ETSI TR 101 589 V1.1.1 (2013-07)

ETSI TR 101 589 V1.1.1 (2013-07)






Technical Report
Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN);
Very high capacity density BWA networks;
Protocols

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2 ETSI TR 101 589 V1.1.1 (2013-07)



Reference
DTR/BRAN-0040009
Keywords
architecture, broadband, BWA, protocol, radio
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© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2013.
All rights reserved.

TM TM TM
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TM
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3 ETSI TR 101 589 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 6
3 Definitions and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Definitions . 7
3.2 Abbreviations . 7
4 Introduction . 8
4.1 Architecture for the underlaying system . 8
4.2 Radio resource management. 9
4.2.1 RRM functional decomposition in system architecture . 10
5 Frequency channel assignment . 10
5.1 Dynamic centralized frequency assignment . 10
5.1.1 Overall objectives . 10
5.2 Description of the algorithms . 11
5.2.1 Recovery procedure . 15
5.2.2 Centralized interference mitigation . 15
5.2.3 Adaptive resource allocation. 15
5.2.4 Centralized RRM macro-application . 15
5.2.5 Control plane primitives . 16
5.2.5.1 Information request . 16
5.2.5.2 New station insertion indication . 17
5.2.5.3 Capacity overload indication . 18
5.2.5.4 Station re-configuration request . 19
5.3 Autonomous distributed cognitive radio dynamic frequency assignment . 20
5.3.1 Spectrum sensing based dynamic frequency assignment . 21
5.4 Learning based cognitive dynamic frequency assignment . 22
5.4.1 Overview and general objectives . 22
5.4.2 Functional decomposition and message flows . 25
5.4.3 Control plane primitives . 26
5.5 Cognitive and docitive RRM . 27
5.5.1 Feature overview . 28
5.5.2 Functional decomposition . 28
5.5.3 Message flows . 29
5.5.4 Protocol primitives description . 31
6 RAN self-organization and optimization support . 33
6.1 Automatic neighbours discovery . 34
6.1.1 Polling . 35
6.1.2 Proximity reports . 36
6.1.2.1 Proximity reports configuration . 37
6.1.2.2 Proximity reporting . 37
6.1.3 Neighbour BS "Hello" handshake. 38
6.1.3.1 Hello request . 38
6.1.3.2 Hello response . 39
6.2 Neighbours data synchronization . 39
6.2.1 Overview . 40
6.2.2 Functional decomposition . 41
6.2.3 Message flows . 41
6.2.3.1 Radio configuration update (Pull) . 41
6.2.3.2 Radio configuration unsolicited update (Push) . 42
6.2.4 Protocol primitive description. 42
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4 ETSI TR 101 589 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
6.2.4.1 Neighbour information request . 42
6.2.4.2 Neighbour information response . 42
6.2.4.3 UCD/DCD count update . 43
6.2.4.4 UCD/DCD configuration exchange . 43
6.2.4.5 NBR-ADV construction . 44
6.3 Automatic FFR regulation for reuse 1 . 45
6.3.1 General FFR approach . 45
6.3.2 Inter-cell FFR coordination . 46
6.3.2.1 Resource blocks categories . 46
6.3.2.2 Measurements . 47
6.3.2.3 RRM function . 48
6.3.2.4 Protocol . 48
6.4 Technology-independent network protocols for coexistence support in LE bands . 50
6.4.1 Interference detection . 51
6.4.2 Discovery of interference source . 51
6.4.3 Association of neighbour and interference . 51
6.4.4 Communication exchange between neighbours to avoid or mitigate interference . 52
Annex A: Bibliography . 53
History . 57

