ASTM E1981-22
(Guide)Standard Guide for Assessing Thermal Stability of Materials by Methods of Accelerating Rate Calorimetry
Standard Guide for Assessing Thermal Stability of Materials by Methods of Accelerating Rate Calorimetry
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The data from this guide seldom, if ever, directly simulate thermal and pressure events in the processing, storage, and shipping of chemicals. However, the data obtained from this guide may be used, with suitable precautions, to predict the thermal and pressure hazards associated with processing, storage, and shipping of a chemical or mixture of chemicals after appropriate scaling of the data. This has been addressed in the literature (1-4) but is beyond the scope of this guide.
5.2 This guide is suitable, under the proper conditions, for the investigation of the effects of catalyst, inhibitors, initiators, reaction atmospheres, materials of construction, or, if available, agitation (see 6.1.2).
5.3 Interpretation of the time-temperature or time-pressure data may be possible for relatively simple systems through the use of suitable temperature-dependent kinetic theories such as the Arrhenius and Absolute Reaction Rate theories (5, 6).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers suggested procedures for the operation of a calorimetric device designed to obtain temperature and pressure data as a function of time for systems undergoing a physicochemical change under nearly adiabatic conditions.
1.2 This guide outlines the calculation of thermodynamic parameters from the time, temperature, and pressure data recorded by a calorimetric device.
1.3 The assessment outlined in this guide may be used over a pressure range from full vacuum to the rated pressure of the reaction container and pressure transducer. The temperature range of the calorimeter typically varies from ambient to 500 °C, but also may be user specified (see 6.6).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety precautions are outlined in Section 7.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1981 − 22
Standard Guide for
Assessing Thermal Stability of Materials by Methods of
1
Accelerating Rate Calorimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This guide is one of several standards being developed by ASTM Committee E27 for determining
the physicochemical hazards of chemicals and chemical mixtures. This guide should be used in
conjunction with other test methods, as a complete assessment of the hazard potential of chemicals
must take into account a number of realistic factors not necessarily considered in this guide. The
expression hazard potential as used by this committee is defined as the degree of susceptibility of
material to ignition or release of energy under varying environmental conditions.
It is the intent of this guide to include any calorimetric device consistent with the principles of
adiabatic calorimetry. Device-specific information and specifications are located in appendices to the
guide. Any reference to specific devices in the guide are for purposes of illustration or clarity only.
1. Scope 1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This guide covers suggested procedures for the opera-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
tion of a calorimetric device designed to obtain temperature
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
and pressure data as a function of time for systems undergoing
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
a physicochemical change under nearly adiabatic conditions.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 This guide outlines the calculation of thermodynamic
parameters from the time, temperature, and pressure data
2. Referenced Documents
recorded by a calorimetric device.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 The assessment outlined in this guide may be used over
E476 Test Method for Thermal Instability of Confined Con-
a pressure range from full vacuum to the rated pressure of the
densed Phase Systems (Confinement Test) (Withdrawn
reaction container and pressure transducer. The temperature
3
2008)
range of the calorimeter typically varies from ambient to
E487 Test Methods for Constant-Temperature Stability of
500 °C, but also may be user specified (see 6.6).
Chemical Materials
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
E537 Test Method for Thermal Stability of Chemicals by
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Differential Scanning Calorimetry
standard.
E680 Test Method for Drop Weight Impact Sensitivity of
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the Solid-Phase Hazardous Materials
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E698 Test Method for Kinetic Parameters for Thermally
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Unstable Materials Using Differential Scanning Calorim-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- etry and the Flynn/Wall/Ozawa Method
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. E1231 Practice for Calculation of Hazard Potential Figures
Specific safety precautions are outlined in Section 7. of Merit for Thermally Unstable Materials
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E27 on Hazard For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Potential of Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E27.02 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Thermal Stability and Condensed Phases. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved June 1, 2022. Published September 2022. Originally the ASTM website.
3
published in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as E1981 – 98 (2020). The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
DOI: 10.1520/E1981-22. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1981 − 22
3. Terminology 3.1.12 time-to-maximum rate (TMR), n—the amount of time
that is needed for a reaction to reach its maximum self-heating
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
rate or pressure rate in a thermal runaway reaction, normally
3.1
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1981 − 98 (Reapproved 2020) E1981 − 22
Standard Guide for
Assessing Thermal Stability of Materials by Methods of
1
Accelerating Rate Calorimetry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This guide is one of several standards being developed by ASTM Committee E27 for determining
the physicochemical hazards of chemicals and chemical mixtures. This guide should be used in
conjunction with other test methods, as a complete assessment of the hazard potential of chemicals
must take into account a number of realistic factors not necessarily considered in this guide. The
expression hazard potential as used by this committee is defined as the degree of susceptibility of
material to ignition or release of energy under varying environmental conditions.
It is the intent of this guide to include any calorimetric device consistent with the principles of
adiabatic calorimetry. Device-specific information and specifications are located in appendices to the
guide. Any reference to specific devices in the guide are for purposes of illustration or clarity only.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers suggested procedures for the operation of a calorimetric device designed to obtain temperature and pressure
data as a function of time for systems undergoing a physicochemical change under nearly adiabatic conditions.
1.2 This guide outlines the calculation of thermodynamic parameters from the time, temperature, and pressure data recorded by
a calorimetric device.
1.3 The assessment outlined in this guide may be used over a pressure range from full vacuum to the rated pressure of the reaction
container and pressure transducer. The temperature range of the calorimeter typically varies from ambient to 500°C,500 °C, but
also may be user specified (see 6.6).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety precautions are outlined in Section 7.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E27 on Hazard Potential of Chemicals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E27.02 on Thermal
Stability and Condensed Phases.
Current edition approved April 1, 2020June 1, 2022. Published April 2020September 2022. Originally published in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20122020 as
ɛ2
E1981 – 98 (2012)(2020). . DOI: 10.1520/E1981-98R20.10.1520/E1981-22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1981 − 22
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
E476 Test Method for Thermal Instability of Confined Condensed Phase Systems (Confinement Test) (Withdrawn 2008)
E487 Test Methods for Constant-Temperature Stability of Chemical Materials
E537 Test Method for Thermal Stability of Chemicals by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
E680 Test Method for Drop Weight Impact Sensitivity of Solid-Phase Hazardous Materials
E698 Test Method for Kinetic Parameters for Thermally Unstable Materials Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry and the
Flynn/Wall/Ozawa Method
E1231 Practice for Calculation of Hazard Potential Figures of Merit for Thermally Unstable Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 adiabatic calorimeter, n—an instrument capable of making calorimetric measurements while maintaining a minimal heat
loss or gain between the sample and its environment, which is verifiable by the capability to continuously measure the temperature
differential between the sample and its surroundings.
3.1.2 autocat
...
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