ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)

ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)






ETSI STANDARD
Environmental Engineering (EE);
Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency

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2 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)

Reference
RES/EE-EEPS48
Keywords
5G, access, base station, energy efficiency, GSM,
LTE, mobile, network, radio, UMTS
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE

Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00  Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16

Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - APE 7112B
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° w061004871

Important notice
The present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org/standards-search
The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or
print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any
existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the prevailing version of an ETSI
deliverable is the one made publicly available in PDF format at www.etsi.org/deliver.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
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If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
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Notice of disclaimer & limitation of liability
The information provided in the present deliverable is directed solely to professionals who have the appropriate degree of
experience to understand and interpret its content in accordance with generally accepted engineering or
other professional standard and applicable regulations.
No recommendation as to products and services or vendors is made or should be implied.
No representation or warranty is made that this deliverable is technically accurate or sufficient or conforms to any law
governmental rule and/or regulation and further, no representation or warranty is made of merchantability or fitness
and/or
for any particular purpose or against infringement of intellectual property rights.
In no event shall ETSI be held liable for loss of profits or any other incidental or consequential damages.

Any software contained in this deliverable is provided "AS IS" with no warranties, express or implied, including but not
limited to, the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement of intellectual property
rights and ETSI shall not be held liable in any event for any damages whatsoever (including, without limitation, damages
for loss of profits, business interruption, loss of information, or any other pecuniary loss) arising out of or related to the use
of or inability to use the software.
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.

© ETSI 2022.
All rights reserved.

ETSI

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3 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Terms . 9
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 10
4 Network under test definition . 12
4.1 Introduction . 12
4.2 Test parameter categorization . 13
4.3 Network classification . 14
4.3.0 Introduction of network classification . 14
4.3.1 Demography . 14
4.3.2 Topography . 15
4.3.3 Climate zones . 15
4.3.4 Additional classification classes . 16
5 Metrics for energy efficiency assessment. 16
5.0 Introduction of clause . 16
5.1 Energy Consumption metrics . 16
5.2 Performance metrics . 19
5.2.1 Data Volume . 19
5.2.2 Coverage Area . 19
5.2.3 Latency . 20
5.2.4 Massive machine type networks . 20
5.3 Mobile Network Energy efficiency metrics . 20
6 Measurement of energy efficiency . 21
6.0 Introduction of clause . 21
6.1 Time duration of the measurement . 21
6.2 Measurement procedures . 22
6.2.1 Measurement of Energy Consumption . 22
6.2.2 Measurement of capacity . 22
6.2.3 Determination of coverage area . 23
6.2.3.0 Introduction . 23
6.2.3.1 Geographic coverage area . 23
6.2.3.2 Designated coverage area . 23
6.2.3.3 Coverage quality . 23
6.2.4 Measurement of latency . 26
6.2.5 Measurement of the number of subscribers . 26
7 Extrapolation for overall networks . 26
7.0 Extrapolation approach . 26
7.1 Extrapolation method . 27
7.1.0 Introduction of extrapolation method . 27
7.1.1 Statistical information about Demography . 27
7.1.2 Statistical information about Topography . 27
7.1.3 Statistical information about Climate zones . 28
7.2 Extrapolation reporting tables . 28
7.2.0 Introduction of extrapolation reporting tables. 28
ETSI

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4 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
7.2.1 Reporting extrapolation based on Demography . 28
7.2.2 Reporting extrapolation based on Topography . 29
7.2.3 Reporting extrapolation based on Climate zones . 29
8 Assessment report . 29
8.0 Introduction of assessment report . 29
8.1 Report of Network Area under test . 29
8.2 Report of sites under test . 31
8.3 Report of Site measurement . 32
9 Implementation guidelines . 33
Annex A (informative): Implementation examples . 34
A.1 Implementation examples. 34
A.2 Examples of reporting data . 34
History . 39

