ASTM D1060-96(2005)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D1060–96 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Practice for
Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Packages for Determination
of Percentage of Clean Wool Fiber Present
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1060; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic
1.1 This practice for sampling covers a procedure for
of a Lot or Process
obtaining samples from lots of grease, pulled, or scoured wool
or related animal fibers in bales or bags for the determination
3. Terminology
of the clean wool fiber present by a procedure similar to that
3.1 Definitions:
described in Test Method D584.
3.1.1 clean wool fiber present, n—in raw wool, the mass of
1.2 This practice provides a description of suitable core
wool base present in the raw wool, adjusted to a moisture
sampling equipment, the sampling procedure, and the method
content of 12 %, an alcohol-extractable content of 1.5 %, and a
for determining the number of packages to be bored and the
mineral matter content of 0.5 %.
number of cores to be taken from each sampled package.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The term “clean wool fiber present” is
1.3 Reliable estimates are given for the standard deviation
synonymous with the term “absolute clean content” as defined
of the percentage clean wool fiber present between packages
in the Tariff Schedules of the United States of America (see
and within packages for lots of many types of raw wool.
Test Method D584).
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.1.2 core, n—in sampling fiber packages, the portion of
as the standard. The SI units are in parentheses. The values in
wool or other fiber obtained by using a sampling tube.
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
3.1.3 raw wool, n—wool or hair of the sheep in the grease,
shall be used independently of the other. Combining values
pulled, or scoured state.
from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this
3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this
practice.
practice, refer to Terminology D123.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Summary of Practice
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 The lot is core sampled in accordance with one of a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
series of equivalent schedules based on estimates of variability
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
of the percentage clean wool fiber present and on the required
2. Referenced Documents level of precision. A set of packages of wool is taken as a lot
2 sample. From each package in the lot sample, a fixed number
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of cores of wool is drawn to be used as a laboratory sample.
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Guidance in the selection of the most economical of the
D584 Test Method for Wool Content of Raw Wool—
equivalent schedules is provided.
Laboratory Scale
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of Materials
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Core sampling is widely accepted, when applicable, for
obtaining a laboratory sample representative of the clean wool
This practice is under the juristiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and
fiber present in a lot of packaged raw wool.
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Wool Felt.
5.2 If the wool is so loosely packed that a core cannot be
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2005. Published March 2005. Originally
cut, or if it is so highly compressed that the sampling tool
approved in 1949 . Last previous edition approved in 1996 as D1060 – 85 96. DOI:
10.1520/D1060-96R05.
cannot readily penetrate into the package to the required depth
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and in the required direction, core sampling is not applicable.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
The density of wool in most types of commercial packages is
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. suitable for sampling by this method.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D1060–96 (2005)
5.3 The procedure described in this practice is adapted to 6.1.4 Drills of ⁄2 hp (375 w) rotating at 200 to 550 rpm (3.3
the application of statistical methods for estimating the size of to 10 rps), have been found to be satisfactory.
sample required to achieve a required level of sample precision 6.1.5 A toothed cutting edge on a rotating tube of small
at minimum cost. diameter, instead of the smooth edge illustrated in Fig. 1,is
acceptable provided that for any specific design it has been
NOTE 1—The basic sampling equipment, operating procedure, and
shownthatabiasisnotintroducedthereby.Theabsenceofbias
statistical approach used in this practice have been adapted for sampling
in samples obtained with a rotating 2-in. (50 mm) diameter
lots of wool for the determination of other properties that are not affected
by boring, such as average fiber diameter, and for sampling lots of other tube with a toothed cutting edge has been demonstrated.
bulk fibers in packages.
(Metric equivalents may be calculated by multiplying inches by 25.4 to obtain equivalent dimensions in millimetres.)
FIG. 1 Small Diameter Wool Sampling Tool (United States Customs Service)
6. Apparatus 6.2 Sample Container—A container with closure of such
material and so constructed that a sample stored therein will
6.1 Sampling Tool —A tube equipped with a cutting edge,
not show a material change in its moisture content during the
together with a drill, hammer, press, or similar device, and
interval between sampling and weighing the sample for test.
accessories. The tube must be capable of penetrating the
required distance (see 7.2) into a package of wool and cutting
7. Sampling Procedure
a core therefrom, which core must be retained substantially
7.1 Time of Sampling—Take the sample at or about the time
unchanged within the tube during its withdrawal from a
the lot is weighed.
package.
