EN ISO 13628-11:2008

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Auslegung und Betrieb von Unterwasser-Produktionssystemen - Teil 11: Flexible Rohrleitungssysteme für Unterwasser- und meerestechnische Anwendung
(ISO 13628-11:2007)Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Conception et exploitation des systèmes de production immergés - Partie 11: Systèmes de canalisations flexibles pour applications sous-marines et en milieu marin (ISO 13628-11:2007)Petroleum and natural gas industries - Design and operation of subsea production systems - Part 11: Flexible pipe systems for subsea and marine applications (ISO 13628-11:2007)75.180.10Oprema za raziskovanje in odkopavanjeExploratory and extraction equipmentICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN ISO 13628-11:2008SIST EN ISO 13628-11:2008en01-september-2008SIST EN ISO 13628-11:2008SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN ISO 13628-11June 2008ICS 75.180.10 English VersionPetroleum and natural gas industries - Design and operation ofsubsea production systems - Part 11: Flexible pipe systems forsubsea and marine applications (ISO 13628-11:2007)Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Conception etexploitation des systèmes de production immergés - Partie11: Systèmes de canalisations flexibles pour applicationssous-marines et en milieu marin (ISO 13628-11:2007)Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Auslegung und Betrieb vonUnterwasser-Produktionssystemen - Teil 11: FlexibleRohrleitungssysteme für Unterwasser- undmeerestechnische Anwendung
(ISO 13628-11:2007)This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 May 2008.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2008 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN ISO 13628-11:2008: E

Reference numberISO 13628-11:2007(E)© ISO 2007
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO13628-11First edition2007-09-15Petroleum and natural gas industries — Design and operation of subsea production systems — Part 11: Flexible pipe systems for subsea and marine applications Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel —Conception et exploitation des systèmes de production immergés — Partie 11: Systèmes de canalisations flexibles pour applications sous-marines et en milieu marin

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ISO 13628-11:2007(E) © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved iiiContents Page Foreword.v Introduction.vi 1 Scope.1 2 Normative references.1 3 Terms, abbreviated terms, definitions and symbols.2 3.1 Terms and definitions.2 3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms.4 4 System, pipe, and component description.6 4.1 Introduction.6 4.2 Flexible pipe systems.8 4.3 Flexible pipe description.15 4.4 Ancillary components.24 5 Pipe design considerations.35 5.1 General.35 5.2 Design overview.35 5.3 Failure modes.40 5.4 Design criteria.43 5.5 Load cases.50 6 Materials.55 6.1 Scope.55 6.2 Materials — Unbonded pipe.55 6.3 Materials — Bonded pipe.60 6.4 Alternative materials.64 6.5 Polymer/elastomer test procedures.66 6.6 Metallic-material test requirements.69 7 System design considerations.72 7.1 General.72 7.2 General system requirements.72 7.3 Flowline design requirements.75 7.4 Riser design requirements.79 7.5 Ancillary components.82 7.6 System interfaces.86 8 Analysis considerations.87 8.1 Introduction.87 8.2 Analysis techniques.87 8.3 Loads.96 8.4 Global-response evaluation.99 9 Prototype testing.103 9.1 General.103 9.2 Design programmes.104 9.3 Classification of prototype tests.104 9.4 Test requirements.105 9.5 Test protocol.109 9.6 Procedures — Standard prototype tests.111 9.7 Procedures — Special prototype tests.116 10 Manufacturing.130 10.1 General.130

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) iv © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 10.2 Manufacturing — Unbonded pipe.130 10.3 Manufacturing — Bonded pipe.135 10.4 Marking.137 10.5 Storage.140 11 Handling, transportation, and installation.141 11.1 General.141 11.2 Handling.141 11.3 Transportation.143 11.4 Installation.144 11.5 Pre-commissioning and commissioning.157 12 Retrieval and reuse.161 12.1 General.161 12.2 Retrieval.161 12.3 Reuse.163 13 Integrity and condition monitoring.167 13.1 General.167 13.2 General philosophy.167 13.3 Failure modes and potential pipe defects.168 13.4 Monitoring methods.169 13.5 Recommendations.171 Annex A (normative)
Flexible-pipe high-temperature end-fitting qualification test protocol —Volatile-content polymers.184 Annex B (normative)
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) coupon crude-oil exposure-test procedure.194 Annex C (normative)
Flexible-pipe high-temperature end-fitting qualification test procedures: Low-volatile-content polymers.197 Annex D (normative)
Polymer coupon crude-oil exposure-test procedure.207 Bibliography.210

