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ASTM E2374-15

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification

Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Acoustic Emission data acquisition can be affected by numerous factors associated with the electronic instrumentation, cables, sensors, sensor holders, couplant, the examination article on which the sensor is mounted, background noise, and the user's settings of the acquisition parameters (for example, threshold).  
4.2 This guide is not intended to replace annual (or semi-annual) instrumentation calibration (see Practice E750) or sensor recertification (see Practice E1781).  
4.3 This guide is not intended to replace routine electronic evaluation of AE instrumentation or routine reproducibility verification of AE sensors (see Guide E976).  
4.4 This guide is not intended to verify the maximum processing capacity or speed of an AE system.  
4.5 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
SCOPE
1.1 System performance verification methods launch stress waves into the examination article on which the sensor is mounted. The resulting stress wave travels in the examination article and is detected by the sensor(s) in a manner similar to acoustic emission.  
1.2 This guide describes methods which can be used to verify the response of an Acoustic Emission system including sensors, couplant, sensor mounting devices, cables and system electronic components.  
1.3 Acoustic emission system performance characteristics, which may be evaluated using this document, include some waveform parameters, and source location accuracy.  
1.4 Performance verification is usually conducted prior to beginning the examination.  
1.5 Performance verification can be conducted during the examination if there is any suspicion that the system performance may have changed.  
1.6 Performance verification may be conducted after the examination has been completed.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2015
ICS
17.140.01 - Acoustic measurements and noise abatement in general
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.04 - Acoustic Emission Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2374-10 - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM E2984/E2984M-21 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of High Pressure, Low Carbon, Forged Piping using Controlled Hydrostatic Pressurization
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM E2075/E2075M-15(2020) - Standard Practice for Verifying the Consistency of AE-Sensor Response Using an Acrylic Rod
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM E1930/E1930M-17 - Standard Practice for Examination of Liquid-Filled Atmospheric and Low-Pressure Metal Storage Tanks Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM E1139/E1139M-17 - Standard Practice for Continuous Monitoring of Acoustic Emission from Metal Pressure Boundaries
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM E2076/E2076M-15(2022) - Standard Practice for Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Fan Blades Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM E2478-11(2022) - Standard Practice for Determining Damage-Based Design Stress for Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic (GFRP) Materials Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM E2191/E2191M-16 - Standard Practice for Examination of Gas-Filled Filament-Wound Composite Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM E1067/E1067M-18 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Resin (FRP) Tanks/Vessels
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM E2598/E2598M-21 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Examination of Cast Iron Yankee and Steam Heated Paper Dryers
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM E2907/E2907M-13(2019) - Standard Practice for Examination of Paper Machine Rolls Using Acoustic Emission from Crack Face Rubbing
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM E569/E569M-20 - Standard Practice for Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Structures During Controlled Stimulation
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM E976-15(2021) - Standard Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM E1932-12(2022) - Standard Guide for Acoustic Emission Examination of Small Parts
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Referred By
ASTM E1211/E1211M-17 - Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E2374 −15
StandardGuide for
1
Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2374; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instru-
mentation
1.1 System performance verification methods launch stress
E976 GuideforDeterminingtheReproducibilityofAcoustic
waves into the examination article on which the sensor is
Emission Sensor Response
mounted. The resulting stress wave travels in the examination
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
article and is detected by the sensor(s) in a manner similar to
E1419 Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled,
acoustic emission.
Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
1.2 This guide describes methods which can be used to
E1781 Practice for Secondary Calibration ofAcoustic Emis-
verify the response of an Acoustic Emission system including
sion Sensors
sensors, couplant, sensor mounting devices, cables and system
3. Terminology
electronic components.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3 Acoustic emission system performance characteristics,
3.1.1 examination article—the item which is being exam-
which may be evaluated using this document, include some
ined with AE and to which AE sensors are attached.
waveform parameters, and source location accuracy.
3.1.2 velocity—the measured velocity of a stress wave,
1.4 Performance verification is usually conducted prior to
traveling in the examination article, using specifiedAE system
beginning the examination.
parameters and components. Velocity is often used in triangu-
1.5 Performance verification can be conducted during the
lation calculations to determine the position of the AE source.
examination if there is any suspicion that the system perfor-
3.1.3 auto sensor test (AST)—an electronic means by which
mance may have changed.
a sensor can be fed an electronic pulse to excite the examina-
1.6 Performance verification may be conducted after the
tionarticle.Theresultingstresswaveintheexaminationarticle
examination has been completed.
canbemeasuredbythesamesensororbyothersensorsthatare
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as on the same examination article. See 3.1.4 and 3.1.5.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3.1.4 auto sensor test-self test mode—a means by which an
standard.