7.2 Depth of Penetration—Penetrateabaleofwoolwiththe
6.1.1 Fig. 1 illustrates the design of a recommended type of
sampling tube to a depth such that substantially all parts of the
rotatable small-diameter wool sampling tube.
package can be reached. Maintain the same depth of penetra-
6.1.2 Sampling tubes in common use range from approxi-
tion for each core taken from a given lot.
mately ⁄2 to 2 in. (13 to 50 mm) in diameter, and from 10 to
7.3 Location of Borings:
40 in. (250 to 1000 mm) in length.
7.3.1 Consider a package as composed of eight sections
6.1.3 Some types of sampling tubes are equipped with
approximately equal in volume, defined by top or bottom, front
receptacles at the rear of the tube.
or back, left or right.
7.3.2 Alternate the location of boring in such a fashion that
the total composite sample will consist of approximately the
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
same number of cores from each section of the packages.
is Yocom-McColl Testing Laboratories, Inc., 540 Elk Place, Denver, CO 80216. If
7.3.3 If the packages have been compressed in a baling
you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM
press, enter a package through a compression surface and in a
Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. direction normal to that surface.
D1060–96 (2005)
7.4 Whenever there is danger that loose sand or other
where:
1.0 = allowablevariationofthepercentcleanwoolfiberpresentof
material may drop out of the tube during or after boring, so
the composite sample, and
position the package that the direction of boring will be
1.960 = value of Student’s t for infinite degrees of freedom, two-
horizontal.
sided limits, and a 95 % probability level.
7.5 Just before entering a sampling tube into a package of
8.2.1 Reliable Estimates of Variances Available—When
wool, cut the covering in such a way that none of the covering
2 2
reliable estimates of s and s are available, determine the
material fibers become mixed with the core or with the wool in
b w
required number of packages based on a specific number of
the package.
cores per package using Eq 2 or Table 1:
7.6 Immediately upon withdrawal of the tube after boring,
2 2 2
extrude the core directly into the sample container or the
n 5 N ~s 1ks !/@0.2603 kN 1 ks # (2)
w b b
intermediate receptacle (6.1.3) without loss of material or
where:
unnecessary exposure to atmospheric conditions that may
n = numberofpackagestobeselectedfromthelotfor
result in a change in the moisture content of the core.
coring (rounded upward to a whole number),
N =
8. Size of Sample
k = number of cores to be taken from each selected
8.1 Variance of Sample Mean—If a sample consists of k
package (Note 5),
cores from each of n packages from a lot of N packages of raw
s = reliable estimate of the standard deviation for
w
wool, and the n 3 k cores are composited into a single sample
percent clean wool fiber present of cores within
on which m tests for percent clean wool fiber present are made,
packages of a lot of similar packaged raw wool
thenthevarianceofthemeanoftheobservationsisgivenusing
(Note 6),
Eq 1 (Notes 2 and 3):
s = reliable estimate of the standard deviation for
b
2 2 2
s N 2 n s s percent clean wool fiber present between pack-
b w t
s 5 3 1 1
x
n N n 3 k m ages within a lot of similar packaged raw wool
(Note 6), and
s 0.2603 = value defined in Note 4.
t
5s 1 (1)
s
m
NOTE 5—Any convenient value of k may be used, but the value of k
calculated using Eq 3 and rounding to the nearest whole number will give
where:
the most economical sample:
s = variance of the mean of the m observations,
x
s = variance for percent clean wool fiber present be-
b
2 2
k 5 ~s 3 B/s 3 C! (3)
w b
tween packages within the lot,
s = average variance for percent clean wool fiber
w
present of cores within packages of the lot,
where:
s = variance of observations on a homogeneous sample, B = average cost of selecting and positioning a package for coring,
t
and
s = variance for percent clean wool fiber present for the
s
C = average cost of taking and handling a core, and the other terms
sample, as defined by Eq 1,
are defined in the legend for Eq 2.
n = number of packages selected at random from the lot
NOTE 6—Estimates of the variances are best based on data obtained in
from which cores are taken,
investigations using analysis of variance techniques for lots of similar
N = number of packages in the lot,
packaged raw wool. The estimates listed in Table A1.1 were so obtained.
k = number of cores taken from each of the n packages,
Estimates may also be based on records in the user’s laboratory if the plan
and
for sampling and testing described in STP 114 has been followed. For
m = number of observations made on the composite
testing that does not involve a dispute between the purchaser and the
sample.
supplier, variances may be estimated as specified in Practice E122.