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5 ETSI TR 101 589 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Broadband Radio Access Networks
(BRAN).
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6 ETSI TR 101 589 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
1 Scope
2
The present document describes the specific protocols for systems providing a throughput of 1 Gbit/s/km . Such
systems include features such as self-backhauling in both licensed and un-licensed bands, cognitive-radio based
self-organization, etc.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
reference document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TR 101 534 (V1.1.1) (2012): "Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN); Very high
capacity density BWA networks; System architecture, economic model and derivation of technical
requirements".
[i.2] S. Haykin: "Cognitive Radio: Brain-Empowered Wireless Communications", IEEE Journal on
selected areas in communications, vol. 23, pp. 201-220, February 2005.
[i.3] R. S. Sutton and A. G. Barto: "Reinforcement learning: An Introduction", The MIT Press, 1998.
[i.4] Ana Galindo-Serrano, Lorenza Giupponi, Pol Blasco and Mischa Dohler: "Learning from Experts
in Cognitive Radio Networks: The Docitive Paradigm" in Proceedings of 5th International
Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communications
(CrownCom 2010), 9-11 June 2010, Cannes (France).
[i.5] M. N. Ahmadabadi and M. Asadpour: "Expertness based cooperative Qlearning", IEEE
Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 66-76, February 2002.
[i.6] IEEE 802.16-2012: "IEEE Standard for Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems".
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7 ETSI TR 101 589 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
DL-MAP: structured data sequence that defined the mapping of the downlink
self-backhauling: wireless links between HBS and ABS which may share a frequency channel with the access
operation (in-band) and use in addition license-exempt spectrum such as 5 GHz or 60 GHz bands (out-of-band)
UL-MAP: structured data sequence that defined the mapping of the uplink
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AAA Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting
ABS Access BS
ACK Acknowledge
ARA Adaptive Resource Allocation
ASN Access Service Network
BS Base Station
BS-BS Base Station to Base Station
BSID Base Station IDentifier
BWA user Fixed, Nomadic or Mobile user
BWA Broadband Wireless Access
CIM Centralized Interference Mitigation
CINR Carrier to Interference and Noise Ratio
CM Conditional-Mandatory
CNR Carrier-to-Noise Ratio
DCD Downlink Channel Description
DFP Dynamic Frequency Planning
DL Downlink
DNS Directory Name Server
FA Frequency Assignment
FAID Frequency Assignment ID
FFR Fractional Frequency Reuse
FQDN Fully Qualified Domain Name
GPS Global Positioning System
GW Gateway
HBS Hub Base Station
HO HandOver
HSPA High Speed Packed Access
HSS Subscriber Station connected to HBS
ICIC Inter Cell Interference Coordination
ICS Interference Control Server
ID IDentifier
IE Information Element
IP Internet Protocol
IQ Intelligence Quotient
LE License Exempt
LRT Last Reset Time
LTE Long Term Evolution
MAC Medium Access Control
MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme
MIMO Multi-Input-Multi-Output
MME Mobile Management Entity
MS Mobile Station
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NBL NeighBour List
NBR NeighBour Relation
NBS Neighbour BS
NDS Neighbours Data Synchronization
NV Non-Volatile
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
PHY PHYsical
P-MP Point to MultiPoint
RAN Radio Access Network
RAT Radio Access Technology
RB Resource Block
REQ Request
RF Radio Frequency
RP Recovering Protocol
RRA Averaging/Reporting Period
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRM Radio Resource Management
RRM-E RRM-Entity
RSP Response
RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator
RTD Round Trip Delay
SBS Serving BS
SON Self Organizing Network
SOTA State Of The Art
SSDFA Spectrum Sensing based Dynamic Frequency Assignment
TBS Target BS
TLV Type - Length - Value (data structure)
TS Time Stamp
UCD Uplink Channel Description
UL Uplink
4 Introduction
The present document presents new possible protocols specific to wireless BWA network, as described in [i.1],
including heterogeneous elements (a two tier approach), combined use of licensed and license-exempt spectrum, very
low delay communications between network elements, enabling the operation of the network MIMO technology and of
the self-organization approaches.
TM
The description of the networking features is in general done using the WiMAX terminology, however should be no
barrier in using the 3GPP network for implementing this network.
4.1 Architecture for the underlaying system
The architecture presented in [i.1] is summarized below, for easing the reader understanding. Its main features are:
• Multiple access links aggregation.
• Self-backhauling link aggregation.
• Network MIMO (for downlink and uplink).
• Radio Resource Management.
• Direct BS-BS or MS-MS communication.
2
The system architecture aims to offer a cost efficient capacity density of 1 Gbit/s/km . Here, a HBS serves several
below-rooftop ABSs, which in turn serve the associated MSs. The HBS possesses several beams which are used to
communicate with ABSs in its beam-space. ABSs can communicate with each other via the serving HBS.
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9 ETSI TR 101 589 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
The Femto-BS and their associated subscribers may also operate in the un-licensed spectrum.
To simplify the presentation, the HBS-ABS links, which are self-backhaul links inside this system, may be named in the
present document "backhaul links". This naming should not be understood as HBS backhauling, which is outside of the
scope of the present document.
The system presented in the present document has the following basic architecture:
ACCESS
SELF-
BACKHAUL
BACKHAUL

Figure 4.1: Basic architecture
The scheme in figure 4.1 provides an overview of most of the possible wireless links in the present document. At the
top level of the architecture, HBSs are directly connected to the wired backhaul. If in some cases a wired link could not
be done, this link should be replaced by LE high data rate connectivity.
An in-band backhaul link and a LE link between HBSs may not be systematically done but could offer additional
networking capacities and an alternative, in case of a router failure for example.
At the ABS location there are two elements, which are the HSS and the ABS. The HSS component is associated to an
HBS or to another HSS (for direct communication and collaborative MIMO). ABS provides connectivity for the BWA
users.
To increase the coverage or to provide a larger throughput in a given area exists the possibility to deploy additional
stations called pico-ABS. Those stations are basically similar to ABSs as they are providing connectivity to BWA users.
The lower level of the architecture shows mobile station connectivity possibilities. MS connects itself to ABS as in the
standard P-MP architecture, but can also directly connect one to each other, and associate with two ABSs for MIMO
support.
4.2 Radio resource management
This clause presents protocols and procedures related to RAN RRM and dynamic resource (frequency, power)
assignment. The description relates to the air interface and the network interfaces and presents reference design for
procedures and protocol primitives, required to support the aforementioned RRM mechanisms.
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4.2.1 RRM functional decomposition in system architecture
TM
The functional decomposition is based on the state-of-the-art WiMAX and 3GPP standards, where Radio Resource
Management (RRM) functional entity is located in the Base Station/eNodeB, while ASN GW/MME may act as a
protocol relay function, but do not implement RRM-specific functions.
ASN GW/ MME ASN GW/ MME
R4/ S10
Relay Relay
R6/ S1
BS/ eNodeB BS/ eNodeB
R8/ X2
RRM RRM
functional functional
entity entity