ETSI

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5 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The declarations
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, are publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be
found in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to
ETSI in respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the
ETSI Web server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI Directives including the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation regarding the essentiality of IPRs,
including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not
referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become,
essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
DECT™, PLUGTESTS™, UMTS™ and the ETSI logo are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its

Members. 3GPP™ and LTE™ are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP
Organizational Partners. oneM2M™ logo is a trademark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the
®
oneM2M Partners. GSM and the GSM logo are trademarks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
Foreword
This ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE).
The present document was developed jointly by ETSI TC EE and ITU-T Study Group 5. It will be published
respectively by ITU and ETSI as Recommendation ITU-T L.1331 [i.4] and ETSI ES 203 228 (the present document),
which are technically-equivalent.
Moreover the present document has been developed in collaboration with 3GPP SA5 and RAN3; GSMA has also given
valuable suggestions and contributions.
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
ETSI

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6 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
Introduction
The present document deals with the definition of metrics and methods to measure energy performance of Mobile Radio
Access Networks and adopts an approach based on the measurement of such performance on small networks, for
feasibility and simplicity purposes. Such simplified approach is proposed for approximate energy efficiency evaluations
and cannot be considered as a reference for planning evaluation purposes throughout the network operation process.
The same approach was introduced also in ETSI TR 103 117 [i.1]; the measurements in testing laboratories of the
efficiency of the Base Stations is the topic treated in ETSI ES 202 706 [i.2].
The present document provides also a method to extrapolate the assessment of energy efficiency to wider networks
(clause 7).
The general outcome of the application of the method specified in the present document is based on the "Assessment
report" introduced in clause 8. An example of application of the method is also given in annex A.
ETSI

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7 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
1 Scope
The present document is aimed at defining the topology and level of analysis to assess the energy efficiency of mobile
networks. Within the scope of the present document there is the radio access part of the mobile networks, and namely
there are radio base stations, backhauling systems, radio controllers and other infrastructure radio site equipment. The
covered technologies are GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G New Radio (NR). In particular the present document defines
metrics for mobile network energy efficiency and methods for assessing (and measuring) energy efficiency in
operational networks. The purpose of the present document is to allow better comprehension of networks energy
efficiency, in particular considering the networks' evolution in different periods in time.
Aiming to consider also the slicing approach of the networks from 5G onwards the metrics are extended to the latency
of the network itself related to the energy consumed, additionally to the metrics based on traffic and on coverage,
already existing for legacy networks and still valid.
The present document deals with both a homogeneous and heterogeneous "network" considering a network whose size
and scale could be defined by topologic, geographic or demographic boundaries. For networks defined by topologic
boundaries, a possible example of a network covered by the present document consists of a control node (whenever
applicable), its supported access nodes as well as the related network elements. Networks could be defined by
geographic boundaries, such as city-wide, national or continental networks and could be defined by demographic
boundaries, such as urban or rural networks.
The present document applies to the so-called "partial" networks for which a measurement method is also
recommended. The specification extends the measurements in partial networks to wider so-called "total" networks
energy efficiency estimations (i.e. the network in a geographic area, the network in a whole country, the network of a
MNO, etc.).
Terminal (end-user) equipment is outside the scope of the present document and is not considered in the energy
efficiency measurement.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI TS 125 104: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Base Station (BS)
radio transmission and reception (FDD) (3GPP TS 25.104)".
[2] ETSI TS 136 104: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station
(BS) radio transmission and reception (3GPP TS 36.104)".
[3] ETSI TS 132 425 (V12.0.0): "LTE; Telecommunication management; Performance Management
(PM); Performance measurements Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(E-UTRAN) (3GPP TS 32.425 version 12.0.0 Release 12)".
[4] ETSI TS 132 412 (V11.1.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Telecommunication management;
Performance Management (PM) Integration Reference Point (IRP): Information Service (IS)
(3GPP TS 32.412 version 11.1.0 Release 11)".
ETSI

