EN IEC 63339:2024

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2025
Poenoten referenčni model za pametno proizvodnjo (IEC 63339:2024)
Unified reference model for smart manufacturing (IEC 63339:2024)
Einheitliches Referenzmodell für Smart Manufacturing (IEC 63339:2024)
Modèle de référence unifié pour la fabrication intelligente (IEC 63339:2024)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 63339:2024
ICS:
25.040.01 Sistemi za avtomatizacijo v Industrial automation
industriji na splošno systems in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 63339

NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM November 2024
ICS 25.040
English Version
Unified reference model for smart manufacturing
(IEC 63339:2024)
Modèle de référence unifié pour la fabrication intelligente Einheitliches Referenzmodell für Smart Manufacturing
(IEC 63339:2024) (IEC 63339:2024)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2024-11-14. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
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Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Türkiye and the United Kingdom.

European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2024 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
Ref. No. EN IEC 63339:2024 E
European foreword
The text of document 65/1020/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 63339, prepared by TC 65 "Industrial-
process measurement, control and automation" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and
approved by CENELEC as EN IEC 63339:2024.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2025-11-30
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2027-11-30
document have to be withdrawn
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national committee. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CENELEC website.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 63339:2024 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.
In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standard indicated:
IEC 61360 (series) NOTE Approved as EN 61360 (series)
IEC 61512-1 NOTE Approved as EN 61512-1
IEC 62264 (series) NOTE Approved as EN IEC 62264 (series)
IEC 62559 (series) NOTE Approved as EN IEC 62559 (series)
ISO 11354 (series) NOTE Approved as EN ISO 11354 (series)
ISO 19439:2006 NOTE Approved as EN ISO 19439:2006 (not modified)

IEC 63339
Edition 1.0 2024-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Unified reference model for smart manufacturing

Modèle de référence unifié pour la fabrication intelligente

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 25.040 ISBN 978-2-8322-9683-7

– 2 – IEC 63339:2024 © IEC 2024
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
INTRODUCTION . 8
1 Scope . 12
2 Normative references . 12
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms, acronyms and conventions . 12
3.1 Terms and definitions . 12
3.2 Abbreviated terms and acronyms . 17
3.3 Conventions . 18
4 Conformance . 18
4.1 Intended usage . 18
4.2 Full conformance . 18
4.3 Partial conformance . 18
4.3.1 Conformance to purpose and context requirements . 18
4.3.2 Conformance to dimensions and coherence . 18
4.3.3 Conformance to semantic modelling of aspects . 19
4.3.4 Conformance to facets and frameworks . 19
5 The URMSM in smart manufacturing concepts . 19
6 Reference model concepts . 20
6.1 SM modelling . 20
6.2 Modelling purpose. 21
6.3 Modelling dimensions. 22
6.4 Dimension coherence . 23
6.5 Stakeholders . 24
6.6 Concerns . 24
6.7 Use case. 24
6.8 Viewpoints and views . 25
6.9 Perspectives . 25
6.9.1 Use of perspective . 25
6.9.2 Stakeholder perspectives . 26
6.9.3 Analytical framework. 26
6.10 Aspects . 26
6.11 Life cycle modelling . 27
6.12 SM semantic modelling . 28
6.12.1 Semantic modelling overview . 28
6.12.2 Forms of semantic representation . 30
6.12.3 Granularity of semantic models . 31
7 Dimensions of URMSM . 31
7.1 Identifying aspect interactions of smart manufacturing . 31
7.2 Specifying modelling dimensions . 32
7.2.1 Collections of aspects as dimensions of smart manufacturing . 32
7.2.2 Collections of dimensions as an analytical framework for smart
manufacturing . 33
7.2.3 Collections of life cycle phases as dimensions of smart manufacturing . 34
7.3 Using a semantic model for analytical reasoning in smart manufacturing . 34
7.4 Selecting facet dimensions based upon concerns . 35
7.5 Identify meaningful dimension interactions . 37