TM
Figure 4.2: RRM functional entities in the SOTA WiMAX and 3GPP LTE architectures
The RRM entity may implement both RRM Client and RRM Server entities, thus being able to issue information
queries and to provide instructions. This is the de-centralized RRM approach, where there is no centralized entity
controlling and coordinating the radio resource allocation in the particular geographical area with multiple BSs
providing coverage and capacity. Coordination is done between RRM entities of different BSs over the R8/X2 reference
points or over R6/S1 reference points via ASN GW/MME assuming "relay" functionality.
The following RRM features are considered in the present document and may be taking the advantage of the addressed
system RRM split:
• Dynamic centralized and autonomous distributed frequency assignment.
• Cognitive and docitive power assignment.
• Support of advanced MIMO schemes.
• Self-Organization and Optimization features.
5 Frequency channel assignment
5.1 Dynamic centralized frequency assignment
5.1.1 Overall objectives
The centralized dynamic RRM protocol is based on an overall supervision of the radio network status, and tries to
optimize radio link resources depending on interference levels, throughput load and architecture deployment.
Certain extent of information is required for this purpose, which mainly consist of different requests or triggered alarms
informing the centralized RRM entity of the current status. The dynamic protocols act only by restraining or increasing
stations resources, and providing local RRM segments the choice to optimize links to a more specific level. Coexistence
is therefore easily ensured.
The centralized dynamic RRM entity (RRM-E) can be hosted either in HBS or in external equipment. It includes
different operating functions realized on a proactive basis with regular survey or in a reactive fashion while receiving
resource deficit alarms from the given sectors.
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The knowledge of deployment topology allows Centralized RRM-E to perform initial distribution of frequency
resources to the overlapping stations, with further iterative dynamic adaptations. This function is called Dynamic
Frequency Planning (DFP).
In a second step, deployment topology awareness may allow it to realize adaptation of the network in case of a station
failure. This function is called Recovering Protocol (RP).
In the case of significant interference detection, which cannot be compensated on the local level, the centralized RRM
can impose a more robust link on specific network sections. This function is called Centralized Interference Mitigation
(CIM).
Finally, for the purpose of user data throughput maximization in the given segment (cluster), the centralized RRM may
dynamically redistribute radio resources, providing some selected stations with more resources while other stations are
provided with fewer resources, resulting in lower capacities. This function is called Adaptive Resource Allocation
(ARA).
5.2 Description of the algorithms
The procedures related to Dynamic Frequency Planning (DFP) should be performed automatically upon initial RAN
segment activation and after that periodically or event driven to take into consideration global evolutions of the radio
access network deployment characteristics. The main purpose of the cluster radio resource management is to minimize
interference impact in the system's deployment providing Centralized RRM-E with information available in other
distributed RRM entities, e.g. ABSs (for example, to report interferences at a cell edge).
The centralized RRM entity collects all useful information required to adapt the frequency planning and allow channels
allocations suiting the traffic load requirements
To avoid the performance degradation, these periodic updates should be scheduled while network load decreases (at
night or during off-load hours). However, an operator can force the centralized algorithm to operate and then to update
the overall channels allocation for the different stations. This process can be relevant especially while a station is being
removed, added or modified.
Figure 5.1 then explains the algorithm in its fundamental steps.

Figure 5.1: Dynamic frequency planning algorithm
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12 ETSI TR 101 589 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
As shown above, and apart from the initial state configuration, the process includes different sub-processes which will
be depicted later. A certain amount of information about the network segment is required. Having prior fresh
information will result in more effective channel allocation.
This information list includes the following parameters:
• List of ABS stations
• For each of those stations:
- Deployment parameters:
Location
Antenna type (among a known list, for gain, and aperture)
Antenna orientation
- Station capacities (time stamped):
Available bandwidth
Available channels (with interferences levels of them)
CNR/CINR threshold
- Required throughput (time stamped)
• The general propagation model for the Network surrounding environment
Two of those information elements are critical and have to be known:
• List of ABS stations the centralized RRM-E is responsible for
• The adapted propagation model
The aforementioned frequency assignment process results in configuration of the relevant stations with the channels
allowed for their usage.
The process starts with the identification of the network segment requirements in terms of throughput. Based on this
information, different priorities are assigned for the corresponding stations. The priority of the station is the determinant
factor for the channel assignment protocol, as the nodes with higher priority will be the firsts to get channel
assignments, and, correspondingly, will be less dependent on other stations assignments.
Once the station prioritization is accomplished, nodes are iteratively assigned with a frequency channel, one channel at
a time, meaning that after all stations were a
...