ISO 19118, de plusieurs classes conceptuelles
définies dans la série de Normes internationales ISO 19100 et l’OpenGIS Abstract Specification. Ces
modèles conceptuels incluent ceux définis dans:
— l’ISO/TS 19103, Information géographique — Langage de schéma conceptuel (unités de mesure, types
de base);
— l’ISO 19107, Information géographique — Schéma spatial (objets de géométrie et de topologie);
— l’ISO 19108, Information géographique — Schéma temporel (objets de géométrie et de topologie
temporelles, systèmes de référence temporelle);
— l’ISO 19109, Information géographique — Règles de schéma d’application (entités);
— l’ISO 19111, Information géographique — Système de références spatiales par coordonnées (systèmes
de références par coordonnées);
— l’ISO 19123, Information géographique — Schéma de la géométrie et des fonctions de couverture;
— l’ISO 19148, Information géographique — Référencement linéaire.
Il s'agit de fournir un codage normalisé (c'est-à-dire une implémentation normalisée en langage XML)
des types spécifiés dans les modèles conceptuels indiqués par les Normes internationales ci-dessus.
Si chaque schéma d'application était codé de manière indépendante et que le processus de codage
contenait les types issus, par exemple, de l'ISO 19108, les codages XML seraient différents en l'absence
de règles de codage non équivoques et totalement fixes. De même, étant donné que des forces et des
faiblesses caractérisent chacune des plates-formes de mise en œuvre, il est utile de normaliser les
codages XML des concepts essentiels d'informations géographiques modélisés dans la série de Normes
internationales ISO 19100 et habituellement utilisés dans les schémas d'application.
Dans la plupart des cas, la mise en correspondance à partir de classes conceptuelles est simple, alors
que dans d’autres cas elle peut s’avérer plus complexe (la présente partie de l’ISO 19136 donne une
description détaillée de la mise en correspondance).
En outre, le langage GML offre des codages XML pour les concepts supplémentaires qui n’ont pas encore
été modélisés dans la série de Normes internationales ISO 19100 ou l’OpenGIS Abstract Specification,
par exemple les entités dynamiques, les observations simples ou les objets de valeur.
Les types prédéfinis d'entité géographique en langage GML incluent les couvertures et les observations
simples.
Une couverture est un sous-type d'entité ayant une fonction de couverture avec un domaine spatio-
temporel et une plage d'ensembles de valeurs de n-uplets homogènes. Une couverture peut représenter
une entité ou un ensemble d’entités «permettant de modéliser et de créer des relations spatiales visibles
et une répartition spatiale entre des phénomènes terrestres» (OGC Abstract Specification Topic 6); une
couverture «fait office de fonction qui renvoie des valeurs de sa plage pour une position directe de son
domaine spatio-temporel» (ISO 19123).
Une observation permet de modéliser l’acte d’observer, souvent à l’aide d’une caméra ou de tout autre
mode opératoire, une personne ou certaines formes d’instrument (Merriam-Webster Dictionary:
«acte consistant à reconnaître et à noter un fait ou une occurrence, souvent par des mesures à l’aide
d’instruments»). Une observation est considérée comme une entité GML avec une heure à laquelle a eu
lieu l'observation et une valeur d'observation.
Un système de référence offre une échelle de mesure permettant d’attribuer des valeurs à une position,
une heure ou autre quantité ou qualité descriptives.
Un système de référence par coordonnées est composé d'un ensemble d'axes de système de coordonnées
lié à la Terre par une référence qui définit la dimension et la forme de la Terre.
Un système de référence temporelle offre des unités normalisées de mesure du temps et de description
de la longueur ou durée temporelle.
Un dictionnaire de systèmes de référence définit les systèmes de référence utilisés dans les géométries
spatiales et temporelles.
Les géométries spatiales sont les valeurs des propriétés de l'entité spatiale. Elles indiquent le système
de référence par coordonnées dans lequel les mesures ont été réalisées. L’élément géométrique «parent»
d'un complexe géométrique ou d'un agrégat géométrique indique les géométries de ses composants.
Les géométries temporelles sont les valeurs des propriétés de l'entité temporelle. Comme leurs
homologues spatiaux, les géométries temporelles indiquent le système de référence temporel dans
lequel les mesures ont été réalisées.
