EN ISO 10414-1:2008

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2009
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Petroleum and natural gas industries - Field testing of drilling fluids - Part 1: Water-based
fluids (ISO 10414-1:2008)
Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Feldprüfung von Bohrflüssigkeiten - Teil 1: Flüssigkeiten auf
Wasserbasis (ISO 10414-1:2008)
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Essais in situ des fluides de forage - Partie 1:
Fluides aqueux (ISO 10414-1:2008)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 10414-1:2008
ICS:
75.180.10 Oprema za raziskovanje in Exploratory and extraction
odkopavanje equipment
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 10414-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
November 2008
ICS 75.180.10
English Version
Petroleum and natural gas industries - Field testing of drilling
fluids - Part 1: Water-based fluids (ISO 10414-1:2008)
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel - Essais in situ des Erdöl- und Erdgasindustrie - Feldprüfung von
fluides de forage - Partie 1: Fluides aqueux (ISO 10414- Bohrflüssigkeiten - Teil 1: Flüssigkeiten auf Wasserbasis
1:2008) (ISO 10414-1:2008)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 23 October 2008.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2008 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 10414-1:2008: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword.3

Foreword
The text of ISO 10414-1:2008 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67 “Materials, equipment
and offshore structures for petroleum and natural gas industries” of the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 10414-1:2008 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 12
“Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries” the
secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the
latest by May 2009.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 10414-1:2008 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 10414-1:2008 without any
modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10414-1
Second edition
2008-03-15
Petroleum and natural gas industries —
Field testing of drilling fluids
Part 1:
Water-based fluids
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Essais in situ des fluides de
forage
Partie 1: Fluides aqueux
Reference number
ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
©
ISO 2008
ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
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©  ISO 2008
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ii © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions. 2
3 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
3.1 Symbols . 2
3.2 Abbreviations . 6
4 Drilling fluid density (mud weight). 7
4.1 Principle. 7
4.2 Apparatus . 7
4.3 Procedure . 7
4.4 Calculation. 8
5 Alternative drilling fluid density method. 9
5.1 Principle. 9
5.2 Apparatus . 10
5.3 Procedure . 10
5.4 Calculation. 10
6 Viscosity and gel strength . 11
6.1 Principle. 11
6.2 Determination of viscosity using the Marsh funnel . 11
6.3 Determination of viscosity and/or gel strength using a direct-indicating viscometer . 11
7 Filtration. 14
7.1 Principle. 14
7.2 Low-temperature/low-pressure test. 14
7.3 High-temperature/high-pressure (HTHP) test . 15
8 Water, oil and solids contents. 18
8.1 Principle. 18
8.2 Apparatus . 18
8.3 Procedure . 19
8.4 Calculation. 20
9 Sand content . 22
9.1 Principle. 22
9.2 Apparatus . 22
9.3 Procedure . 22
10 Methylene blue capacity . 23
10.1 Principle. 23
10.2 Reagents and apparatus . 23
10.3 Procedure . 24
10.4 Calculation. 26
11 pH . 26
11.1 Principle. 26
11.2 Reagents and apparatus . 27
11.3 Procedure for pH measurement . 28
11.4 Care of electrode. 29
12 Alkalinity and lime content . 29
12.1 Principle. 29
ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
12.2 Reagents and apparatus . 30
12.3 Procedure — Phenolphthalein and methyl orange filtrate alkalinities. 30
12.4 Procedure — Phenolphthalein drilling fluid alkalinity . 31
12.5 Calculation of ion concentrations from P and M . 31
f f
12.6 Estimation of lime content . 31
13 Chloride ion content . 32
13.1 Principle . 32
13.2 Reagents and apparatus . 32
13.3 Procedure. 32
13.4 Calculation. 32
14 Total hardness as calcium . 33
14.1 Principle . 33
14.2 Reagents and apparatus . 33
14.3 Procedure. 34
14.4 Calculation. 35
Annex A (informative) Chemical analysis of water-based drilling fluids. 36
Annex B (informative) Shear strength measurement using shearometer tube . 52
Annex C (informative) Resistivity. 54
Annex D (informative) Removal of air or gas prior to testing . 56
Annex E (informative) Drill pipe corrosion ring coupon. 57
Annex F (informative) Sampling, inspection and rejection . 61
Annex G (informative) Rig-site sampling . 63
Annex H (informative) Calibration and verification of glassware, thermometers, viscometers,
retort-kit cup and drilling fluid balances . 66
Annex I (normative) High-temperature/high-pressure filtration testing of water-based drilling
fluids using the permeability-plugging apparatus and cells equipped with set-screw-
secured end caps. 71
Annex J (normative) High-temperature/high-pressure filtration testing of water-based drilling
fluids using the permeability-plugging apparatus and cells equipped with threaded end
caps . 81
Annex K (informative) Water-based drilling fluids report form. 90
Bibliography . 91

iv © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 10414-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures
for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 3, Drilling and completion fluids,
and well cements.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 10414-1:2001), to which Annexes I, J and K
have been added and other minor changes made to the sentence structure, grammar and other non-technical
editing.
