ASTM C361-99

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: C 361 – 99
Standard Specification for
Reinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 361; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope A 615/A 615M Specification for Deformed and Plain
Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
1.1 This specification covers reinforced concrete pipe in-
A 675/A 675M Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-
tended to be used for the construction of pressure pipelines
Wrought, Special Quality, Mechanical Properties
with low internal hydrostatic heads generally not exceeding
C 31 Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Speci-
125 ft.
mens in the Field
1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C 361
C 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
has been developed—C 361M; therefore, no metric equivalents
C 39 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical
are presented in this specification.
Concrete Specimens
NOTE 1—Field tests on completed portions of the pipeline are not 7
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
covered by this specification for the manufacture of the pipe but should be
C 260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Con-
included in specifications for pipe laying.
crete
C 309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-
2. Referenced Documents
pounds for Curing Concrete
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,
A 27/A 27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for
2 or Tile
General Application
C 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
A 36/A 36M Specification for Carbon Structural Steel
C 618 Specification for Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
A 82 Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete Re-
3 Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in
inforcement
Portland Cement Concrete
A 185 Specification for Steel Welded Wire, Fabric, Plain,
3 C 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related
for Concrete Reinforcement
Products
A 283/A 283M Specification for Low and Intermediate
3 D 395 Test Methods for Rubber Property—Compression
Tensile Strength Carbon Steel Plates
Set
A 496 Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for Concrete
3 D 412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermo-
Reinforcement
plastic Rubbers and Thermoplastic ElastomersTension
A 497 Specification for Steel Welded Wire Fabric, De-
3 D 471 Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liq-
formed, for Concrete Reinforcement
uids
A 570/A 570M Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip,
4 D 573 Test Method for Rubber–Deterioration in an Air
Carbon, Hot-Rolled, Structural Quality
Oven
A 575 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Merchant Qual-
5 D 698 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-
ity, M-Grades
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
A 576 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought,
3 10
5 kN-m/m ))
Special Quality
D 1149 Test Method for Rubber Deterioration—Surface
A 611 Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Cold-Rolled,
4 Ozone Cracking in a Chamber
Structural Quality
D 2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer
Hardness
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C-13 on
D 4253 Test Method for Maximum Index Density and Unit
Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.04 on Low Head
Pressure Pipe.
Current edition approved April 10, 1999. Published July 1999. Originally
published as C 361 – 55 T. Last previous edition C 361 – 98. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
2 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
3 8
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.04. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05.
4 9
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
5 10
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.05. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
C 361
Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table 6.2.2 Fly Ash or Pozzolan—Fly ash or pozzolan shall
D 4254 Test Method for Minimum Index Density and Unit conform to the requirements of Specification C 618.
Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density
6.2.3 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious Materials—
2.2 Other Standards:
The combination of cementitious materials used in the concrete
ACI Code 318 Standard Building Code Requirements for shall be one of the following:
Reinforced Concrete
6.2.3.1 Portland cement only,
AISI-C 1012
6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only, or
6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only.
3. Terminology
6.2.3.4 A combination of portland cement and fly ash or
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to con-
pozzolan, wherein the proportion of fly ash or pozzolan is
crete pipe, see Terminology C 822.
between 5 and 20 % by weight of total cementitious material
(portland cement plus fly ash or pozzolan).
4. Classification
6.3 Aggregates—Aggregates shall conform to Specification
4.1 Pipe manufactured according to this specification shall
C 33, except that the requirements for grading are waived.
be for hydrostatic heads of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ft measured
6.4 Admixtures—Admixtures, except for air-entraining
to the centerline of the pipe. Designs are provided in Table 1
agents, shall not be added to the concrete unless permitted by
for the above hydrostatic heads combined with external load-
the owner. At the option of the manufacturer, or if specified by
ings of 5, 10, 15, and 20 ft (designated A, B, C, and D in Table
the owner, the concrete in precast concrete pipe placed by the
1) of earth cover over the top of the pipe under specific
cast-and-vibrated method shall contain an air-entraining agent
installation conditions. The specific installation conditions are
conforming to Specification C 260. The amount of air-
covered in Appendix X1. Where the hydrostatic head, external
entraining agent used shall be such as will affect the entrain-
loadings, and installation conditions vary from those given in
ment of not more than 3 % air by volume of concrete as
Table 1 and Appendix X1, detailed design calculations should
discharged from the mixer.
be made. The design criteria for Table 1 are presented in
6.5 Steel Reinforcement—Reinforcement may consist of
Appendix X2.