Les topologies spatiales ou temporelles permettent d'exprimer les différentes relations topologiques
entre les entités.
Un dictionnaire des unités de mesure définit les mesures numériques des grandeurs physiques, par
exemple la longueur, la température et la pression, et les conversions entre unités.
viii © ISO 2015 – Tous droits réservés
NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 19136-2:2015(F)
Information géographique — Langage de balisage en
géographie (GML) —
Partie 2:
Schémas étendus et règles d'encodage
1 Domaine d'application
Le langage GML (Geography Markup Language, Langage de balisage en géographie) est un codage XML
conforme à l’ISO 19118 pour le transport et le stockage des informations géographiques modélisées
conformément au cadre de modélisation conceptuelle utilisé dans la série de Normes internationales
ISO 19100, et comprenant les propriétés spatiales et non spatiales des entités géographiques.
La présente partie de l’ISO 19136 définit la syntaxe, les mécanismes et les conventions du schéma
XML qui:
— offrent un cadre ouvert indépendant du fournisseur pour la description des schémas d’application
géospatiale pour le transport et le stockage des informations géographiques en langage XML;
— autorisent les profils prenant en charge les sous-ensembles corrects de possibilités descriptives du
cadre GML;
— prennent en charge la description des schémas d’application géospatiale pour les domaines et
communautés d’informations spécialisés;
— permettent de créer et d’entretenir des schémas d’application géographique associés et des
ensembles de données;
— prennent en charge le stockage et le transport des schémas d’application et des ensembles de
données;
— augmentent les possibilités d'organisation pour partager des schémas d'application géographique
et les informations qu'ils décrivent.
Les implémenteurs peuvent choisir de stocker les schémas d'application géographique et les
informations en GML, ou de les convertir à la demande à partir d'un autre format de stockage et
d'utiliser GML uniquement pour le schéma et le transport des données.
La présente partie de l’ISO 19136 s’appuie sur l’ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2) et la complète avec des
composants de schéma et des exigences supplémentaires.
NOTE Si un schéma d’application conforme à l’ISO 19109 décrit en langage UML est utilisé comme base du
stockage et du transport des informations géographiques, la présente partie de l’ISO 19136 donne les règles
normatives de mise en correspondance de ce type de schéma d’application avec le schéma d’application GML en
langage XML et, en tant que tel, avec le codage XML pour les données dotées d’une structure logique conformément
au schéma d’application conforme à l’ISO 19109.
2 Conformité
La présente partie de l’ISO 19136 définit les implémentations en langage XML de concepts utilisés
dans les ensembles de données spatio-temporels. Elle étend les implémentations en langage XML
spécifiées dans l’ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2). Les exigences et classes de conformité spécifiées dans
l’ISO 19136:2007 s’appliquent également à la présente partie de l’ISO 19136.
Les instances XML codant des informations géographiques en utilisant un ou plusieurs schémas
spécifiés dans la présente partie de l’ISO 19136 représentent l’objectif de normalisation des exigences
stipulées dans la présente partie de l’ISO 19136.
L’implémentation est décrite à l’aide du langage XML Schema et de Schematron.
Les classes de conformité sont spécifiées dans les Articles 6 à 12 de la présente partie de l’ISO 19136.
3 Références normatives
Les documents ci-après, dans leur intégralité ou non, sont des références normatives indispensables à
l’application du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les
références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels
amendements).
ISO 19136:2007, Information géographique — Langage de balisage en géographie (GML)
ISO 19148:2012, Information géographique — Référencement linéaire
1)
OGC Technical Committee Policies and Procedures: MIME Media Types for GML.
ISO 8601:2004, Éléments de données et formats d'échange — Échange d'information — Représentation de
la date et de l'heure
ISO/IEC 13249-3:2011, Technologies de l’information — Langages de bases de données — Multimédia SQL
et paquetages d’application — Partie 3: Spatial
4 Termes, définitions, symboles et abréviations
4.1 Généralités
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes, définitions, symboles et abréviations répertoriés
dans l’ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), Article 4, s’appliquent.