ISO 10414 consists of the following parts, under the general title Petroleum and natural gas industries — Field
testing of drilling fluids:
⎯ Part 1: Water-based fluids
⎯ Part 2: Oil-based fluids
ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
Introduction
[2] [6]
This part of ISO 10414 is based on API RP 13B-1, third edition, December 2003 and ISO 10414 (all parts) .
Annexes A to H and K of this part of ISO 10414 are for information only. Annexes I and J are normative.
In this part of ISO 10414, where practical, U.S. Customary (USC) units are included in brackets for information.

vi © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10414-1:2008(E)

Petroleum and natural gas industries — Field testing of drilling
fluids
Part 1:
Water-based fluids
DANGER — As with any laboratory procedure requiring the use of potentially hazardous chemicals,
the user is expected to have proper knowledge and to have received training in the use and disposal
of these chemicals. The user is responsible for compliance with all applicable local, regional and
national requirements for worker and local health, safety and environmental liability.
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10414 provides standard procedures for determining the following characteristics of
water-based drilling fluids:
a) drilling fluid density (mud weight);
b) viscosity and gel strength;
c) filtration;
d) water, oil and solids contents;
e) sand content;
f) methylene blue capacity;
g) pH;
h) alkalinity and lime content;
i) chloride content;
j) total hardness as calcium.
Annexes A through K provide additional test methods which may be used for
⎯ chemical analysis for calcium, magnesium, calcium sulfate, sulfide, carbonate and potassium;
⎯ determination of shear strength;
⎯ determination of resistivity;
⎯ removal of air;
⎯ drill-pipe corrosion monitoring;
⎯ sampling, inspection and rejection;
ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
⎯ rig-site sampling;
⎯ calibration and verification of glassware, thermometers, viscometers, retort-kit cup and drilling-fluid
balances;
⎯ permeability-plugging testing at high temperature and high pressure for two types of equipment;
⎯ example of a report form for water-based drilling fluid.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1
ACS reagent grade
chemical meeting the purity standards specified by the American Chemical Society (ACS)
2.2
darcy
permeability of a porous medium, where one darcy is the flow of a single-phase fluid of 1 cP viscosity that
completely fills the voids of the porous medium, flowing through the medium under conditions of viscous flow
−1 −2
at a rate of 1 ml⋅s ⋅cm cross-sectional area and under a pressure or equivalent hydraulic gradient of
−1
1 atm⋅cm
NOTE 1 cP = 1 mPa⋅s.
2.3
quarter
〈verb〉 mix and divide into four specimens to ensure homogeneity of specimens
2.4
spurt loss
volume of fluid that passes through the filtration medium before a filter cake is formed
2.5
tube sampling
sampling method consisting of the withdrawal of powdered sample from bag or bulk via a cylindrical device
pushed into the sample, locked shut and withdrawn
3 Symbols and abbreviated terms
3.1 Symbols
NOTE Subscript “A” to symbol denotes metric units. Subscript “B” to symbol denotes U.S. customary units.