AST sensor may be used to check its own performance.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.5 auto sensor test-near neighbor mode—a means by
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
which anAST sensor may be used to determine the sensitivity
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of one or more neighboring sensors on the same examination
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
article.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents 4.1 Acoustic Emission data acquisition can be affected by
2 numerous factors associated with the electronic
2.1 ASTM Standards:
instrumentation, cables, sensors, sensor holders, couplant, the
examination article on which the sensor is mounted, back-
ground noise, and the user’s settings of the acquisition param-
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
eters (for example, threshold).
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic
Emission Method.
4.2 This guide is not intended to replace annual (or semi-
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015. Published December 2015. Originally
annual) instrumentation calibration (see Practice E750)or
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2374 - 10. DOI:
sensor recertification (see Practice E1781).
10.1520/E2374-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.3 This guide is not intended to replace routine electronic
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
evaluation of AE instrumentation or routine reproducibility
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. verification of AE sensors (see Guide E976).
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2374−15
4.4 This guide is not intended to verify the maximum response. The independent pulser technique is pa
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E2374 − 10 E2374 − 15
Standard Guide for
1
Acoustic Emission System Performance Verification
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2374; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 System performance verification methods launch stress waves into the examination article on which the sensor is mounted.
The resulting stress wave travels in the examination article and is detected by the sensor(s) in a manner similar to acoustic
emission.
1.2 This guide describes methods which can be used to verify the response of an Acoustic Emission system including sensors,
couplant, sensor mounting devices, cables and system electronic components.
1.3 Acoustic emission system performance characteristics, which may be evaluated using this document, include some
waveform parameters, and source location accuracy.
1.4 Performance verification is usually conducted prior to beginning the examination.
1.5 Performance verification can be conducted during the examination if there is any suspicion that the system performance may
have changed.
1.6 Performance verification may be conducted after the examination has been completed.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E750 Practice for Characterizing Acoustic Emission Instrumentation
E976 Guide for Determining the Reproducibility of Acoustic Emission Sensor Response
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1419 Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic Emission
E1781 Practice for Secondary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 examination article—the item which is being examined with AE and to which AE sensors are attached.
3.1.2 velocity—the measured velocity of a stress wave, traveling in the examination article, using specified AE system
parameters and components. Velocity is often used in triangulation calculations to determine the position of the AE source.
3.1.3 auto sensor test (AST)—an electronic means by which a sensor can be fed an electronic pulse to excite the examination
article. The resulting stress wave in the examination article can be measured by the same sensor or by other sensors that are on
the same examination article. See 3.1.4 and 3.1.5.
3.1.4 auto sensor test-self test mode—a means by which an AST sensor may be used to check its own performance.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic Emission
Method.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010Dec. 1, 2015. Published February 2010December 2015. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 20042010
as E2374 - 04.E2374 - 10. DOI: 10.1520/E2374-10.10.1520/E2374-15.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2374 − 15
3.1.5 auto sensor test-near neighbor mode—a means by which an AST sensor may be used to determine the sensitivity of one
or more neighboring sensors on the same examination article.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Acoustic Emission data acquisition can be affected by numerous factors associated with the electronic instrumentation,
cables, sensors, sensor holders, couplant, the examination article on which the sensor is mounted, background noise, and the user’s
settings of the acquisition parameters (for example, threshold).
4.2 This guide is not intended to replace annual (or semi-ann
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 IEM Applications and Capabilities—IEM has been successfully applied to a wide range of NDT applications in the manufacture, maintenance, and repair of metallic and non-metallic parts. Examples of anomalies detected are discussed in 1.1 and 6.2. IEM has been proven to provide fast, cost-effective, and accurate NDT solutions in nearly all manufacturing, maintenance, or repair modalities. Examples of the successful application focuses include, but are not limited to: sintered powder metals, castings, forgings, stampings, ceramics, glass, wood, weldments, heat treatment, composites, additive manufacturing, machined products, and brazed products.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of the AE examination is to analyze how an examination object is withstanding the applied load, or if it is suffering from some latent damage. Consequently the emission activity must be evaluated in relation to the applied load.  
4.2 The applied load (on the examination object) may include mechanical forces (tension, compression or torsional), internal pressure and thermal gradients. It may be short to long, random or cyclic. The applied load may be controlled by the examiner or may already exist as part of the process. In either case the applied load is measured along with the AE activity.  
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1.1 This guide covers techniques for conducting acoustic emission (AE) examinations of small parts. It is confined to examination objects (or defined regions of larger objects) where there is low AE signal attenuation throughout the examination region. This eliminates the consideration of complex attenuation factor corrections and multiple sensor and array placements based on overcoming signal losses over distances.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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4.1 Transfer Standards—One purpose of this test method is for the direct calibration of displacement transducers for use as secondary standards for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer standard should be high fidelity and very well behaved and understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy should apply over the full frequency range up to 1 MHz.