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8 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
[5] ETSI TS 123 203 (V12.7.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Policy and charging control architecture
(3GPP TS 23.203 version 12.7.0 Release 12)".
[6] ETSI TS 136 314: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Layer 2 -
Measurements (3GPP TS 36.314)".
[7] ETSI TS 152 402 (V11.0.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+);
Telecommunication management; Performance Management (PM); Performance measurements -
GSM (3GPP TS 52.402 version 11.0.0 Release 11)".
[8] ETSI TS 132 405 (V11.1.1): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Telecommunication management;
Performance Management (PM); Performance measurements; Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (UTRAN) (3GPP TS 32.405 version 11.1.1 Release 11)".
[9] ETSI ES 202 336-12: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Monitoring and control interface for
infrastructure equipment (power, cooling and building environment systems used in
telecommunication networks); Part 12: ICT equipment power, energy and environmental
parameters monitoring information model".
[10] ISO/IEC 17025 (2005): "General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories".
[11] ETSI EN 303 471: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Energy Efficiency measurement
methodology and metrics for Network Function Virtualisation (NFV)".
[12] Report ITU-R M.2410: "Minimum requirements related to technical performance for IMT-2020
radio interface(s)".
[13] ETSI TS 128 554: "5G; Management and orchestration; 5G end to end Key Performance
Indicators (KPI) (3GPP TS 28.554)".
[14] ETSI TS 128 552 (V16.6.0): "5G; Management and orchestration; 5G performance measurements
(3GPP TS 28.552 version 16.6.0 Release 16)".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TR 103 117: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Principles for Mobile Network level energy
efficiency".
[i.2] ETSI ES 202 706 (all parts): "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement method for power
consumption and energy efficiency of wireless access network equipment".
[i.3] ETSI GS NFV 003: "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Terminology for Main Concepts in
NFV".
[i.4] Recommendation ITU-T L.1331: "Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency".
[i.5] FAO Soils Portal.
NOTE: Available at http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-
database-v12/en/.
ETSI

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9 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
[i.6] Jürgen Grieser, René Gommes, Stephen Cofield and Michele Bernardi: "Data sources for FAO
worldmaps of Koeppen climatologies and climatic net primary production", 2006.
NOTE: Available at http://www.fao.org/nr/climpag/globgrids/KC_commondata_en.asp.
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
backhaul equipment: equipment used to connect base stations to the core network, or to other BSs (like X2 in LTE)
Base Station (BS): generic term used for network component which serves one cell or more cells and interfaces the
user terminal (through air interface) and a radio access network infrastructure
distributed RBS: BS architecture which contains Remote Radio Heads (RRH) close to the antenna element and a
central element connecting BS to network infrastructure
end-to-end latency: time that takes to transfer a given piece of information from a source to a destination, measured at
the communication interface, from the moment it is transmitted by the source to the moment it is successfully received
at the destination
Energy Efficiency (EE): relation between the useful output and energy/power consumption
energy saving feature: feature which contributes to decreasing the energy consumption compared to the case when the
feature is not implemented
integrated BS: BS architecture in which all BS elements are located close to each other for example in one or two
cabinets
NOTE: The integrated BS architecture may include TMA close to antenna.
Mobile Network (MN): set of equipment from the radio access network or sub-network that are relevant for the
assessment of energy efficiency
mobile network coverage energy efficiency: ratio between the area covered by the network in the Mobile Network
under investigation and the energy consumption
mobile network data energy efficiency: ratio between the performance indicator based on Data Volume and the
energy consumption when assessed during the same time frame
mobile network energy consumption: overall energy consumption of equipment included in the MN under
investigation
mobile network energy efficiency: energy efficiency of a mobile network
Mobile Network Operator (MNO): operator that manages one or more mobile networks
mobile network operator penetration ratio: percentage of traffic served by an MNO in the area where it is active
mobile network performance delivered: performance indicator of the MN under investigation, defined as the data
volume delivered by the mobile network under investigation during the time frame of the energy consumption
assessment
power consumption: power consumed by a device to achieve an intended application performance
radio access network: telecommunications network in which the access to the network (connection between user
terminal and network) is implemented without the use of wires and that is part of GERAN, UTRAN or E-UTRA
networks defined by 3GPP
ETSI