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved vForeword ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. ISO 13628-11 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 4, Drilling and production equipment. This first edition of ISO 13628-11 cancels and replaces ISO 10420:1994, which has been technically revised. ISO 13628 consists of the following parts, under the general title Petroleum and natural gas industries — Design and operation of subsea production systems: ⎯ Part 1: General requirements and recommendations ⎯ Part 2: Unbonded flexible pipe systems for subsea and marine applications ⎯ Part 3: Through flowline (TFL) systems ⎯ Part 4: Subsea wellhead and tree equipment ⎯ Part 5: Subsea umbilicals ⎯ Part 6: Subsea production control systems ⎯ Part 7: Completion/workover riser systems ⎯ Part 8: Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) interfaces on subsea production systems ⎯ Part 9: Remotely Operated Tool (ROT) intervention systems ⎯ Part 10: Specification for bonded flexible pipe ⎯ Part 11: Flexible pipe systems for subsea and marine applications A part 12 dealing with dynamic production risers, a part 13 dealing with remotely operated tools and interfaces on subsea production systems and a part 15 dealing with subsea structures and manifolds are under preparation.

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) vi © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved Introduction This part of ISO 13628 is based on API RP 17B and on matching ISO procedures and API procedures. This ISO standard has been technically updated and revised to cater for the needs of the international oil and natural gas industries. This part of ISO 13628 provides information complementary to ISO 13628-2 and ISO 13628-10. Users of this International Standard should be aware that further or differing requirements can be needed for individual applications. This International Standard is not intended to inhibit a vendor from offering, or the purchaser from accepting, alternative equipment or engineering solutions for the individual application. This can be particularly applicable where there is innovative or developing technology. Where an alternative is offered, the vendor should identify any variations from this International Standard and provide details.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13628-11:2007(E) © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 1Petroleum and natural gas industries — Design and operation of subsea production systems — Part 11: Flexible pipe systems for subsea and marine applications 1 Scope This part of ISO 13628 provides guidelines for the design, analysis, manufacture, testing, installation and operation of flexible pipes and flexible pipe systems for onshore, subsea and marine applications. This part of ISO 13628 supplements ISO 13628-2 and ISO 13628-10, which specify minimum requirements for the design, material selection, manufacture, testing, marking and packaging of unbonded and bonded flexible pipe, respectively. This part of ISO 13628 applies to flexible pipe assemblies, consisting of segments of flexible pipe body with end fittings attached to both ends. Both bonded and unbonded pipe types are covered. In addition, this part of ISO 13628 applies to flexible pipe systems, including ancillary components. The applications covered by this part of ISO 13628 are sweet- and sour-service production, including export and injection applications. This part of ISO 13628 applies to both static and dynamic flexible pipe systems used as flowlines, risers and jumpers. This part of ISO 13628 does cover, in general terms, the use of flexible pipes for offshore loading systems. NOTE Refer also to Reference [30] for offshore loading systems. This part of ISO 13628 does not cover flexible pipes for use in choke and kill lines or umbilical and control lines. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. ISO 13628-2:2006, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Design and operation of subsea production systems — Part 2: Unbonded flexible pipe systems for subsea and marine applications ISO 13628-3:2000, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Design and operation of subsea production systems — Part 3: Through flowline (TFL) systems ISO 13628-10:2005, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Design and operation of subsea production systems — Part 10: Specification for bonded flexible pipe NACE TM0177, Laboratory testing of metals for resistance to sulfide stress cracking and stress corrosion cracking in H2S environments

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) 2 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 3 Terms, abbreviated terms, definitions and symbols For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms apply. 3.1 Terms and definitions 3.1.1 annulus space between two concentric plastic sheaths of an unbonded flexible pipe cross-section 3.1.2 Arrhenius plot log-linear scale used to plot service life against the inverse of temperature for some polymer materials 3.1.3 basket device used for storage and transport of flexible pipe NOTE All pipes are laid freely into the basket. 3.1.4 bird-caging buckling of the tensile-armour wires, usually caused by extreme axial compression, which results in significant radial deformation 3.1.5 buoyancy module buoys used in significant numbers at discrete points over a section of riser to achieve wave-shape riser configurations NOTE See 4.4.6. 3.1.6 carousel device used for storage and transport of very long lengths of flexible pipe and which rotates about a vertical axis NOTE Pipe is wound under tension around the centre hub. 3.1.7 Chinese fingers woven steel wire or fabric sleeve that can be installed over a flexible pipe and drawn tight to grip it for support or applying tension to the pipe 3.1.8 end fitting termination in a flexible pipe 3.1.9 flexible pipe system fluid conveyance system for which the flexible pipe(s) is/are the primary component and which includes ancillary components attached directly or indirectly to the pipe 3.1.10 free-hanging catenary riser configuration that spans the water column in a catenary shape modified by the bending stiffness of the riser NOTE See Figure 4.