A area, in square centimetres
A
A area, in square inches
B
c concentration of weighting material, in kilograms per cubic metre
b,A
c concentration of weighting material, in pounds per barrel
b,B
c concentration of calcium ion, in milligrams per litre
Ca,A
c concentration of calcium ion, in parts per million by mass (USC)
Ca,B
2 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
c concentration of calcium and magnesium ion (total hardness), in milligrams per litre
Ca+Mg,A
c concentration of calcium and magnesium ion (total hardness), in parts per million (USC)
Ca+Mg,B
c concentration of calcium sulfate, in milligrams per litre
CaSO4,A
c concentration of calcium sulfate, in parts per million by mass (USC)
CaSO4,B
c concentration of total soluble carbonates, in milligrams per litre
CO2+CO3+HCO3,A
c concentration of total soluble carbonates, in parts per million by mass (USC)
CO2+CO3+HCO3,B
c concentration of chloride ion, in milligrams per litre
Cl,A
c concentration of chloride ion, in parts per million by mass (USC)
Cl,B
c concentration of excess, undissolved calcium sulfate, in milligrams per litre
ex-CaSO4,A
c concentration of excess, undissolved calcium sulfate, in parts per million by mass (USC)
ex-CaSO4,B
c concentration of potassium chloride in filtrate, in milligrams per litre
f,KCl,A
c concentration of potassium chloride in filtrate, in parts per million by mass (USC)
f,KCl,B
c concentration of potassium ion, in milligrams per litre
K,A
c concentration of potassium ion, in parts per million by mass (USC)
K,B
c concentration of potassium chloride, in milligrams per litre
KCl,A
c concentration of potassium chloride, in parts per million by mass (USC)
KCl,B
c concentration of low-gravity solids, in kilograms per cubic metre
lg,A
c concentration of low-gravity solids, in pounds per barrel
lg,B
c lime content of the drilling fluid, in kilograms per cubic metre
lime,A
c lime content of the drilling fluid, in pounds per barrel
lime,B
c concentration of sodium chloride, in milligrams per litre
NaCl,A
c concentration of sodium chloride, in parts per million by mass (USC)
NaCl,B
c concentration of sulphide ion, in milligrams per litre
S,A
c concentration of sulphide ion, in parts per million by mass (USC)
S,B
c suspended solids concentration, in kilograms per cubic metre
SS,A
c suspended solids concentration in pounds per barrel
SS,B
c methylene blue capacity
MBT
c thermometer correction to be added to the working thermometer reading
th
D outer diameter
E bentonite equivalent, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre
BE,A
ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
E bentonite equivalent, expressed in pounds per barrel
BE,B
f tube factor from either Table A.1 or Table A.2, for sulfide or carbonate
F fraction (volume fraction) of water
W
k correction factor
cor
K cell constant, in metres squared per metre
l submerged length of shear tube, in centimetres
A
l submerged length of shear tube, in inches
B
l Dräger tube stain length
st
m mass of the dried sample, in grams
ds
m mass of methylene blue, in grams
s
m mass of shear tube, in grams
st
m total shear mass, in grams (sum of platform and weights)
tot
m mass of water, in grams
W
∆m mass loss, in milligrams
M methyl orange alkalinity of the filtrate
f
P phenolphthalein alkalinity of the drilling fluid
df
P phenolphthalein alkalinity of the filtrate
f
q corrosion rate, kilograms per squared metre per year
A
q corrosion rate, pounds per squared foot per year
B
r drilling fluid resistivity, in ohm metres
df
r filtrate resistivity, in ohm metres
f
R ratio of the concentration of QAS to that of STPB
QAS/STPB
R resistivity meter reading, in ohms
r
R average reading for the standard thermometer
R average reading for the working thermometer
R corrected reading for the working thermometer
2,cor
R viscometer dial reading at 300 r/min
R viscometer dial reading at 600 r/min
t exposure time, in hours
t initial reading taken at 7,5 min
7,5
4 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
t final reading taken at 30 min
V volume of drilling fluid sample, in millilitres
df
V volume of EDTA solution, in millilitres
