ETSI TS 103 553-1 V1.1.1 (2019-08)

ETSI TS 103 553-1 V1.1.1 (2019-08)






TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Environmental Engineering (EE);
Innovative energy storage technology for stationary use;
Part 1: Overview

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2 ETSI TS 103 553-1 V1.1.1 (2019-08)



Reference
DTS/EE-0259-1
Keywords
battery, energy management, power supply

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3 ETSI TS 103 553-1 V1.1.1 (2019-08)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Modal verbs terminology . 4
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Terms . 9
3.2 Symbols . 10
3.3 Abbreviations . 10
4 General Introduction of the need for electrical energy storage . 11
4.1 Overview . 11
4.2 Short disturbance and dips filtering . 12
4.3 Increased reliability by adding autonomy to cover long grid outage . 12
4.4 Self-consumption of renewable energy increased by storage for on grid and off grid systems . 12
4.5 Smart grid services with energy storage functionality and possible reliability increase . 12
4.6 M2M and IoT devices power supply . 13
4.7 Voltage interface of energy storage solutions . 13
5 Evolution of energy storage . 13
6 Selection method of energy storage for ICT stationary use . 15
6.1 Overview . 15
6.2 Selection method based on general criteria and complementary tests . 15
6.3 Detailed description of the main parameters of energy storage technology . 16
7 Test methods . 18
7.1 General introduction . 18
7.2 Test flowchart . 18
7.3 Additional considerations . 20
7.3.1 Physical tests . 20
7.3.2 Cycling tests and complexity of voltage settings . 20
Annex A (informative): Energy Storage (battery, super-capacitor) World market evolution . 21
Annex B (informative): Helping approach for multi-criteria choice method between energy
storage . 22
Annex C (informative): Rationale for very short autonomy on good grid obtained by super-
capacitor or high power rechargeable battery . 25
History . 29