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 33.1.11 integrated service umbilical ISU™1) structure in which the inner core is a standard flexible pipe construction NOTE 1 Umbilical components are wound around the core pipe and covered with a protective outer sheath (see 4.3.6). NOTE 2 ISU is a trademark of Coflexip Stena Offshore. 3.1.12 lazy wave free-hanging catenary modified by a section with distributed buoyancy modules NOTE See Figure 4. 3.1.13 lazy-S free-hanging catenary modified by a section with concentrated buoyancy modules NOTE See Figure 4. 3.1.14 multibore multiple flexible pipes or umbilicals contained in a single construction with an outer sheath extruded over the bundle NOTE See 4.3.7. 3.1.15 multiple configuration riser system with more than one riser connected at a mid-depth location 3.1.16 ovalization out-of-roundness of the pipe, calculated as follows: maxminmaxminDDDD−+ where Dmax and Dmin are maximum and minimum pipe outside diameter, respectively. 3.1.17 piggy back attachment of two parallel and adjacent independent pipes, rigid or flexible, over a significant length 3.1.18 prototype test test to establish or verify a principal performance characteristic for a particular pipe design, which may be a new or established design 3.1.19 rapid decompression sudden depressurization of a system during which gas in the pipe expands rapidly and can cause blistering or collapse of the internal pressure sheath or other gas-saturated layers
1) ISU™ is an example of a suitable product available commercially. This information is given for the convenience of users of this part of ISO 13628 and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product.

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) 4 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 3.1.20 reel large-diameter structure used for storage of long lengths of flexible pipe, which rotates about a horizontal axis 3.1.21 riser base structure positioned on the seabed, used to provide a structural and pressure-tight connection between a flexible riser and a flowline NOTE 1 See 4.4.8. NOTE 2 It may be a PLET or a PLEM. 3.1.22 riser hang-off structure for supporting a riser at the connection to a platform EXAMPLE Jacket, semi-sub, tanker, etc. 3.1.23 steep wave lazy wave with a touchdown point fixed to the seabed NOTE See Figure 4. 3.1.24 steep-S lazy-S with a touchdown point fixed to the seabed NOTE See Figure 4. 3.1.25 subsea buoy concentrated buoyancy system NOTE This system generally consists of steel or syntactic foam tanks, as used in S-type riser configurations (4.4.5). See also buoyancy module (3.1.4). 3.1.26 tensioner mechanical device used to support or apply tension to a pipe during installation 3.1.27 umbilical bundle of helically or sinusoidally wound small-diameter chemical, hydraulic, and electrical conductors for power and control systems 3.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms The following symbols and abbreviated terms are used in this document. CPE chlorinated polyethylene CR polychloroprene DA dynamic application DBS dibutyl sebacate DOF degrees of freedom

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 5EPDM ethylene propylenediene monomer rubber FAT factory acceptance test FPS floating production system FPSO floating production storage and offloading HDPE high density polyethylene HIC hydrogen-induced cracking HNBR hydrogenated nitrile rubber ID inside diameter ISU integrated service umbilical MBR minimum bend radius MDPE medium density polyethylene MWL mean water level NBR nitrile butadiene rubber NR natural rubber OD outer diameter PA polyamide PE polyethylene PP polypropylene PLEM pipeline end manifold PU polyurethane PVC polyvinyl chloride PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride REF riser end fitting ROV remotely operated vehicle SA static application SBR storage bend radius SSC sulfide stress cracking TFL through flowline UV ultraviolet