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10 ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.1 (2022-04)
Site Energy Efficiency (SEE): metric used to determine the energy efficiency of a telecommunication site
NOTE: SEE is defined by the ratio of "IT equipment energy" and "Total site energy", which generally includes
rectifiers, cooling, storage, security and IT equipment. For datacentres, the "Total site energy" more
globally includes building load, powering equipment (e.g. switchgear, uninterruptible power supply
(UPS), battery backup), cooling equipment (e.g. chillers, Computer Room Air Conditioning unit
(CRAC)) and IT equipment energy.
telecommunication network: network operated under a license granted by a national telecommunications authority,
which provides telecommunications between Network Termination Points (NTPs)
Virtualised Network Function (VNF): See ETSI GS NFV 003 [i.3].
3.2 Symbols
Void.
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
3GPP 3G (mobile) Partnership Project
BH Backhaul
BS Base Station
CC Central Cloud
CoA Coverage Area
CoA_des designated coverage area as designed by network planning
CoA_geo total geographical area under investigation and within the operator's license agreement
CoA_Qdes quality factor describing how well users are covered within the coverage area
CoA Coverage Area Mobile Network
MN
CRAN Cloud Radio Access Network
CS Circuit Switched
CS/PS Circuit Switched/Packet Switched
DC Data Center
DCA Designed Coverage Area
DL DownLink
DP Dominant Penetration
DU Dense Urban
DV Data Volume
DV Data Volume of the Mobile Network
MN
E2E End To End
EC Energy Consumption
EC Energy Consumption of the Mobile Network
MN
EC Energy Consumption
...

Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.0 (2022-02)






ETSI STANDARD
Environmental Engineering (EE);
Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
2 Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.0 (2022-02)

Reference
RES/EE-EEPS48
Keywords
5G, access, base station, energy efficiency, GSM,
LTE, mobile, network, radio, UMTS
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE

Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00  Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16

Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - APE 7112B
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° w061004871

Important notice
The present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org/standards-search
The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or
print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any
existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the prevailing version of an ETSI
deliverable is the one made publicly available in PDF format at www.etsi.org/deliver.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
https://portal.etsi.org/TB/ETSIDeliverableStatus.aspx
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
https://portal.etsi.org/People/CommiteeSupportStaff.aspx
Notice of disclaimer & limitation of liability
The information provided in the present deliverable is directed solely to professionals who have the appropriate degree of
experience to understand and interpret its content in accordance with generally accepted engineering or
other professional standard and applicable regulations.
No recommendation as to products and services or vendors is made or should be implied.
No representation or warranty is made that this deliverable is technically accurate or sufficient or conforms to any law
and/or governmental rule and/or regulation and further, no representation or warranty is made of merchantability or fitness
for any particular purpose or against infringement of intellectual property rights.
In no event shall ETSI be held liable for loss of profits or any other incidental or consequential damages.

Any software contained in this deliverable is provided "AS IS" with no warranties, express or implied, including but not
limited to, the warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose and non-infringement of intellectual property
rights and ETSI shall not be held liable in any event for any damages whatsoever (including, without limitation, damages
for loss of profits, business interruption, loss of information, or any other pecuniary loss) arising out of or related to the use
of or inability to use the software.
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and
microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.

© ETSI 2022.
All rights reserved.

