ASTM F1936-10(2015)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F1936 −10 (Reapproved 2015) An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Impact Attenuation of Turf Playing Systems as Measured in
the Field
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1936; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The impact attenuation of turf playing systems can be measured in a laboratory, but such tests are
often conducted under optimal or tightly controlled conditions. To accurately assess the impact
attenuationanathletewillencounteronaninstalledfield,thatspecificfieldmustbetested in situ.That
objective was the impetus for the development of this specification. Initially, the stated scope of the
specification was limited to measuring the impact attenuation of North American football fields. The
scope of the current revision encompasses a broader range of sport-specific field configurations and
a protocol for conducting tests on multi-sport fields.
1. Scope 1.4 This specification does not imply that an impact-related
injurycannotbeincurredifaturfplayingsystemcomplieswith
1.1 This specification establishes an in situ test method and
its g-max performance requirement.
maximum impact attenuation value for all types of turf playing
systems and for a number of sport-specific field layouts. It also
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
includes a protocol for determining test point locations on
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
fields that are lined for multiple sports.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
1.1.1 Turf playing systems may be located outdoors or
and are not considered standard.
indoors, and typically include field areas within the in-bounds
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
lines and areas outside the in-bounds lines extending to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
sport-specific limit lines; areas where an athlete should expect
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to encounter impact attenuation performance that complies
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
with this specification.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1.2 Site-specific conditions may exist wherein non-turf
surface materials, such as track surfacing and/or covers over
2. Referenced Documents
subsurface structures, are found within the boundaries of the
limitlines.Thesealternatesurfacematerialsarenotincludedin 2.1 ASTM Standards:
the scope of this specification. F355 TestMethodforImpactAttenuationofPlayingSurface
Systems and Materials
1.2 Thisspecificationestablishesamethodforreportingtest
F1292 Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing
results and identifying areas within an existing turf playing
Materials Within the Use Zone of Playground Equipment
system where impact attenuation measurements exceed re-
F1551 Test Methods for Comprehensive Characterization of
quired threshold values.
Synthetic Turf Playing Surfaces and Materials
1.3 Nothing in this specification is intended to impose
F1702 TestMethodforMeasuringImpact-AttenuationChar-
limitations on what fields can be tested, or how a particular
acteristics of Natural Playing Surface Systems Using a
field can be used. Test providers can adapt the procedures and
Lightweight Portable Apparatus
guidelines contained herein to tests performed on any turf
F2650 Terminology Relating to Impact Testing of Sports
playing system.
Surfaces and Equipment
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F08 on Sports
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee F08.65 on Artificial Turf Surfaces and Systems. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published February 2016. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ε1
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as F1936 – 10 . DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F1936-10R15. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1936−10 (2015)
2.2 ISO Standard: 3.1.13 test point—a location on the turf playing system at
ISO 6587 Paper, board and pulps – Determination of con- which a series of measurements is taken.
ductivity of aqueous extracts
3.1.14 theoretical drop height—the drop height (h) that,
under standard conditions, would result in an impact velocity
NOTE1—Additionalreferencesarelistedattheendofthisspecification.
equal to a missile’s measured impact velocity (Vo).
3. Terminology
4. Summary of Test Method
3.1 Definitions: Except as noted, definitions in this standard
4.1 Turf playing systems are tested according to this speci-
are in accordance with Terminology F2650.
ficationandTestMethodF355,ProcedureA.Atheoreticaldrop
3.1.1 abnormal drop—any drop of the missile which, due to
height of 24 in. (61 cm), as measured from the bottom of the
operator or equipment problem(s) or uncertainty, results in a
missile face to the top of the turf playing system, shall be used.
reading which is questionable.