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4.1 The purpose of this practice is to enable the transfer of calibration from sensors that have been calibrated by primary calibration to other sensors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers requirements for the secondary calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The secondary calibration yields the frequency response of a sensor to waves of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The source producing the signal used for the calibration is mounted on the same surface of the test block as the sensor under testing (SUT). Rayleigh waves are dominant under these conditions; the calibration results represent primarily the sensor's sensitivity to Rayleigh waves. The sensitivity of the sensor is determined for excitation within the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz. Sensitivity values are usually determined at frequencies approximately 10 kHz apart. The units of the calibration are volts per unit of mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1065/E1065M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic Search Units

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to provide standardized procedures for evaluating ultrasonic search units. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established.  
5.2 These procedures are intended to evaluate the characteristics of single-element piezoelectric search units.  
5.3 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility.  
5.4 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this practice to specify, describe, or provide a performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of ultrasonic search units. All or portions of the practice may be used as determined by the user.  
5.5 The measurements are made primarily under pulse-echo conditions. To determine the relative performance of a search unit as either a transmitter or a receiver may require additional tests.  
5.6 While these procedures relate to many of the significant parameters, others that may be important in specific applications may not be treated. These might include power handling capability, breakdown voltage, wear properties of contact units, radio-frequency interference, and the like.  
5.7 Care must be taken to ensure that comparable measurements are made and that users of the practice follow similar procedures. The conditions specified or selected (if optional) may affect the test results and lead to apparent differences.  
5.8 Interpretation of some test results, such as the shape of the frequency response curve, may be subjective. Small irregularities may be significant. Interpretation of the test results is beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.9 Certain results obtained using the procedures outlined may differ from measurements made with ultrasonic test instruments. These differences may be attributed to differences in the nature of the experiment or the electrical characteristic...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers measurement procedures for evaluating certain characteristics of ultrasonic search units (also known as “probes”) that are used with ultrasonic testing instrumentation. This practice describes means for obtaining performance data that may be used to define the acoustic and electric responses of ultrasonic search units.  
1.2 The procedures are designed to measure search units as individual components (separate from the ultrasonic test instrument) using commercial search unit characterization systems or using laboratory instruments such as signal generators, pulsers, amplifiers, digitizers, oscilloscopes, and waveform analyzers.  
1.3 The procedures are applicable to manufacturing acceptance and incoming inspection of new search units or to periodic performance evaluation of search units throughout their service life.  
1.4 The procedures in Annex A1 – Annex A6 are generally applicable to ultrasonic search units operating within the 0.4 to 10 MHz range. Annex A7 is applicable to higher frequency immersion search unit evaluation. Annex A8 describes a practice for measuring sound beam profiles in metals from contact straight-beam search units. Additional Annexes, such as sound beam profiling for angle-beam search units in metal and alternate means for search unit characterization, will be added when developed.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the ...

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ASTM
ASTM E1211/E1211M-17(Practice)
Standard Practice for Leak Detection and Location Using Surface-Mounted Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Leakage of gas or liquid from a pressurized system, whether through a crack, orifice, seal break, or other opening, may involve turbulent or cavitational flow, which generates acoustic energy in both the external atmosphere and the system pressure boundary. Acoustic energy transmitted through the pressure boundary can be detected at a distance by using a suitable acoustic emission sensor.  
4.2 With proper selection of frequency passband, sensitivity to leak signals can be maximized by eliminating background noise. At low frequencies, generally below 100 kHz, it is possible for a leak to excite mechanical resonances within the structure that may enhance the acoustic signals used to detect leakage.  
4.3 This practice is not intended to provide a quantitative measure of leak rates.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a passive method for detecting and locating the steady state source of gas and liquid leaking out of a pressurized system. The method employs surface-mounted acoustic emission sensors (for non-contact sensors see Test Method E1002), or sensors attached to the system via acoustic waveguides (for additional information, see Terminology E1316), and may be used for continuous in-service monitoring and hydrotest monitoring of piping and pressure vessel systems. High sensitivities may be achieved, although the values obtainable depend on sensor spacing, background noise level, system pressure, and type of leak.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E650/E650M-17(Guide)
Standard Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methods and procedures used in mounting AE sensors can have significant effects upon the performance of those sensors. Optimum and reproducible detection of AE requires both appropriate sensor-mounting fixtures and consistent sensor-mounting procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides guidelines for mounting piezoelectric acoustic emission (AE) sensors.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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