IEC 63339:2024 © IEC 2024 – 3 –
7.6 Frameworks as visualizations of interactions . 38
8 Using the URMSM . 41
8.1 Utility of a reference model for smart manufacturing . 41
8.2 Industry specific application of the URMSM . 41
8.3 Specializing URMSM . 42
8.3.1 Specific utilization of the URMSM and rules for derivatives of SMRMs . 42
8.3.2 Manipulating reference models to match purpose . 43
9 Use cases of the URMSM . 44
9.1 Analysis use case . 44
9.1.1 Examining interactions at intersections of aspects . 44
9.1.2 Examining interactions near intersections of aspects . 45
9.1.3 Inserting new capabilities to analyse . 45
9.2 Synthesis use case . 45
9.2.1 Identifying necessary coverage of aspect interactions . 45
9.2.2 Sequencing activities based upon dependencies . 46
9.3 Simulation in SMRM . 46
9.4 Implementation use case . 47
10 Family of reference models based upon the URMSM . 48
10.1 A base of essential SM modelling dimensions . 48
10.2 Re-arranging framework dimensions . 50
10.3 Complementary frameworks for same situation . 50
10.4 Using multiple SMRMs to achieve purpose. 51
Annex A (informative) Concept areas of SM . 52
A.1 Aspects of production and products . 52
A.2 Perspectives of production and products stakeholders . 52
A.3 Lifecycle considerations . 53
A.4 Modelling of products and production using semantic models . 53
A.5 Semantic models . 55
Annex B (informative) Formal Foundation for URMSM . 57
B.1 Modelling framework for URMSM . 57
B.1.1 Formalism caveat . 57
B.1.2 Modelling framework formalism . 57
B.1.3 Using a URMSM framework . 60
B.1.4 Semantic models of dimensions composed of aspects . 62
Annex C (informative) Positioning URMSM among reference models . 65
C.1 Positioning URMSM among reference models . 65
Annex D (informative) Meta-model for reference model analysis . 66
D.1 Meta-model analysis . 66
D.2 Using a meta-model . 66
D.2.1 General . 66
D.2.2 Assumptions, constraints and guidance . 66
D.2.3 Concepts . 67
Annex E (informative) Principles of semantic modelling . 73
E.1 Top level conceptual model . 73
E.2 Semiotic conceptual model . 75
E.3 Top level model domains . 78
Annex F (informative) Practitioner’s modelling activity in a systematic usage of
URMSM . 80

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F.1 Use case derivation of concerns, aspects, and perspectives . 80
F.2 Relationship between aspects on a dimension and model contents . 82
F.2.1 General . 82
F.2.2 Implication of the dimension of lifecycle . 83
F.2.3 Implication of the dimension of smart technology . 83
F.2.4 Implication of the dimension of enterprise hierarchy . 84
F.2.5 Implication of the dimension of capability level . 84
F.3 Concept of step-by-step approach. 84
F.3.1 Formalism caveat . 84
F.3.2 Practical procedure . 85
Annex G (informative) Use case: Value stream . 87
G.1 Overview. 87
G.2 Conveyor system project . 87
G.3 SM use case . 88
G.4 Dimensions . 90
G.4.1 Information in context . 90
G.4.2 Dimension coherence using semantic models . 90
G.4.3 Interactions between dimensions . 90
G.4.4 Dimension S – The supply chain . 91
G.4.5 Dimension C – Product/production system design . 91
G.4.6 Dimension D – Production system . 91
G.4.7 Dimension H – Operations management (shown within the production
systems dimension D) . 91
G.4.8 Dimension I – Control/process level 1 (shown within Dimension D) . 92
G.5 Project flow and interaction . 93
G.5.1 Product concept (Ctx) quotation . 93
G.5.2 Product order process . 94
G.5.3 New product concept(Ctx) quotation . 95
G.5.4 Interaction matrix . 95
Bibliography . 96

Figure 1 – Using URMSM . 9
Figure 2 – SM standard developer perspective of facet reuse . 36
Figure 3 – Projection steps for standards developers . 37
Figure 4 – A one dimensional framework representation . 39
Figure 5 – A two dimensional framework representation . 39
Figure 6 – Nested processes (centre oval) and user members (right) . 40
Figure 7 – URMSM abstraction stack . 42
Figure 8 – Example of a model for use case #1 . 47
Figure 9 – Diversified smart manufacturing systems expected from different
stakeholders . 48
Figure 10 – Basic structure for a family of SMRM with alternative 3D representations . 51
Figure A.1 – SM contextual relationships . 54
Figure A.2 – Semiotic Triangle with 3 semiotic domains and 3 morphisms (relations
between pairs of semiotic domain artefacts) . 55
Figure A.3 – Product standards catalogue concept model . 56
Figure B.1 – Semantic model scenario dimensions . 62