At each test point, the impact missile is dropped onto the turf
3.1.2 average g-max—sum of the g-max of the second and
playing system three times, with an interval of 1.0 6 0.5 min
third drops divided by two and rounded to the nearest whole
(60 6 30 s) between successive drops. The g-max value for
number.
each drop is recorded and reported. Following the third drop,
3.1.3 combination turf system—a turf playing system con-
the average g-max value for the test point is calculated and
sisting of a natural turf surface which is enhanced by use of
reported.
synthetic elements such as synthetic turf substructures, exclud-
5. Significance and Use
ing water/drainage systems and single layer mesh fabrics,
which are used for the sole purpose of soil stabilization.
5.1 Data obtained from the use of this specification are
3.1.4 droptest—asetofthreesuccessivedropsoftheimpact indicative of the impact attenuation performance of individual
missileatatestpoint,whereeachdrophasbeenperformedand test points on an installed turf playing system.The data may be
recorded in accordance with prescribed guidelines. used to make comparisons between values measured in accor-
dance with this specification and performance requirements
3.1.5 infill turf system—a turf playing system having a long
herein or elsewhere specified. Data may also be used to
pile height and one or more substances in the face of the fabric
determine the need for maintenance and or replacement of the
to provide desired performance properties. Infill materials can
turf playing system.
include sand, rubber, other substances, or combinations
thereof.
6. Performance Requirements
3.1.6 impact velocity—the velocity of the missile as it
6.1 When tested in accordance with this specification, the
impacts the turf playing system.
average g-max at each test point shall be less than 200 g’s.
3.1.7 limit lines—limits beyond the in-bounds boundaries
6.2 If a turf playing system is tested in accordance with this
that represent the extent to which the out-of-bounds areas
specification, and the reported average g-max of one or more
should remain free of hazards and obstructions, and where an
test points is equal to or greater than 200 g’s, the turf playing
athlete may anticipate consistent surface characteristics. These
system should be brought into compliance and should not be
limits are defined by the appropriate governing body or
used in the interim.
regulating standard for each specific sport.
6.3 Nothing in this specification is intended to keep an
3.1.8 natural turf system—a turf playing system which is
owner, architect, engineer or other specifier from establishing
comprised of living grass or similar plant materials which are
more stringent performance requirements for a turf playing
rooted in soil.
system. However, reports prepared in accordance with this
3.1.9 pile—a surface texture composed of many individual
specification shall assess performance per the requirements
thin strands or groups of strands bound to a backing fabric in
described in 6.1 and 6.2.
a repetitive array.
3.1.10 pile layover—a horizontal motion of the pile under 7. Test Apparatus
the influence of impact.
7.1 The impacting missile shall be cylindrical with a
3.1.11 restraining ring—a rigid circular device with a
circular, flat, metal, impacting surface. It shall weigh 20 lb (9.1
2 2
smooth or polished surface, creating little or no friction, used
kg), and have a 20 in. (129 cm ) surface face with the
to restrict the horizontal movement of the missile at impact.
impacting edges slightly beveled to eliminate sharp edges. The
design of the missile shall provide for mounting the acceler-
3.1.12 synthetic turf system—a composite of synthetic con-
ometer within 61° of the vertical axis of the missile, and allow
tact surface material, any fill material used in the contact
the missile to achieve a velocity of 11.35 6 0.56 ft/s (3.46 6
surface, energy absorbing material, fabric layers, adhesives, if
0.17 m/s) (referenced in Section 27 of Test Methods F1551 as
any, and other constructed layers (as applicable to the indi-
thevelocitycorrespondingtoatheoreticaldropheightof24in.
vidual system).
(61 cm) at sea level) upon impact from the drop height.