ETSI

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4 ETSI TS 103 553-1 V1.1.1 (2019-08)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE).
The present document introduces an open series of documents for different families of technologies (battery systems,
super-capacitors systems) that will be enriched progressively as new technologies emerge that may significantly impact
the field of energy storage.
With the increase of new technologies in energy storage there is need for a global overview of an energy storage system
for use in stationary information and communication technology (ICT) installations in networks, data centres and
customer premises equipment (CPE), and simple evaluation of acceptable duration and characterization methods for this
specific purpose.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering "Innovative energy storage technology for stationary
use", as identified below:
Part 1: "Overview";
Part 2: "Battery technology";
Part 3: "Super-capacitor technology".
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
Until early 2000, the battery technology has been dominated by Lead-acid for stationary uses and motive uses (factory
fork lifts, engine starters). NiMH and Lithium have been used for mobile devices, portables tools and partially for
electric vehicles. There have also been used for highly reliable and secure applications in fields such as industry,
transport, etc.
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5 ETSI TS 103 553-1 V1.1.1 (2019-08)
The recent and relatively fast evolution of batteries, in particular lithium-ion has been driven by the rapid development
of electric cars for urban use in fleets and more recently for popular commuter use in vehicle for public and private
transport. The latest battery research has been directed toward technology enhancements that support an increase in
distance travelled by vehicle using a single charge and a reduction in the time taken to re-charge the battery. Vehicle
battery technology is rapidly expanding to include other battery technology areas offering product advantage in terms of
reduced cost, safer usage, higher energy density levels and quicker charging. These include solid state batteries,
aluminium ion, lithium sulphur and metal air. These strong developments of battery technologies can be applied in
stationary Information and Communication Technology (ICT) industry.
An energy storage and generation technology that appears to move in and out of the battery lime light is the fuel cell.
This technology comes in various different assortments but is best known as the hydrogen fuel cell for which a very
²
high power density at 0,7 Watt per cm or higher is possible, depending on operating conditions. Car manufacturers are
considering extending batteries range with general optimizing in hybrid solutions with fuel cell, or internal and external
engine generators. Fuel cell technology remains a potential contender for future use by electric vehicle manufacturers.
Fuel cells have also been used in several ICT site trials and installations by major telecom providers.
The European Union (EU) Renewable Energy Directive [i.24] states that the EU is to meet at least 20 % of its total
energy needs with renewable energy by 2020 through individual national targets of its member states. In revision work
of the directive, the EU indicates new target of at least 27 % Renewable Energy of its final consumption by 2030.
Depending on the energy mix, the existing electric grid can accept in average injection of up to 10 % to 30 %, of
renewable energy by only adding regional big energy storages for example water Pump Hydro Storage (PHS) or
Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) connected to the high voltage grid. Above this level of intermittent renewable
energy in some places or more generally in regions or countries, there is a need for smaller local storages in general
made of electro-chemical batteries. Statistical analysis carried out within the EU in 2014 showed that 25,4 % of its total
primary energy production came from renewables. This was made up of 16 % biofuels, 4,2 % hydropower, 2,83 % wind
and 1,55 % solar. These technologies were further augmented with large regional energy storage solutions such as PSH
and CAES, both solutions offering peak time energy stability to the high voltage grid. Although the EU can boast of
having very high levels of renewable energy solutions, there is a need to further support these solutions in some regions
where large renewable energies are still in development or offer intermittent or limited energy supply. This point is
particularly true in some countries outside of the EU borders where there is a need for smaller local storages solutions.
In general these solutions comprise of electro-chemical batteries.
In attempts to make the ICT sites more autonomous or interactive with the local utilities e.g. by peak shaving, demand
response, etc., local battery installations are offering 'self-consumption' of renewable energy. This is achieved by
charging local battery stacks using solar technology and as such providing site power at night and in periods of bad
weather. In these particular examples there is a need to move away from pure back-up use of battery often in charge
floating mode to charge/discharge cyclic use and in addition where site power requirements dictate, short term storage
solutions such as super- capacitors should be considered.
With the development of sectors such as Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine to Machine (M2M) technologies,
uninterrupted stationary power supplies have become more and more important where energy consumption is too high
for using primary batteries due to size, cost and frequency of replacement. Therefore, rechargeable batteries are
necessary for resilience and energy harvesting.
Further information on all these subjects can be found in various studies on energy storage such as the IEC White paper
[i.9] or other presentations and publications e.g. in [i.13], [i.14], [i.15], [i.16], [i.17] and [i.19].