IEC 63339:2024 © IEC 2024 – 5 –
Figure B.2 – Semantic model scenario as relationship graph . 63
Figure C.1 – Example of cascading reference models . 65
Figure D.1 – Meta-model for SMRM . 72
Figure E.1 – Top level conceptual model "The Semiotic Triangle" . 73
Figure E.2 – Knowledge Ontology (K-Pyramid) explained by the three coloured corners
of the Semiotic Triangle (Concept || Symbol || Phenomenon) . 74
Figure E.3 – I4.0 Methodology / Theory of Data: Flattening the knowledge/data

pyramid. 75
Figure E.4 – Cyclic semiotic relationships (morphisms) . 76
Figure E.5 – A first high level consolidation of interactions (I) – including IIoT Control
Structure . 76
Figure E.6 – Composition of SM knowledge from different SM domains . 77
Figure E.7 – Top level concept model for model domain . 78
Figure E.8 – Natural aspect concept model – dynamics . 79
Figure F.1 – Utilization of the URMSM through a modelling activity of SM practitioners. 80
Figure F.2 – Projection steps for SM practitioners . 81
Figure F.3 – Relationship between aspects on a dimension and model contents . 83
Figure F.4 – Potential problem of the modelling activity by SM practitioners . 84
Figure F.5 – Step-by-step approach . 86
Figure G.1 – Product model interactions . 89
Figure G.2 – Production System Dimension D . 92

Table B.1 – Semantic model scenario . 62
Table B.2 – Semantic model scenario as N-squared diagram . 63
Table B.3 – Semantic model scenario Direct Intersections . 64
Table B.4 – Semantic model scenario Indirect Interactions . 64
Table G.1 – Interaction matrix . 95

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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
UNIFIED REFERENCE MODEL FOR SMART MANUFACTURING

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
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9) IEC draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). IEC takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights in
respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, IEC had not received notice of (a) patent(s), which
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the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at https://patents.iec.ch. IEC
shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 63339 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 65: Industrial-process measurement,
control and automation in cooperation with ISO technical committee 184: Automation systems
and integration. It is an International Standard.
It is published as a double logo standard.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
65/1020/FDIS 65/1094/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.

IEC 63339:2024 © IEC 2024 – 7 –
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
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The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
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• revised.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.

– 8 – IEC 63339:2024 © IEC 2024
INTRODUCTION
“Manufacturing” refers to a range of human activities, from handicraft to high tech, and is
commonly applied to industrial production, where raw materials and parts are transformed into
finished goods on small to large scale by a series of interconnected processes. Smart
manufacturing (SM) is an emergent characteristic of manufacturing achieved by digital
technologies, gradually built up through digital transformation, combining diversity and
uniformity, demonstrating continuous value delivery by a highly complicated collection of
processes interacting on different time scales. In today’s manufacturing landscape,
manufacturing is no longer characterized as a set of serial processes, but instead as a highly
interconnected set of distributed processes that are able to cooperate on different time scales.
A set of supervisory processes achieve coordination of these distributed processes using links
that enable dynamic response to changing conditions in demands, supply, environment, energy
and, other human or naturally caused probabilistic events. Since these probabilistic events are
not known before occurrence, they often are disruptive and result in changing conditions.
The purpose of smart manufacturing is to accommodate those disruptive events, while
supporting the introduction of new technologies and methods in a coordinated manner across
the variety of customers, suppliers and stakeholders at various stages in the value chain.
Building upon the common knowledge and results found in IEC TR 63319 [9] – A meta-
modelling analysis approach to smart manufacturing reference models, as depicted in Figure 1
– this document specifies the unified reference model for smart manufacturing (URMSM) to
create purpose-specific domain and application reference models for smart manufacturing
initiatives by specifying the necessary structure and terminology for expressing such models.
The URMSM is applicable across the many domains and applications found within a
manufacturing enterprise.
Smart manufacturing reference models (SMRM), which conform to the requirements of this
document, provide SM standards developers and SM practitioners with better opportunities for
implementing models of production systems and products that take full advantage of
technological innovations. These innovations occur during:
• analysis and synthesis using models of manufacturing,
• application of new materials, processes and facilities for manufacturing,
• understanding the emergence of digital twin concepts and other smart manufacturing
technologies.
The URMSM is not one model or one model visualization. The URMSM is the specification for
a family of reference models that share structural and behavioural properties intended to
promote interoperability.
NOTE Subclause 8.2 provides more information regarding relationships among models and derivation relations.
The URMSM brings together concepts from existing works, both standards and practice, to
support the variety of existing reference models, the adaptation of existing reference models
for new uses, and the emergence of new reference models, all of which take advantage of the
evolution in manufacturing technologies.
___________
Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.