ETSI

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
3 Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.0 (2022-02)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Terms . 9
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 10
4 Network under test definition . 12
4.1 Introduction . 12
4.2 Test parameter categorization . 13
4.3 Network classification . 14
4.3.0 Introduction of network classification . 14
4.3.1 Demography . 14
4.3.2 Topography . 15
4.3.3 Climate zones . 15
4.3.4 Additional classification classes . 16
5 Metrics for energy efficiency assessment. 16
5.0 Introduction of clause . 16
5.1 Energy Consumption metrics . 16
5.2 Performance metrics . 19
5.2.1 Data Volume . 19
5.2.2 Coverage Area . 19
5.2.3 Latency . 20
5.2.4 Massive machine type networks . 20
5.3 Mobile Network Energy efficiency metrics . 20
6 Measurement of energy efficiency . 21
6.0 Introduction of clause . 21
6.1 Time duration of the measurement . 21
6.2 Measurement procedures . 22
6.2.1 Measurement of Energy Consumption . 22
6.2.2 Measurement of capacity . 22
6.2.3 Determination of coverage area . 23
6.2.3.0 Introduction . 23
6.2.3.1 Geographic coverage area . 23
6.2.3.2 Designated coverage area . 23
6.2.3.3 Coverage quality . 23
6.2.4 Measurement of latency . 26
6.2.5 Measurement of the number of subscribers . 26
7 Extrapolation for overall networks . 26
7.0 Extrapolation approach . 26
7.1 Extrapolation method . 27
7.1.0 Introduction of extrapolation method . 27
7.1.1 Statistical information about Demography . 27
7.1.2 Statistical information about Topography . 27
7.1.3 Statistical information about Climate zones . 28
7.2 Extrapolation reporting tables . 28
7.2.0 Introduction of extrapolation reporting tables. 28
ETSI

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4 Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.0 (2022-02)
7.2.1 Reporting extrapolation based on Demography . 28
7.2.2 Reporting extrapolation based on Topography . 29
7.2.3 Reporting extrapolation based on Climate zones . 29
8 Assessment report . 29
8.0 Introduction of assessment report . 29
8.1 Report of Network Area under test . 29
8.2 Report of sites under test . 31
8.3 Report of Site measurement . 32
9 Implementation guidelines . 33
Annex A (informative): Implementation examples . 34
A.1 Implementation examples. 34
A.2 Examples of reporting data . 34
History . 39

ETSI

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5 Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.0 (2022-02)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The declarations
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, are publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be
found in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to
ETSI in respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the
ETSI Web server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI Directives including the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation regarding the essentiality of IPRs,
including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not
referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web server) which are, or may be, or may become,
essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
DECT™, PLUGTESTS™, UMTS™ and the ETSI logo are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its

Members. 3GPP™ and LTE™ are trademarks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP
Organizational Partners. oneM2M™ logo is a trademark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the
®
oneM2M Partners. GSM and the GSM logo are trademarks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
Foreword
This final draft ETSI Standard (ES) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE),
and is now submitted for the ETSI standards Membership Approval Procedure.
The present document was developed jointly by ETSI TC EE and ITU-T Study Group 5. It will be published
respectively by ITU and ETSI as Recommendation ITU-T L.1331 [i.4] and ETSI ES 203 228 (the present document),
which are technically-equivalent.
Moreover the present document has been developed in collaboration with 3GPP SA5 and RAN3; GSMA has also given
valuable suggestions and contributions.
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
ETSI

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
6 Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.0 (2022-02)
Introduction
The present document deals with the definition of metrics and methods to measure energy performance of Mobile Radio
Access Networks and adopts an approach based on the measurement of such performance on small networks, for
feasibility and simplicity purposes. Such simplified approach is proposed for approximate energy efficiency evaluations
and cannot be considered as a reference for planning evaluation purposes throughout the network operation process.
The same approach was introduced also in ETSI TR 103 117 [i.1]; the measurements in testing laboratories of the
efficiency of the Base Stations is the topic treated in ETSI ES 202 706 [i.2].
The present document provides also a method to extrapolate the assessment of energy efficiency to wider networks
(clause 7).
The general outcome of the application of the method specified in the present document is based on the "Assessment
report" introduced in clause 8. An example of application of the method is also given in annex A.
ETSI