EDTA
V EDTA volume of whole drilling fluid
EDTA,df
V EDTA volume of the drilling fluid filtrate
EDTA,f
V volume of the filtrate, in millilitres
f
V volume of methylene blue solution, in millilitres
mb
V volume of oil, in millilitres
o
V PPT volume, in millilitres
PPT
V retort cup volume, expressed in millilitres
RC
V volume of the sample, in millilitres
s
V volume of silver nitrate solution, in millilitres
sn
V volume of water, in millilitres
W
V spurt loss, in millilitres
V filtrate volume after 7,5 min, in millilitres
7,5
V filtrate volume after 30 min, in millilitres
v static filtration rate (velocity of flow), millilitres per square root of the minutes, in millilitres

st
per minute
Y yield point, in pascals
P,A
Y yield point, in pounds per one hundred square feet
P,B
γ shear strength, expressed in pascals
A
γ shear strength, expressed in pounds per hundred square feet
B
Γ drilling fluid gradient, expressed in kilopascals per metre
DFG,A
Γ drilling fluid gradient, in pounds per square inch per foot
DFG,B
η apparent viscosity, in millipascal seconds
a
η plastic viscosity, in millipascal seconds
p,A
η plastic viscosity, in pounds per one-hundred square feet
p,B
θ temperature
ρ density, expressed in g/ml when compared to distilled water
ρ density, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre
A
ρ density, expressed in pounds per gallon
B1
ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
ρ density, expressed in pounds per cubic foot
B2
ρ density of weighting material, in grams per millilitre
b
ρ drilling fluid density, in grams per millilitre
df
ρ density of filtrate, in grams per millilitre
f
ρ density of low-gravity solids, in grams per millilitre (use 2,6 if unknown)
lg
ρ density of oil, in grams per millilitre (use 0,8 if unknown)
o
ρ water density, in grams per millilitre, at test temperature

W
ϕ volume fraction of weighting material, in percent
b
ϕ volume fraction of low-gravity solids, in percent

lg
ϕ volume fraction of oil, in percent

o
ϕ volume fraction of retort solids, in percent

S
ϕ volume fraction of suspended solids, in percent

SS
ϕ volume fraction of water, in percent
W
3.2 Abbreviations
AA atomic absorption spectroscopy
ACS American Chemical Society
API American Petroleum Institute
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BE bentonite equivalent
CAS Chemical Abstracts Service
DFG drilling fluid gradient
DS drill solids
EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
HTHP high-temperature, high-pressure
LGS low-gravity solids
MBT methylene blue test/capacity
meq milliequivalents
OCMA Oil Companies Materials Association (originally, Middle East companies)
PPA permeability plugging apparatus
PPT permeability plugging test
6 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
PV plastic viscosity, in common oilfield terminology
QAS quaternary ammonium salt
TC to contain
TD to deliver
USC U.S. Customary units, commonly used in U.S.-based testing
4 Drilling fluid density (mud weight)
4.1 Principle
This test procedure is a method for determining the mass of a given volume of liquid (equivalent to density).
Drilling-fluid density is expressed as grams per cubic centimetre or kilograms per cubic metre (pounds per
gallon or pounds per cubic foot).
4.2 Apparatus
3 3
4.2.1 Density-measuring instrument, of accuracy to within 0,01 g/ml or 10 kg/m (0,1 lb/gal or 0,5 lb/ft ).
The mud balance is the instrument generally used for drilling-fluid density determinations. The mud balance is
designed such that the drilling-fluid holding cup, at one end of the beam, is balanced by a fixed counterweight
at the other end, with a sliding-weight rider free to move along a graduated scale. A level-bubble is mounted
on the beam to allow for accurate balancing. Attachments for extending the range of the balance may be used
when necessary.
The instrument should be calibrated frequently with fresh water. Fresh water should give a reading of
3 3
1,00 g/ml or 1 000 kg/m (8,33 lb/gal or 62,3 lb/ft ) at 21 °C (70 °F). If it does not, adjust the balancing screw
or the amount of lead shot in the well at the end of the graduated arm as required.