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) 6 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved VIV vortex-induced vibration XLPE cross-linked polyethylene Cd hydrodynamic drag coefficient Cm hydrodynamic inertia coefficient Dmax maximum pipe outside diameter Dmin minimum pipe outside diameter σu material ultimate stress σy material yield stress 4 System, pipe, and component description 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 General Clause 4 provides a general overview of flexible pipe systems, pipe cross-section designs and ancillary components. In addition, Clause 4 gives an overview of all aspects of flexible pipe technology and identifies the clauses and subclauses of this part of ISO 13628 and of ISO 13628-2:2006 and ISO 13628-10:2005 to be consulted for relevant issues. In general, flexible pipe is a custom-built product that can be designed and manufactured in a variety of methods. It is not the intent of this part of ISO 13628 to discourage novel or new developments in flexible pipe. On the contrary, it is recognized that a variety of designs and methods of analysis are possible. For this reason, some topics are presented in general terms to provide guidance to the user while still leaving open the possibility of using alternative approaches. The reader should be aware that flexible-pipe technology (concepts, design and analysis methodologies and criteria, components manufacturing and testing, operational roles and demands, maintenance and inspection, etc.) is in a state of rapid and continuing evolution. Potential users shall, therefore, apply care in their application of the recommendations within this part of ISO 13628. 4.1.2 Recommended practice and specification overview 4.1.2.1 This part of ISO 13628 provides the current best practice for design and procurement of flexible pipe systems and gives guidance on the implementation of the specification for standard flexible-pipe products. In addition, the recommended practice shows guidelines on the qualification of prototype products. 4.1.2.2 All aspects of flexible-pipe technology, from functional definition to installation, are addressed in either this part of ISO 13628 or in ISO 13628-2 and ISO 13628-10. Some issues are addressed in all three documents. The various stages in the procurement and use of flexible pipes are defined in Figure 1.

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 7 Figure 1 — Flexible pipe overview

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) 8 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 4.2 Flexible pipe systems 4.2.1 Definition of system 4.2.1.1 The flexible pipe system is an important part of the overall field development and can influence or be influenced by the design and specification of other components in the development. The definition of the flexible pipe system should therefore commence at the initiation of the overall project as development strategies evolve. Aspects of the development strategy that can influence the flexible pipe system include field layout (template versus satellite wells) and production-vessel type (platform, tanker including turret location, semi-sub, etc.). Current limitations in flexible-pipe technology, such as application range and manufacturing capability, can also fundamentally influence potential overall field development options. 4.2.1.2 It is necessary to address the flexible pipe system and the flexible pipe or pipes within that system. It is necessary to consider the relevant parameters, as well as the interactions between the pipe design and the system design. Critical parameters that can affect the pipe design should be identified early in the process and can include the following: a) severe internal conditions, such as high H2S content (sour service); b) extreme external environmental conditions; c) difficult installation conditions (such as extreme environment); d) frequent, cyclic, large-amplitude pressure and temperature fluctuations; e) large vessel offsets. 4.2.1.3 To define accurately all relevant parameters, interaction between the purchaser and manufacturer is required at an early stage in the project. An important aspect of this is the identification of critical system issues, such as interfaces. See 7.6 for potentially critical interfaces that should be considered at project commencement. 4.2.1.4 ISO 13628-2 and ISO 13628-10:2005, Annex A, provide purchasing guidelines, which may be used in the definition of the flexible pipe system and which address all aspects from general design parameters to detailed flowline- and riser-specific requirements. 4.2.2 Applications 4.2.2.1 General 4.2.2.1.1 Flexible pipe for offshore and onshore applications is grouped into either a static or dynamic category (Figures 2 and 3). It is used for a multitude of functions, including the following: a) production: oil, gas, condensate, water; b) injection: water, gas, downhole chemicals; c) export: semi-processed oil and gas; d) services: wellhead chemicals, control fluids. 4.2.2.1.2 The static and dynamic categories place different physical demands on the pipe. While both require long life, mechanical strength, internal and external damage resistance and minimal maintenance, dynamic service pipes also require pliancy and high fatigue resistance.