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1 Scope
The present document is aimed at defining the topology and level of analysis to assess the energy efficiency of mobile
networks. Within the scope of the present document there is the radio access part of the mobile networks, and namely
there are radio base stations, backhauling systems, radio controllers and other infrastructure radio site equipment. The
covered technologies are GSM, UMTS, LTE and 5G New Radio (NR). In particular the present document defines
metrics for mobile network energy efficiency and methods for assessing (and measuring) energy efficiency in
operational networks. The purpose of the present document is to allow better comprehension of networks energy
efficiency, in particular considering the networks' evolution in different periods in time.
Aiming to consider also the slicing approach of the networks from 5G onwards the metrics are extended to the latency
of the network itself related to the energy consumed, additionally to the metrics based on traffic and on coverage,
already existing for legacy networks and still valid.
The present document deals with both a homogeneous and heterogeneous "network" considering a network whose size
and scale could be defined by topologic, geographic or demographic boundaries. For networks defined by topologic
boundaries, a possible example of a network covered by the present document consists of a control node (whenever
applicable), its supported access nodes as well as the related network elements. Networks could be defined by
geographic boundaries, such as city-wide, national or continental networks and could be defined by demographic
boundaries, such as urban or rural networks.
The present document applies to the so-called "partial" networks for which a measurement method is also
recommended. The specification extends the measurements in partial networks to wider so-called "total" networks
energy efficiency estimations (i.e. the network in a geographic area, the network in a whole country, the network of a
MNO, etc.).
Terminal (end-user) equipment is outside the scope of the present document and is not considered in the energy
efficiency measurement.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI TS 125 104: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Base Station (BS)
radio transmission and reception (FDD) (3GPP TS 25.104)".
[2] ETSI TS 136 104: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Base Station
(BS) radio transmission and reception (3GPP TS 36.104)".
[3] ETSI TS 132 425 (V12.0.0): "LTE; Telecommunication management; Performance Management
(PM); Performance measurements Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(E-UTRAN) (3GPP TS 32.425 version 12.0.0 Release 12)".
[4] ETSI TS 132 412 (V11.1.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Telecommunication management;
Performance Management (PM) Integration Reference Point (IRP): Information Service (IS)
(3GPP TS 32.412 version 11.1.0 Release 11)".
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8 Final draft ETSI ES 203 228 V1.4.0 (2022-02)
[5] ETSI TS 123 203 (V12.7.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Policy and charging control architecture
(3GPP TS 23.203 version 12.7.0 Release 12)".
[6] ETSI TS 136 314: "LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Layer 2 -
Measurements (3GPP TS 36.314)".
[7] ETSI TS 152 402 (V11.0.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+);
Telecommunication management; Performance Management (PM); Performance measurements -
GSM (3GPP TS 52.402 version 11.0.0 Release 11)".
[8] ETSI TS 132 405 (V11.1.1): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); LTE; Telecommunication management;
Performance Management (PM); Performance measurements; Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (UTRAN) (3GPP TS 32.405 version 11.1.1 Release 11)".
[9] ETSI ES 202 336-12: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Monitoring and control interface for
infrastructure equipment (power, cooling and building environment systems used in
telecommunication networks); Part 12: ICT equipment power, energy and environmental
parameters monitoring information model".
[10] ISO/IEC 17025 (2005): "General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories".
[11] ETSI EN 303 471: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Energy Efficiency measurement
methodology and metrics for Network Function Virtualisation (NFV)".
[12] Report ITU-R M.2410: "Minimum requirements related to technical performance for IMT-2020
radio interface(s)".
[13] ETSI TS 128 554: "5G; Management and orchestration; 5G end to end Key Performance
Indicators (KPI) (3GPP TS 28.554)".
[14] ETSI TS 128 552 (V16.6.0): "5G; Management and orchestration; 5G performance measurements
(3GPP TS 28.552 version 16.6.0 Release 16)".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TR 103 117: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Principles for Mobile Network level energy
efficiency".