4.2.2 Thermometer, with a range of 0 °C to 105 °C (32 °F to 220 °F).
4.3 Procedure
4.3.1 The instrument base should be set on a flat, level surface.
4.3.2 Measure and record the temperature of the drilling fluid.
4.3.3 Fill the clean, dry cup with drilling fluid to be tested; put the cap on the filled drilling-fluid holding cup
and rotate the cap until it is firmly seated. Ensure that some of the drilling fluid is expelled through the hole in
the cap in order to free any trapped air or gas (see Annex D for information on air or gas removal).
4.3.4 Holding the cap firmly on the drilling-fluid holding cup (with cap hole covered), wash or wipe the
outside of the cup clean and dry.
4.3.5 Place the beam on the base support and balance it by moving the rider along the graduated scale.
Balance is achieved when the bubble is under the centreline.
4.3.6 Read the drilling fluid density from one of the four calibrated scales on the arrow side of the sliding
weight. The density can be read directly in units of g/ml, lb/gal, and lb/ft , or as a drilling fluid gradient in
psi/1 000 ft.
ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
4.4 Calculation
3 3
4.4.1 Report the drilling fluid density to the nearest 0,01 g/ml or 10 kg/m (0,1 lb/gal or 0,5 lb/ft ).
4.4.2 Equations (1) to (3) are used to convert the density, ρ, expressed in grams per cubic centimetre to
other units:
ρ = 1 000 × ρ (1)
A
where ρ is the density, expressed in kilograms per cubic metre.
A
ρ = 8,33 × ρ (2)
B1
where ρ is the density, expressed in pounds per gallon.
B1
ρ = 62,3 × ρ (3)
B2
where ρ is the density, expressed in pounds per cubic foot.
B2
Table 2 is provides the multiplication factor for conversion from one density unit to another.
Equations (4) to (7) are used to convert the density to the drilling fluid gradient, Γ , expressed in kilopascals
DFG
per metre (pounds per square inch per foot):
Γ = 9,81 × g/ml (4)
DFG,A
Γ = 0,022 6 × psi/ft (5)
DFG,A
Γ = 0,052 0 × lb/gal (6)
DFG,B
Γ = 0,006 94 × lb/ft (7)
DFG,B
where
Γ is the drilling fluid gradient, expressed in kilopascals per metre;
DFG,A
Γ is the drilling fluid gradient, expressed in pounds per square inch per foot.
DFG,B
A list of density conversions is given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Density conversion
Grams Kilograms Pounds Pounds per
per cubic per cubic per US cubic foot
a
centimetre metre gallon
3 3
g/ml kg/m (lb/US gal) (lb/ft )
0,70 700 5,8 43,6
0,80 800 6,7 49,8
0,90 900 7,5 56,1
b
1,00 1 000 8,345 62,3
1,10 1 100 9,2 68,5
1,20 1 200 10,0 74,7
1,30 1 300 10,9 81,0
8 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Grams Kilograms Pounds Pounds per
per cubic per cubic per US cubic foot
a
centimetre metre gallon
3 3
g/ml kg/m (lb/US gal) (lb/ft )
1,40 1 400 11,7 87,2
1,50 1 500 12,5 93,5
1,60 1 600 13,4 99,7
1,70 1 700 14,2 105,9
1,80 1 800 15,0 112,1
1,90 1 900 15,9 118,4
2,00 2 000 16,7 124,6
2,10 2 100 17,5 130,8
2,20 2 200 18,4 137,1
2,30 2 300 19,2 143,3
2,40 2 400 20,0 149,5
2,50 2 500 20,9 155,8
2,60 2 600 21,7 162,0
2,70 2 700 22,5 168,2
2,80 2 800 23,4 174,4
2,90 2 900 24,2 180,7
a
Same value as relative density.
b
Accurate conversion factor.