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 9
a)
Early field production scheme b)
Flowlines repositioned for mature field production scheme
c)
Flexible pipe connected to a J-tube d)
Flexible pipe connected to the manifold Key 1 J-tube 2 flexible pipe 3 rigid pipe 4 manifold 5 flexible pipe spool piece 6 rigid steel flowline Figure 2 — Examples of static applications for flexible pipe

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) 10 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
a)
FPS b)
FPS with rigid riser
c)
Floating tanker/terminal mooring Key 1 flexible riser 2 subsea buoy 3 rigid riser 4 anchor chain Figure 3 — Examples of dynamic applications for flexible pipe

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 114.2.2.2 Static applications 4.2.2.2.1 The use of flexible pipe for static applications is primarily for flowline and fixed jacket-riser service. Flexible pipe is used in these applications to simplify design or installation procedures, or for its inherent insulation or corrosion-resistant properties. In addition, reduction of installation and end-connection loads and moments may be achieved using flexible pipe. Examples of where the use of flexible pipe results in simplified flowline design or installation include the following (see Figure 2): a) subsea flowline end connections where expensive or difficult operations, such as exact orientation measurements for spool pieces or the use of large alignment equipment to reposition the flowline, can be eliminated; b) situations involving gross movements and damage to flowlines because of mudslides can be reduced through the use of slack sections of flexible pipe; c) applications in which field hardware and flowline location change with the field’s production characteristics, which can necessitate the recovery and reuse of the flowlines; d) applications with uneven seabed to avoid seabed preparation; e) in deepwater or severe environment applications, where flexible pipe installation is economically attractive relative to rigid pipe installation. NOTE Instead of mobilizing an expensive pipe-laying spread, it is often preferable to use flexible pipe installed from a dynamically positioned vessel. 4.2.2.2.2 Flexible pipe flowlines generally range in internal diameter from 0,05 m to 0,5 m (2 in to 20 in) although some low-pressure, bonded flexible pipes, such as oil suction and discharge hoses, have internal diameters up to 0,91 m (36 in). Section lengths are limited by transport capabilities and diameter is limited only by current manufacturing capability. 4.2.2.2.3 The functional requirements of a flexible-pipe flowline are generally the same as for a steel-pipe flowline. Significant dynamic loading or motions are generally not experienced, so the flexibility properties of flexible pipe simplify the project transport and installation phases. 4.2.2.3 Dynamic applications 4.2.2.3.1 Dynamic applications use flexible pipe between supply and delivery points if there is relative movement between these two points while in service. These types of applications usually involve an offshore floating production facility or terminal connected to another floating facility, fixed structure or fixed base (Figure 3). Examples of dynamic applications include the following: a) flexible-pipe risers for offshore loading systems; b) flexible-pipe riser connections between floating production facilities and subsea equipment. 4.2.2.3.2 Figure 4 illustrates schematics of the riser configurations typically used. In general, the critical sections in the riser configurations are at the top (or bottom), where there are high tensile forces (and large curvatures); at the sag bend, where there is large curvature (at low tension); and at the hog of a wave buoyancy section, where there is large curvature (at low tension). 4.2.2.3.3 The present dynamic applications of flexible pipes have only been for the production phase. However, with the advent of downhole motors, flexibles may also be used as drilling risers, as described by FPS 2000 [23]. 4.2.2.3.4 In addition to riser systems that use flexible pipe throughout, systems that combine flexible pipe and rigid pipe in the flow path have been used. Described as hybrid riser systems, they typically use a lower rigid-riser section (such as a free-standing riser) and an upper flexible-pipe section (jumper line).

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) 12 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
a)
Free-hanging catenary b)
Steep-S c)
Lazy-S d)
Steep wave e)
Lazy wave Figure 4 — Examples of flexible riser configurations

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 134.2.2.4 Jumper lines 4.2.2.4.1 In addition to flowlines and risers, jumper lines, a further category, may be used for either static or dynamic applications. Examples of flexible pipes used in jumper-line applications include the following (Figure 5): a) static applications: 1) intra-field connection of wellheads and manifolds (typically in lengths less than 100 m), 2) connection of topside wellheads and platform piping on tension leg platforms (TLPs); b) dynamic applications: 1) connection of wellhead platforms and floating support vessels, 2) lines in FPSO turret motion transfer systems. 4.2.2.4.2 The functions of the dynamic jumper lines (excluding internal turret lines) are similar to riser systems. Their operation, however, is somewhat different. The lines are generally more exposed to wave loading, and the configuration varies between the connected condition and the stand-off condition, which imposes extra requirements on the end connectors and bend stiffeners. The performance of these components should be evaluated carefully for dynamic jumper-line applications.