IEC 63339:2024 © IEC 2024 – 9 –

Figure 1 – Using URMSM
The model-based approach of the URMSM has two major structural components. The first is a
modelling framework to support various arrangements of manufacturing elements into
conceptual configurations deemed pertinent to domains of manufacturing enterprises. The
second is the conceptualization of semantic models that reside within the modelling framework.
A concise URMSM terminology supports both the modelling framework and the conceptual
semantic models.
Since smart manufacturing is essentially a human conception of improved manufacturing
technologies and practices, differences in interpretation of that concept can lead some
practitioners to over-simplify the complicated nature of perspective and property interactions in
today’s manufacturing systems. Objectifying the notion of ‘smart’ for manufacturing is a
challenge since developers and practitioners have been getting smarter about manufacturing
for over 200 years already.
For IEC work in a domain of similar complexity, the author of [48] summarizes "smartness" in
the domain of Smart Cities as follows:
Smartness is an emergent characteristic of a system
• achieved by digital technologies,
• explicitly architected and engineered to reduce complexity,
• gradually built up through digital transformation,
• permanently demonstrating value delivery,
• combining diversity and uniformity,
• coordinating and cooperating between all the stakeholders.
Considering this characterization, the URMSM provides the means for creating reference
models for smart manufacturing that enable emergence of more digitally oriented, engineered
solutions for delivering additional value from manufacturing operations. The result is improved
performance aspects with integrated and intelligent use of processes and resources in cyber,
physical and human spheres to create and deliver products and services, which also collaborate
with other domains within enterprises' value chains [16].
This document identifies a collection of criteria for arranging aspects of the smart manufacturing
domain as reference models. The important relationships among manufacturing elements
enable useful examination and derivation of practical designs in order to fulfil a defined purpose,
and to maintain and improve the resulting system through methods for analysis and synthesis.
The URMSM provides insight into the modelling of aspects of manufacturing elements to
consider when developing new elements. Smart support methods for conducting that
development or modification can require an evolution from existing practice to a more unified
model-based approach.
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This document can be used to support the development processes of smart manufacturing, and
to assure coherence and compatibility during the development of standards.
This document identifies ways to apply those aspects of manufacturing and the acumen
essential to developing a smart manufacturing model for a particular industrial enterprise.
The URMSM goes beyond the representational features of manufacturing elements to enable
examination of interactions among those elements through the use of models to address issues
arising in the course of smart manufacturing initiatives.
Expectations regarding the outcome of a satisfactory URMSM are:
• enabling the examination of value within a value creation network;
• enabling a range of appropriate libraries such as use cases, interface definitions, models
for semantics, information and data, and international standards as modelled views relative
to modelling purposes for particular smart manufacturing situations;
• enabling representation as a multi-dimensional space composed from various collections of
aspects to accommodate particular modelling purposes, such as aspects of production,
aspects of product, aspects of smart technology, and their relationships over their respective
life cycles;
• enabling assurance that information is consistently structured using standards for
information, data and modelling languages, without ambiguous meaning, by applying
semantic models and techniques;
• enabling efficient usability for the creation of tailored smart manufacturing models that
address a stakeholder’s particular concerns.
The URMSM supports all three modalities of interoperation (unified, integrated, and federated)
that can co-exist within a modelling framework, albeit with varying extents of effectiveness and
efficiency (see ISO 11354 [17]). Having a formal understanding of modelling frameworks
enables more effective and efficient utilization of frameworks.
Clause 4 specifies extents of conformance to URMSM based upon meeting the requirements
and recommendations in their entirety, as full conformance, or for particular subclauses, as
partial conformance.
Clause 5 presents aspects of manufacturing commonly associated with 'smart manufacturing'.
Clause 6 presents modelling concepts essential for constructing suitable reference models in
the domain of smart manufacturing.
Clause 7 establishes examination and derivation criteria for interoperation of aspects in
manufacturing.
Clause 8 presents ways to use the URMSM to create purpose-specific reference models.
Clause 9 presents use cases for the URMSM and a progression of capability markers that
indicate maturity in the application of the URMSM.
Clause 10 discusses ways to manipulate and use reference frameworks for extended analysis
and synthesis for systems used in smart manufacturing.
Annex A presents concept areas of smart manufacturing.
Annex B provides a formal foundation for the URMSM approach including a modelling
framework for URMSM.
IEC 63339:2024 © IEC 2024 – 11 –
Annex C provides an example figure of cascading reference models.
Annex D provides a summary of the meta-model for reference model analysis from
IEC TR 63319 [9].
Annex E provides an introduction to the principles underlying semantic modelling.
Annex F provides a practitioner’s modelling activity in a systematic usage of URMSM.
Annex G provides an extended example of the URMSM applied to a multi-dimensional
manufacturing scenario.
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UNIFIED REFERENCE MODEL FOR SMART MANUFACTURING