Table 2 — Conversion of density units
Measured Multiply to get
in
3 3
g/ml lb/gal
kg/m lb/ft
g/ml 1 1 000 8,33 62,3
0,001 1 0,008 3 16,026
kg/m
lb/gal 0,120 120 1 7,49
0,016 0 16,03 0,133 5 1
lb/ft
5 Alternative drilling fluid density method
5.1 Principle
The density of a drilling fluid containing entrained air or gas can be determined more accurately by using the
pressurized mud balance. The pressurized mud balance is similar in operation to the conventional mud
balance, the difference being that the slurry sample can be placed in a fixed-volume sample cup under
pressure.
The purpose of placing the sample under pressure is to minimize the effect of entrained air or gas upon slurry
density measurements. By pressurizing the sample cup, any entrained air or gas is decreased to a negligible
volume, thus providing a slurry density measurement more closely in agreement with that which is realized
under downhole conditions.
ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
5.2 Apparatus
3 3
5.2.1 Density-measuring instrument, of accuracy to within 0,01 g/ml or 10 kg/m (0,1 lb/gal or 0,5 lb/ft ).
The pressurized mud balance is the instrument generally used for pressurized drilling-fluid density
determinations. The pressurized mud balance is designed such that the drilling-fluid holding cup and screw-on
lid, at one end of the beam, is balanced by a fixed counterweight at the other end, with a sliding-weight rider
free to move along a graduated scale. A level-bubble is mounted on the beam to allow for accurate balancing.
Calibrate the instrument frequently with fresh water. Fresh water should give a reading of 1,00 g/ml or
3 3
1 000 kg/m (8,33 lb/gal or 62,3 lb/ft ) at 21 °C (70 °F). If it does not, adjust the balancing screw or the amount
of lead shot in the well at the end of the graduated arm as required.
5.2.2 Thermometer, with a range of 0 °C to 105 °C (32 °F to 220 °F).
5.3 Procedure
5.3.1 Measure and record the temperature of the drilling fluid.
5.3.2 Fill the sample cup to a level slightly below the upper edge of the cup [approximately 6,5 mm (0,25 in)].
5.3.3 Place the lid on the cup with the attached check-valve in the down (open) position. Push the lid
downward into the mouth of the cup until surface contact is made between the outer skirt of the lid and the
upper edge of the cup. Any excess slurry is expelled through the check-valve. When the lid has been placed
on the cup, pull the check-valve up into the closed position, rinse off the cup and threads with water and screw
the threaded cap on the cup.
5.3.4 The pressurizing plunger is similar in operation to a syringe. Fill the plunger by submerging its end in
the slurry with the piston rod completely inside. Then draw the piston rod upward, thereby filling the cylinder
with slurry. This volume should be expelled with the plunger action and refilled with fresh slurry sample to
ensure that this plunger volume is not diluted with liquid remaining from the last clean-up of the plunger
mechanism.
5.3.5 Push the nose of the plunger onto the mating O-ring surface of the cap valve. Pressurize the sample
cup by maintaining a downward force on the cylinder housing in order to hold the check-valve down (open)
and at the same time to force the piston rod inside. A force of approximately 225 N (50 lbf) or greater should
be maintained on the piston rod.
5.3.6 The check-valve in the lid is pressure-actuated; when the inside of the cup is pressurized, the check-
valve is pushed upward into the closed position. To close the valve, gradually ease up on the cylinder housing
while maintaining pressure on the piston rod. When the check-valve closes, release pressure on the piston
rod before disconnecting the plunger.
5.3.7 The pressurized slurry sample is now ready for weighing. Rinse the exterior of the cup and wipe dry.
Place the instrument on the knife edge. Move the sliding weight to the right or left until the beam is balanced.
The beam is balanced when the attached bubble is centred between the two black marks. Read the density
from one of the four calibrated scales on the arrow side of the sliding weight. The density can be read directly
in units of g/ml, lb/gal and lb/ft , or as a drilling fluid gradient in psi/1 000 ft.
5.3.8 To release the pressure inside the cup, reconnect the empty plunger assembly and push downward
on the cylinder housing.
5.3.9 Clean the cup and rinse thoroughly with water. For best operation in water-based slurries, the valve
should be greased frequently with waterproof grease.