4.2 Termes et définitions
Outre les termes répertoriés dans l’ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), les termes et définitions suivants
s’appliquent également.
4.2.1
système de références par coordonnées d’une grille
CRS d’une grille
système de références par coordonnées des positions dans une grille qui utilise un système de
coordonnées défini correspondant au système de coordonnées décrit par «GridEnvelope» et
«axisLabels» de gml:GridType
Note 1 à l'article: Le CRS d’une grille utilise un système de coordonnées défini dont les positions et l’origine des
points d’une grille sont identiques à «GridEnvelope» et partageant le même «axisLabels», mais qui, néanmoins, ne
nécessitent pas de fixer des limites aux dimensions de la grille. Ce système de coordonnées est parfois dénommé
«système interne de coordonnées d’une grille».
1) La dernière version à la date de publication de la présente partie de l’ISO 19136 est le document OGC 09-144r1.
Le type d’extension MIME est actuellement en cours d’enregistrement auprès de l’IETF/IANA. La référence a été
volontairement non datée afin qu’elle corresponde à la version la plus récente, au cas où des modifications portant
sur la spécification du ou des types de supports MIME sont exigées dans le cadre du processus d’enregistrement.
2 © ISO 2015 – Tous droits réservés
4.2.2
grille référençable
grille associée à une transformation qui peut être utilisée pour convertir les valeurs de coordonnées
d’une grille en valeurs de coordonnées référencées dans un système externe de référence par
coordonnées
Note 1 à l'article: Si le système de référence par coordonnées est relié à la Terre par un système géodésique de
référence, la grille est dite «géoréférencée».
[SOURCE: ISO 19123:2005, 4.1.33]
4.3 Symboles et abréviations
Outre les symboles et abréviations répertoriés dans l’ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), les symboles et
abréviations suivants s’appliquent également:
LRS Linear Referencing System (Système de référencement linéaire)
OWL Web Ontology Language (Langage d’ontologie Web)
OWS OGC Web Services (Principaux services Web OGC)
SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System (Système simple d’organisation des connaissances)
5 Conventions
5.1 Types de supports MIME
Pour les échanges de documents d’instances GML sur Internet, le type de support «application/gml+xml»
est utilisé selon les spécifications de l’OGC Technical Committee Policies and Procedures: MIME Media
Types for GML (politiques et procédures des comités techniques de l’OGC: Types de supports MIME
applicables au langage GML).
5.2 Espaces de noms XML
Les espaces de noms XML utilisés dans la présente partie de l’ISO 19136 sont répertoriés dans le
Tableau 1. Pour chaque espace de noms, le préfixe de l’espace du nom utilisé dans le présent document
et la position canonique du document de tous les composants de schémas sont également fournis.
Tableau 1 — Espaces de noms XML
Préfixe
Position canonique du document de tous les compo-
Espace de noms XML d’espace
sants de schémas
de noms
http: //www .opengis .net/gml/3 .2 gml http: //schemas .opengis .net/gml/3 .2 .1/gml .xsd
http: //www .opengis .net/gml/3 .3/xbt gmlxbt http: //schemas .opengis .net/gml/3 .3/extdBaseTypes .xsd
http: //www .opengis .net/gml/3 .3/ce gmlce http:// schemas. opengis.n et/gml/3. 3/geometryCompact. xsd
http: //www .opengis .net/gml/3 .3/tin gmltin http: //schemas .opengis .net/gml/3 .3/tin .xsd
http: //www .opengis .net/gml/3 .3/lr gmllr http: //schemas .opengis .net/gml/3 .3/linearRef .xsd
http: //www .opengis .net/gml/3 .3/lrtr http: //schemas .opengis .net/gml/3
gmllrtr
.3/linearRefTowardsReferent .xsd
http: //www .opengis .net/gml/3 .3/lro gmllro http: //schemas .opengis .net/gml/3 .3/linearRefOffset .xsd
http: //www .opengis .net/gml/3 .3/lrov http: //schemas .opengis .net/gml/3
gmllrov
.3/linearRefOffsetVector .xsd
Tableau 1 (suite)
Préfixe
Position canonique du document de tous les compo-
Espace de noms XML d’espace
sants de schéma
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