1 Scope
This international standard specifies the unified reference model for smart manufacturing
(URMSM) using a terminology and structure, and establishes criteria for creating reference
models, as specializations, that support smart manufacturing. The terminology and structure
comprise a set of common modelling elements, their associations, and conformance criteria.
These common modelling elements address aspects and perspectives of products and
production and their lifecycle considerations.
The URMSM enables an approach for creating multiple models based upon a reference model
that is sufficient for understanding significant relationships among entities involved in smart
manufacturing (SM) and for the development of standards and other specifications.
The URMSM specifications in this document accommodate consistent, coherent, compatible
specializations for relevant aspects of manufacturing systems consisting of equipment, products,
and services within the domain of manufacturing. Provisions of this document are applicable
for a new smart manufacturing reference model (SMRM) or elaboration of existing SMRM
capabilities, for example, improving capabilities for analysis of opportunities and synthesis of
technological advances, and improving interoperability of new and existing systems.
This document is not intended to prescribe interoperability considerations or data schemas of
models. Standardization of content relative to models will be the subject of other standards and
texts specific to those model domains.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms, acronyms and conventions
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp/ui
3.1.1
aspect
labelled designation for a collection of concepts in a particular context
EXAMPLE functional, structural, information, security, availability, customer.
Note 1 to entry: An aspect is often expressed as a view across one or more model for a manufacturing system.
Note 2 to entry: Elements of an aspect can have functional, non-functional or other kinds of descriptors.
Note 3 to entry: The identification of an aspect is often the result of prior knowledge, experience and practice in the
domain to which the aspect applies.

IEC 63339:2024 © IEC 2024 – 13 –
3.1.2
aspect interaction
relationship between two or more aspects (3.1.1) where one aspect influences or is influenced
by the presence of another aspect
Note 1 to entry: Influence includes but is not limited to dependence and control.
3.1.3
business
series of processes, each having a clearly understood purpose, involving one or more person,
realised through the exchange of information and directed towards some mutually agreed upon
goal, extending over a period of time
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 15944-20:2015, 2.2]
3.1.4
complex

decision situation characterised by unordered decision variables, and ill-defined categories,
criteria and dependencies
3.1.5
complicated

decision situation characterised by enumerated decision variables, and well-defined categories,
criteria and dependencies
3.1.6
concern
matter of relevance or importance to a stakeholder (3.1.20) regarding a manufacturing system
or element thereof
Note 1 to entry: Stated concerns are useful when relevant to the purpose of the modelling effort and refer to specific
rather than categorical difficulties, problems, or requirements.
Note 2 to entry: Concern expression takes many forms, including among others: as questions about features or
characteristics, as a keyword label for many related matters, and as expected quality attributes of the manufacturing
system or its products and services.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2022, 3.10, modified – added "regarding a manufacturing
system or element thereof”]
3.1.7
dimension
coherent collection of aspects (3.1.1) relevant to a manufacturing domain (3.1.12)
Note 1 to entry: The coherence requirement of the dimension can result in a collection of aspects that are
unordered, partially ordered, fully ordered, or related in some other manner, or not ordered in any way (see 6.4 on
dimensional coherence for further information).
3.1.8
element
tangible or intangible constituent of a manufacturing system or of a product
Note 1 to entry: A constituent can range from atoms of raw material or logical constructs or items of information
through manufacturing models or equipment and entire factories, plants or supply chains and added value networks
to finished goods, and software and services.
Note 2 to entry: While
...