5.4 Calculation
3 3
Report the drilling fluid density to the nearest 0,01 g/ml or 10 kg/m (0,1 lb/gal or 0,5 lb/ft ).
For conversions, use the equations given in 4.4.2.
10 © ISO 2008 – All rights reserved

ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
6 Viscosity and gel strength
6.1 Principle
Viscosity and gel strength are measurements that relate to the flow properties (rheology) of drilling fluids. The
following instruments are used to measure viscosity and/or gel strength of drilling fluids:
a) Marsh funnel — a simple device for indicating viscosity on a routine basis;
b) direct-indicating viscometer — a mechanical device for measurement of viscosity at varying shear rates.
NOTE Information on the rheology of drilling fluids can be found in Reference [3].
6.2 Determination of viscosity using the Marsh funnel
6.2.1 Apparatus
6.2.1.1 Marsh funnel, calibrated to out-flow 946 ml (1 quart) of fresh water at a temperature of
(21 ± 3) °C [(70 ± 5) °F] in (26 ± 0,5) s, with a graduated cup as a receiver.
6.2.1.1.1 Funnel cone, of length 305 mm (12,0 in), diameter 152 mm (6,0 in) and a capacity to bottom of
screen of 1 500 ml (1,6 quarts).
6.2.1.1.2 Orifice, of length 50,8 mm (2,0 in) and inside diameter 4,7 mm (0,188 in = 3/16 in).
6.2.1.1.3 Screen, with 1,6 mm (0,063 in = 1/16 in) openings (12 mesh); fixed at 19,0 mm (0,75 in = ¾ in)
below top of funnel.
6.2.1.2 Graduated cup, with capacity at least 946 ml (1 quart).
6.2.1.3 Stopwatch.
6.2.1.4 Thermometer, with a range of 0 °C to 105 °C (32 °F to 220 °F).
6.2.2 Procedure
6.2.2.1 Cover the funnel orifice with a finger and pour freshly sampled drilling fluid through the screen into
the clean, upright funnel. Fill until fluid reaches the bottom of the screen.
6.2.2.2 Remove finger and start stopwatch. Measure the time for drilling fluid to fill to 946 ml (1 quart)
mark of the cup.
6.2.2.3 Measure temperature of the fluid, in degrees Celsius (degrees Fahrenheit).
6.2.2.4 Report the time (6.2.2.2), to the nearest second, as the Marsh funnel viscosity. Report the
temperature (6.2.2.3) of fluid to the nearest degree Celsius (degree Fahrenheit).
6.3 Determination of viscosity and/or gel strength using a direct-indicating viscometer
6.3.1 Apparatus
6.3.1.1 Direct-indicating viscometer.
This type of viscometer is a rotational instrument powered by an electric motor or a hand crank. Drilling fluid is
contained in the annular space between two concentric cylinders. The outer cylinder or rotor sleeve is driven
at a constant rotational velocity. The rotation of the rotor sleeve in the fluid produces a torque on the inner
cylinder or bob. A torsion spring restrains the movement of the bob, and a dial attached to the bob indicates
ISO 10414-1:2008(E)
displacement of the bob. Instrument constants have been adjusted so that plastic viscosity and yield point are
obtained by using readings from rotor sleeve speeds of 300 r/min and 600 r/min.
A direct-indicating viscometer shall meet the following specifications:
a) rotor sleeve:
⎯ inside diameter 36,83 mm (1,450 in);
⎯ total length 87,0 mm (3,425 in);
⎯ scribed line 58,4 mm (2,30 in) above the bottom of sleeve, with two rows of 3,18 mm (0,125 in)
holes spaced 120° (2,09 radians) apart, around rotor sleeve just below scribed line;
b) bob, closed, with flat base and tapered top:
⎯ diameter 34,49 mm (1,358 in);
⎯ cylinder length 38,0 mm (1,496 in);
c) torsion spring constant:
⎯ 386 dyne-cm/degree deflection;
d) rotor sleeve speed:
⎯ high speed 600 r/min;
⎯ low speed 300 r/min.
NOTE Other rotor speeds are available in viscometers fr
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