7.2 To restrict the influence of pile layover, the test equip-
ment shall be designed to include a rigid restraining ring with
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org. a smooth or polished surface, creating little or no friction,
F1936−10 (2015)
having an interior dimension not to exceed the diameter of the 8. Test Point Locations
missile by more than 0.039 in. (1 mm). The ring shall be
8.1 The following sections describe suggested test point
securely mounted horizontal to the surface such that a mini-
locations for each listed field configuration. The descriptions
mum of ⁄4 of the missile shall freely pass through it prior to
are supplemented by accompanying illustrations. The number
striking the surface, ensuring a vertical impact and precluding
of test points listed for each field configuration constitutes a
the missile’s rebound onto the top of the ring. Other guidance
minimum requirement.As noted in 8.11, additional points may
systems can be utilized, provided they do not allow lateral
be tested.
movement greater than 0.039 in. (1 mm) upon impact and
8.1.1 On fields lined for multiple sports, the selection of test
rebound of the missile.
point locations will be determined by the sport which appears
7.3 The test equipment shall have sufficient stability to
first on the following list: football (American football, Cana-
eliminate undesirable vibrations in the apparatus which might
dian football, and rugby), soccer, men’s lacrosse, women’s
be recorded on the acceleration-time curve. It shall also allow
lacrosse, baseball, softball, field hockey.
sufficient vertical fall for the missile to achieve a velocity
8.1.2 Actualdropsitesmaybelocatedanywherewithina36
corresponding to a theoretical drop height of 24 in. (61 cm).
in. (91 cm) radius of a described test point location. Deviations
that exceed this requirement must be recorded as site
7.4 The signal from the acceleration transducer shall be
abnormalities, per 11.1.15.
conditioned with a low pass filter: complying to Channel Class
8.1.3 This specification cannot anticipate all possible field
1000 as specified in Specification F1292 (ISO 6587).
configurations. Persons using it are expected to select the most
7.5 The acceleration recording system must be capable of
appropriate set of test points for the field being tested, from
accuratelyresolvingthedecelerationtoaminimumof 61%of
among the options specified below.
true value.
8.2 Football (American football, Canadian football, and
7.6 The acceleration transducer must be capable of with-
rugby) (see Fig. 1):
standing impacts of at least 1000 g without damage.
8.2.1 Point 1—Goal Line, End A, center of field;
7.7 The minimum required system sampling rate is 20 000
8.2.2 Point 2—10 Yard Line, End A, 63 ft from center of
Hz.
field to Side C;
7.8 The test equipment shall be capable of visually display- 8.2.3 Point 3—25 Yard Line, End A, 40 ft from center of
ing and recording the acceleration-time curve of each drop.
field to Side C;
NOTE 2—The Clegg Hammer, as defined in Test Method F1702,isnot
8.2.4 Point 4—Center of the field;
an appropriate device for testing under this specification. Results obtained
8.2.5 Point 5—25 Yard Line, End B, 63 ft from center of
with a Clegg Hammer and subsequently adjusted by conversion factors or
field to Side D;
regression equations are not appropriate for inclusion in a report prepared
in accordance with this specification. 8.2.6 Point 6—12 Yard Line, End B, center of field;
NOTE 1—Test points 7 and 8 are shown for information purposes only. Actual locations are selected at the time of the test and may vary from those
illustrated.
FIG. 1Test Point Locations for North American Football
F1936−10 (2015)
8.2.7 Point 7—A test point selected by the tester, with the 8.3.7 Point 7—A test point selected by the tester, with the
objective of identifying and testing a high-wear area located objective of identifying and testing a high-wear area located
within the limit lines but outside the in-bounds lines; anywhere within the limit lines, but outside the in-bounds
lines:
8.2.7.1 Football limit lines are typically 12 ft beyond the
in-bounds lines. 8.3.7.1 Limit lines are 10 ft beyond the in-bounds lines on
high school soccer fields, and 20 ft beyond the in-bounds lines
8.2.8 Point 8—A test point selected by the tester, with the
on NCAA soccer fields.
objective of identifying and testing an area within the limit
lines (to include the in-bounds area) that may have different
8.3.8 Point 8—A test point selected by the tester, with the
impact attenuation performance than points previously tested; objective of identifying and testing a point within the limit
lines (to include the in-bounds area) that may have different
8.2.9 Point 9—6 ft from the Goal Line to the back of the
impact attenuation performance than points previously tested;
End Zone, End A, center of field;
8.3.9 Point 9—3 ft from Goal Line to Halfw
...