The trend towards the use of more cyclic battery technologies and super capacitors can be observed on international
battery market evolution presented in annex A.
To this end to facilitate the choice of adapted storage solutions for stationary use in the ICT sector, simple and effective
methods are developed in this multi part deliverable. They should give results in reasonable time which is introduced in
the present document "ETSI TS 103 553-1: Overview".
Detailed information and methods are given in next parts for each family of technologies:
• ETSI TS 103 553-2 battery technology [i.25];
• ETSI TS 103 553-3: super-capacitors technology [i.26].
Future possible parts could be other storage technologies (e.g. fuel cells, mechanical storage).
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6 ETSI TS 103 553-1 V1.1.1 (2019-08)
With an increase in the selection of different manufacturers offering energy storage systems with different battery and
super-capacitor technologies it has become increasingly difficult for the designer and the user to make the correct
selection for their end system.
The intention of these evaluation methods is not to substitute but to complement the IEC standards on batteries for
safety or factory tests such as [i.12] for Stationary lead-acid batteries or [i.10] and [i.11] for alkaline batteries or other
non-acid electrolytes batteries or any new IEC standard on new energy storage technologies e.g. batteries, fly-wheel,
etc.
The present document was developed jointly by ETSI TC EE and ITU-T Study Group 5 and published respectively by
ITU and ETSI as Recommendation ITU-T L.1220 [i.27] and ETSI TS 103 553-1 (the present document), which are
technically equivalent.
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7 ETSI TS 103 553-1 V1.1.1 (2019-08)
1 Scope
The present document identifies the main needs and applications of stationary electrical energy storage for ICT sites
such as back-up on different grid quality and cyclic use of renewable energy systems. It also provides possible selection
criteria for the correct choice for the end system. The topics considered are:
• families of electrical energy storage such as batteries or super-capacitors;
• technologies types and their main properties;
• adaptation to requirements (functionalities, technology availability, electrical characteristics, environmental
adaptation, maintenance type, cost, etc.);
• national or regional rules and regulations.
The present document highlights the need of evaluation methods that are complementary to existing battery standards as
they allow different time frame including shorter tests compared to common energy storage industry tests.
The present document introduces a series of subparts that covers energy storage technologies (battery, super-capacitor,
etc.) applicable to stationary Telecom/ICT equipment used in telecom networks, data centres and customer premises
(CPE).
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI EN 300 132-2: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input of
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) equipment; Part 2: -48 V Direct Current
(DC)".
[2] Recommendation ITU-T L.1001 (11/2012): "External universal power adapter solutions for
stationary information and communication technology devices".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] Recommendation ITU-T L.1205 (12/2016): "Interfacing of renewable energy or distributed power
sources to up to 400 VDC power feeding systems".
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[i.2] ETSI EN 300 132-3-1 (V2.1.1): "Environmental Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the
input to telecommunications and datacom (ICT) equipment; Part 3: Operated by rectified current
source, alternating current source or direct current source up to 400 V; Sub-part 1: Direct current
source up to 400 V".
NOTE: An ongoing work should result in ETSI EN 300 132-3 replacing ETSI EN 300 132-3-1.
[i.3] ETSI EN 302 099 (V2.1.1): "Environmental Engineering (EE); Powering of equipment in access
network".
NOTE: Annex C refers to ongoing revision work.
[i.4] ETSI TR 102 532 (V1.1.1) (2009-06): "Environmental Engineering (EE) The use of alternative
energy sources in telecommunication installations".
[i.5] RSE (Ricerca Sistema Energetico) report (2011): "L'accumulo di energia elettrica".
[i.6] CEER (Council of European Energy Regulators) (2015-02): "Benchmarking Report 5.2 on the
Continuity of Electricity Supply".
NOTE: Available at https://www.ceer.eu/documents/104400/-/-/cbc48e6a-5d5e-a170-ae1d-7b7b298d46a4.
[i.7] AEEGSI Report (2015-05).
NOTE: Available at: https://www.autorita.energia.it/allegati/com_stampa/15/151116cs.pdf.
[i.8] IEC 60050-826 (2004): "International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Part 826: Electrical
installations".
[i.9] IEC WPstorage: "IEC Energy storage White paper".
NOTE: Available at http://www.iec.ch/whitepaper/pdf/iecWP-energystorage-LR-en.pdf.
[i.10] IEC 62619 (2017-02): "Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid
electrolytes - Safety requirements for secondary lithium cells and batteries, for use in industrial
applications".
[i.11] IEC 62620 (2014-11): "Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid
electrolytes - Secondary lithium cells and batteries for use in industrial applications".
[i.12] IEC 60 896 series: "Stationary lead-acid batteries".
[i.13] IRES and ESE 2016-T&E (2016-03): "International IRES and European ESE Conference".
NOTE: Available at https://eurosolar.de/en/index.php/text-and-media/press-releases-eurosolar.
[i.14] ETSI EE 2015-Storage Solutions (2015-06): "Energy Storage Solutions Panorama for Telecom
Stand-By applications", Campion 3Cprojects, Third ETSI Workshop on ICT Energy Efficiency
and Environmental Sustainability, Sophia Antipolis.
NOTE: Available at https://docbox.etsi.org/Workshop/2015/201506_EEWORKSHOP.
[i.15] Elsevier 2016-ESS applications (2016-08): "Energy storage technologies and real life applications
- A state of the art review".
[i.16] Battery University website.
NOTE: Available at http://batteryuniversity.com/learn/article/types_of_lithium_ion.