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) 14 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
a)
Flexible pipe as a fluid transfer line
b)
Flexible pipe connected to Xmas tree c)
Flexible pipe connected to manifold Key 1 support vessel 8 moving end 2 flexible jumper 9 wellbay 3 wellhead platform 10 grated deck 4 fixed end 11 tree deck 5 topsides piping 12 rigid riser 6 end fitting 13 manifold 7 Xmas tree 14 wellheads Figure 5 — Examples of flexible-pipe jumper-line applications

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 154.3 Flexible pipe description 4.3.1 General 4.3.1.1 This part of ISO 13628 does not apply to flexible pipes for use in choke and kill line or umbilical applications. 4.3.1.2 A flexible pipe generally combines low bending stiffness with high axial tensile stiffness, which is achieved by a composite pipe wall construction. This is more applicable to unbonded flexible pipes than to bonded flexible pipes. The two basic components are helical armouring layers and polymer sealing layers, which allow a much smaller radius of curvature than for a steel pipe with the same pressure capacity. Generally, a flexible pipe is designed specifically for each application and is not an off-the-shelf product, although flexible pipes may be grouped according to specific designs and, hence, applications. This allows the pipe to be optimized for each application. 4.3.2 Unbonded flexible pipe construction 4.3.2.1 Figure 6 shows a typical cross-section of a flexible pipe. The main layers in this cross-section are identified in 4.3.2.2 to 4.3.2.6 4.3.2.2 The carcass is an interlocked metallic layer which provides collapse resistance. Figure 7 illustrates an example of a carcass profile. 4.3.2.3 The internal pressure sheath is an extruded polymer layer which provides internal fluid integrity. 4.3.2.4 The pressure armour is an interlocked metallic layer which supports the internal pressure sheath and system internal-pressure loads in the radial direction. Figure 7 includes some example profiles for the pressure-armour wires. A back-up pressure-armour layer (generally not interlocked) also can be used for higher-pressure applications. 4.3.2.5 The tensile-armour layers typically use flat, round, or shaped metallic wires, in two or four layers crosswound at an angle between 20° and 60°. The lower angles are used for pipe constructions which include a pressure-armour layer. Where no pressure-armour layer is used, the tensile-armour layers are crosswound at an angle close to 55° to obtain a torsionally balanced pipe and to balance hoop and axial loads. 4.3.2.6 The outer sheath is an extruded polymer sheath that provides external fluid integrity.

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) 16 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved
a)
Bonded flexible pipe
b)
Unbonded flexible pipe Key 1 tensile layer 2 anti-friction layer 3 outer sheath 4 hoop stress layer 5 outer layer of tensile armour 6 anti-wear layer 7 inner layer of tensile armour 8 back-up pressure armour 9 interlocked pressure armour 10 internal pressure sheath 11 carcass 12 anti-bird-cage layer Figure 6 — Schematic of typical flexible riser cross-sections

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 17 a)
Z-shape (pressure-armour profile)
b)
C-shape (pressure-armour profile)
c)
T-shape 1 (pressure-armour profile)
d)
T-shape 2 (pressure-armour profile)
e)
Carcass profile Key 1 clip 2 T-wire Figure 7 — Pressure-armour and carcass interlock profiles

ISO 13628-11:2007(E) 18 © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved 4.3.3 Bonded flexible pipe construction 4.3.3.1 A typical bonded flexible pipe consists of several layers of elastomer either wrapped or extruded individually and then bonded together through the use of adhesives or by applying heat and/or pressure to fuse the layers into a single construction. Figure 6 shows an example of a bonded pipe construction. The main layers are identified in 4.3.3.2 to 4.3.3.5. 4.3.3.2 The carcass is an interlocked, metallic layer, which provides collapse resistance. Figure 7 shows an example of a carcass profile. 4.3.3.3 The liner is a wrapped or extruded elastomer layer, which provides internal fluid integrity. 4.3.3.4 The reinforcement layer is comprised typically of helically wound, steel cables in an embedding elastomer compound used to sustain tensile and internal pressure load on the pipe. The steel cables are typically laid at an angle of 55° to obtain a torsionally balanced pipe, in addition to equivalent hoop and longitudinal forces in the layer due to pressure. However, this angle may increase or decrease depending on the required strength characteristics of the pipe. For example, a higher angle may be used if increased strength in the hoop direction is required at the expense of tensile capacity and axial stiffness of the pipe. 4.3.3.5 The outer layer is a wrapped or extruded elastomer layer that provides external fluid integrity and protection against external environments, corrosion, abrasion and mechanical damage. NOTE The concept of separate layers in a bonded pipe construct
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