NOTE 2—Uniform mass of packages and of cores are assumed. If the 8.2.2 No Reliable Estimates of Variances Available—When
2 2
departure from uniformity is such that a material error would be
no reliable estimates of s and s are available, determine
b w
introduced by this assumption, proportional compositing must be adhered
the required number of packages based on a specific number of
to.
cores per package using Eq 2 or Table 1 and s = s = 5.0
w b
NOTE 3—The factor (N-n)/N is the correction for sampling from a finite
percentage points. These estimates of variability are somewhat
population. A corresponding correction is generally not necessary for
larger than the variability usually found in practice and will
cores and tests.
usually require a larger number of cores than when reliable
8.2 Number of Cores—Unless otherwise agreed upon, as
estimates of variability are available.
when specified in an applicable material specification, take a
number of cores such that s will be 0.2603.
s
9. Sampling Schedules
NOTE 4—0.2603 is the value calculated from (1.0/1.960) 9.1 For convenience, Table 1 gives the values of n calcu-
lated by Eq 2 for selected pairs of values of s and s and for
w b
selected lot sizes, N, and numbers of cores per package, k, for
For background information, see the paper by Louis Tanner and W. Edwards
Deming,“SomeProblemsintheSamplingofBulkMaterials,” Proceedings,ASTM,
Vol 49, 1949, p. 1181 and ASTM Practice E105. Symposium on Bulk Sampling, ASTM STP 114, ASTM, 1952.
D1060–96 (2005)
an allowable variation of 61.0 % clean wool fiber present at a
probability level of 95 %.
10. Keywords
10.1 sampling; wool content
TABLE 1 Values of n for an Allowable Variation of6 1.0 % Clean Wool Fiber Present (0.86 % Wool Base) at a Probability Level of 95
A
% , for Selected Values of s , s , and k
w b
Number of Number of Packages in Lot, N
Cores per
s s 25 50 75 100 150 200 300 500 750 1000
w b
Sampled
Package, k
Number of Packages to Be Sampled, n
1.0 1.0 1 788 8888888
1.0 1.5 1 10 11 12 12121213131313
1.0 2.0 1 121517 17181819191919
1.0 2.5 1 151922 23242526272728
1.0 3.0 1 172327 29323335363738
1.0 3.5 1 182732 35394344474849
1.0 4.0 1 193036 41475055596162
1.0 4.5 1 203240 46545965717476
1.0 5.0 1 213544 51616876848992
1.5 1.0 1 11 1212 13131313131313
1.5 1.5 1 131516 16171717171818
1.5 2.0 1 151920 21222323242424
1.5 2.5 1 172325 27293031323232
1.5 3.0 1 192630 33363739414242
1.5 3.5 1 202935 38434649515354
1.5 4.0 1 213239 44505459636567
1.5 4.5 1 213443 49576369757981
1.5 5.0 1 223646 54647180889396
2.0 1.0 1 171819 19191919202020
2 10 11 11 12121212121212
2.0 1.5 1 182122 23232424242424
2 131415 16161616171717
2.0 2.0 1 202426 27282930303131
2 151820 20212222232323
2.0 2.5 1 212730 32343637383939
2 172225 26282930313131
2.0 3.0 1 213035 38414345474849
2 182529 32353738404141
2.0 3.5 1 223339 43485154585960
2 192934 38424548515253
2.0 4.0 1 233543 48555964697273
2 203239 43505358626466
2.0 4.5 1 233746 53626874818587
2 213442 49576268747880
2.0 5.0 1 243949 576876859499 102
2 223646 53647179889295
2.5 1.0 1 252627 27282828282828
2 141516 16161616161616
2.5 1.5 1 252830 31313232333
...