[i.17] ENEA Fact & Figures (2012-03): "Issues, Technical solutions and development opportunities".
NOTE: Available at http://www.enea-consulting.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/ENEA-Consulting-Energy-
Storage.pdf.
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[i.18] ESA (Energy Storage Systems) (2007-01): "Characteristics and Comparisons". Wind Energy
Research Laboratory (WERL), Universite´du Quebec Canada.
NOTE: Available at https://www.researchgate.net/publication/223915340_Energy_storage_systems-
Characteristics_and_comparisons.
[i.19] SooGREEN: The 2017 International Workshop on "Service-oriented Optimization of Green
Mobile Networks".
NOTE: Available at http://dl.ifip.org/db/conf/wiopt/wiopt2017/1570349026.pdf.
[i.20] European Commission Smart Grid Mandate (source of definition in M490): "Standardization
Mandate to European Standardisation Organisations (ESOs) to support European Smart Grid
deployment".
NOTE: Available at ftp://ftp.cencenelec.eu/CENELEC/Smartgrid/M490.pdf.
[i.21] Source of definitions in IADC UBO / MPD Glossary, December 2011.Global Standards
http://www.iadclexicon.org/load-shifting/ and in http://www.iadclexicon.org/peak-shaving/.
[i.22] Source of definition in https://cdn.eurelectric.org/media/1940/demand-response-brochure-11-05-
final-lr-2015-2501-0002-01-e-h-C783EC17.pdf.
[i.23] Avicenne Energy (2017-02): "Evolution du marché mondial des batteries rechargeables, Impact
sur la demande en Nickel, Cobalt et Lithium".
NOTE: Available at http://www.mineralinfo.fr/sites/default/files/upload/comes_presentation-
_c._pillot_fevrier_2017_pour_diffusion.pdf.
[i.24] The European Union (EU) Renewable Energy Directive.
NOTE: Available at https://ec.europa.eu/energy/en/topics/renewable-energy/renewable-energy-directive.
[i.25] ETSI TS 103 553-2: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Innovative energy storage technology for
stationary use; Part 2: battery technology".
[i.26] ETSI TS 103 553-3: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Innovative energy storage technology for
stationary use; Part 3: super-capacitor technology".
[i.27] Recommendation ITU-T L.1220 (08/2017): "Innovative energy storage technology for stationary
use, Part 1: Overview of energy storage".
[i.28] Recommendation ITU-T L.1200 (05/2012): "Direct current power feeding interface up to 400 V at
the input to telecommunication and ICT equipment".
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
-48 VDC: -48 Volt Direct Current voltage range
NOTE: As standardized in Recommendation ITU-T L.1200 [i.28].
400 VDC: up to 400 Volt Direct Current voltage range
NOTE: As standardized in ETSI EN 300 132-3-1 [i.2].
back-up energy storage: energy storage system able to feed electricity to equipment of an ICT site in case of electric
grid or local source unavailability or insufficiency of power source (electric grid or local source) to match the load
demand
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10 ETSI TS 103 553-1 V1.1.1 (2019-08)
demand response: utility demand to final consumers (households or businesses) providing response in manual or
automatic mode giving flexibility to the electricity system by voluntarily changing their electricity consumption in
reaction to price signals or to specific requests which lead to lower prices for consumers and for utility by avoiding grid
over-load and decreasing the need of high-cost power generation often using fossil energy and emitting carbon emission
electrical equipment: item used for purposes like storage, generation, conversion, distribution or utilization of electric
energy (e.g. electrical machines, transformers, switch gear and control gear, measuring instruments, wiring systems,
current-using equipment, etc.)
NOTE: As standardized in IEC 60050-826 [i.8].
energy storage: action or mean to store energy for use in the future
lithium based battery: battery that uses Lithium in electrode
load shifting: moving an entire load from a peak time to an off-peak time
NOTE: As standardized in IADC UBO/MPD Glossary [i.21].
nano grid, micro grid: local area grid connecting some building together at relatively short distance
NOTE 1: As standardized in Recommendation ITU-T L.1205 [i.1].
NOTE 2: It can be in AC or DC.
NOTE 3: In general nano grid is lower than 100 kW, micro grid can be of higher power. "Nano or micro grid" will
be used in the present document.
nickel based battery: battery that uses nickel in electrode
peak shaving: technique used to shift a portion of an electrical load at a peak time of day to a non-peak time, helping in
that to meet peek demands using alternate power sources such as gas supplies or energy storage
NOTE: Definition based on IADC UBO/MPD Glossary [i.21].
renewable energy: mainly non-fossil fuel converted into electricity
NOTE: As standardized in Recommendation ITU-T L.1205 [i.1].
EXAMPLE: Solar energy, wind, water flow, biomass which can be obtained from natural resources that can be
constantly replenished.
self-consumption: consumption by an electricity consumer of its own energy production
smart grid: electricity network that can cost efficiently integrate the behaviour and actions of all users connected to it –
generators, consumers and those that do both – in order to ensure economically efficient, sustainable power system with
low losses and high levels of quality and security of supply and safety
NOTE: As standardized in the European Commission Smart Grid Mandate [i.20].
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
A (interface) name of ICT/Telecom equipment -48 VDC power interface in ETSI EN 300 132-2 [1]
P power feeding interface of up to 400 VDC defined in ETSI EN 300 132-3-1 [i.2]
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AC Alternative Current
AGM Absorbent Glass Material
Ah Ampere hour
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BMS Balancing Monitoring System
CAES Compressed Air Energy Storage
CAPEX Capital Expenditure
CO Central Office
CPE Customer Premises Equipment
DC Direct Current
DoD Depth of Discharge
EMC Electro-Magnetic Compatibility
FTTCab Fibre To The Cabinet
GHG Green Hous
...