[i.2] ETSI ES 202 706 (all parts): "Environmental Engineering (EE); Measurement method for power
consumption and energy efficiency of wireless access network equipment".
[i.3] ETSI GS NFV 003: "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV); Terminology for Main Concepts in
NFV".
[i.4] Recommendation ITU-T L.1331: "Assessment of mobile network energy efficiency".
[i.5] FAO Soils Portal.
NOTE: Available at http://www.fao.org/soils-portal/soil-survey/soil-maps-and-databases/harmonized-world-soil-
database-v12/en/.
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[i.6] Jürgen Grieser, René Gommes, Stephen Cofield and Michele Bernardi: "Data sources for FAO
worldmaps of Koeppen climatologies and climatic net primary production", 2006.
NOTE: Available at http://www.fao.org/nr/climpag/globgrids/KC_commondata_en.asp.
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
backhaul equipment: equipment used to connect base stations to the core network, or to other BSs (like X2 in LTE)
Base Station (BS): generic term used for network component which serves one cell or more cells and interfaces the
user terminal (through air interface) and a radio access network infrastructure
distributed RBS: BS architecture which contains Remote Radio Heads (RRH) close to the antenna element and a
central element connecting BS to network infrastructure
end-to-end latency: time that takes to transfer a given piece of information from a source to a destination, measured at
the communication interface, from the moment it is transmitted by the source to the moment it is successfully received
at the destination
Energy Efficiency (EE): relation between the useful output and energy/power consumption
energy saving feature: feature which contributes to decreasing the energy consumption compared to the case when the
feature is not implemented
integrated BS: BS architecture in which all BS elements are located close to each other for example in one or two
cabinets
NOTE: The integrated BS architecture may include TMA close to antenna.
Mobile Network (MN): set of equipment from the radio access network or sub-network that are relevant for the
assessment of energy efficiency
mobile network coverage energy efficiency: ratio between the area covered by the network in the Mobile Network
under investigation and the energy consumption
mobile network data energy efficiency: ratio between the performance indicator based on Data Volume and the
energy consumption when assessed during the same time frame
mobile network energy consumption: overall energy consumption of equipment included in the MN under
investigation
mobile network energy efficiency: energy efficiency of a mobile network
Mobile Network Operator (MNO): operator that manages one or more mobile networks
mobile network operator penetration ratio: percentage of traffic served by an MNO in the area where it is active
mobile network performance delivered: performance indicator of the MN under investigation, defined as the data
volume delivered by the mobile network under investigation during the time frame of the energy consumption
assessment
power consumption: power consumed by a device to achieve an intended application performance
radio access network: telecommunications network in which the access to the network (connection between user
terminal and network) is implemented without the use of wires and that is part of GERAN, UTRAN or E-UTRA
networks defined by 3GPP
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Site Energy Efficiency (SEE): metric used to determine the energy efficiency of a telecommunication site
NOTE: SEE is defined by the ratio of "IT equipment energy" and "Total site energy", which generally includes
rectifiers, cooling, storage, security and IT equipment. For datacentres, the "Total site energy" more
globally includes building load, powering equipment (e.g. switchgear, uninterruptible power supply
(UPS), battery backup), cooling equipment (e.g. chillers, Computer Room Air Conditioning unit
(CRAC)) and IT equipment energy.
telecommunication network: network operated under a license granted by a national telecommunications authority,
which provides telecommunications between Network Termination Points (NTPs)
Virtualised Network Function (VNF): See ETSI GS NFV 003 [i.3].
3.2 Symbols
Void.
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
3GPP 3G (mobile) Partnership Project
BH Backhaul
BS Base Station
CC Central Cloud
CoA Coverage Area
CoA_des designated coverage area as designed by network planning
CoA_geo total geographical area under investigation and within the operator's license agreement
CoA_Qdes quality factor describing how well users are covered within the coverage area
CoA Coverage Area Mobile Network
MN
CRAN Cloud Radio Access Network
CS Circuit Switched
CS/PS Circuit Switched/Packet Switched
DC Data Center
DCA Designed Coverage Area
DL DownLink
DP Dominant Penetration
DU Dense Urban
DV Data Volume
DV Data Volume of the Mobile Network
MN
E2E End To End
EC Energy Consumption
EC Energy Consumption of the Mobile Network
MN
EC Energy Consumption of the S
...