wire conforming to Specification A 82, Specification A 496, or
of wire fabric conforming to Specification A 185 or Specifica-
5. Basis of Acceptance
tion A 497, or of bars of Grade 40 steel conforming to
5.1 Acceptability of the pipe in all diameters and classes
Specification A 615/A 615M.
shall be determined by the results of such material tests as are
6.6 Steel for Joint Rings:
required in 6.2 through 6.9 by crushing tests on cured concrete 1
6.6.1 Steel strips for bell rings less than ⁄4 in. thick shall
cylinders, by hydrostatic pressure tests on units of the pipe, by
conform to Grade 30 of Specification A 570/A 570M or Grade
joint leakage tests, and by inspection during or after manufac-
Designation 1012 of Specification A 575. Steel that meets the
ture to determine whether the pipe conforms to this specifica-
requirements of AISI-C1012 for chemical components will be
tion as to design and freedom from defects.
acceptable provided it conforms to Grade 30 of Specification
5.2 Age for Acceptance—Pipe shall be considered ready for
A 570/A 570M in other respects.
acceptance when they conform to the requirements, as indi-
6.6.2 Steel plate for bell rings ⁄4 in. or more in thickness and
cated by the specified tests.
special shapes for spigot joint rings shall conform to Specifi-
cation A 36/A 36M, or to Grade A of Specification A 283/
6. Materials
A 283M, or to Grade Designation 1012 of Specification A 576,
6.1 Reinforced Concrete—The reinforced concrete shall
or to Grade 50 of Specification A 675/A 675M. Steel that
consist of portland cement, mineral aggregates, and water, in
meets the requirements of AISI-C1012 for chemical compo-
which steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steel
nents will be acceptable provided it conforms to Specification
and concrete act together. Fly ash or pozzolan may be used as
A 36/A 36M or to Specification A 283/A 283Min other re-
a partial cement replacement; see 9.1.
spects.
6.2 Cementitious Materials:
6.7 Steel Castings for Fittings—Steel castings for fittings
6.2.1 Cement:
shall conform to Grade 70-36, Normalized, of Specification
6.2.1.1 Portland Cement—Portland cement shall conform
A 27/A 27M.
to the requirements of Specification C 150.
6.8 Steel Plates and Sheets for Specials and Fittings—
6.2.1.2 Blended Cement—Blended cement shall conform to
Steel plates for specials and fittings shall conform to Specifi-
the requirements of Specification C 595 for Type IS portland
cation A 36/A 36M or to Grade B or C of Specification
blast furnace slag cement or Type IP portland pozzolan cement,
A 283/A 283M or Grade 30 or 33 of Specification A 570/
except that the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland
A 570M or Grade B of Specification A 611.
pozzolan cement shall not exceed 20 % by weight.
6.9 Rubber Gaskets:
6.9.1 Composition and Properties—All rubber gaskets shall
be extruded or molded and cured in such a manner that any
Available from the American Concrete Institute, P.O. Box 19150, Detroit, MI
cross section will be dense, homogeneous, and free of porosity,
48219.
12 blisters, pitting, and other imperfections. The gaskets shall be
Available from American Iron and Steel Institute, 1133 15th St., NW,
Washington, DC 20005. of a solid circular cross section and shall be extruded or molded
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
C 361
to the specified size within a diametrical tolerance of 6 ⁄64 in. 6.10.4.1 Name of lubricant manufacturer.
or 61.5 % of the diameter, whichever is larger. The basic
6.10.4.2 Usable temperature range for application and stor-
polymer shall be natural rubber, synthetic rubber, or a blend of age.
both. The properties enumerated below shall be determined in
6.10.4.3 Shelf life.
accordance with 10.5.
6.10.4.4 Lot or batch number.
6.9.1.1 Standard Gasket Requirements—The compound
shall meet the following for physical requirements (see also 7. Design
Test Methods D 412):
7.1 Design Tables—The diameter, wall thickness, compres-
Tensile strength, min, psi 2300
sive strength of the concrete, and the area of circumferential
Elongation at break, min, % 425
reinforcement shall be as prescribed for the classes of com-
Shore durometer hardness, nominal:
A
Min 40 bined hydrostatic head and external loading given in Table 1
A
Max 60
subject to the provisions of 7.2, 7.4, 7.5, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2, and
Compression set, max, % of original deflection 20
11.5.
Accelerated aging, max, % of original
Decrease in tensile strength 15 7.2 Modified and Special Design—Manufacturers may sub-
Decrease in elongation 20
mit to the owner, for approval prior to manufacture, detailed
Liquid immersion, max, % weight increase
designs for loading or installation conditions other than those
Water absorption 5
Ozone resistance no visible cracking in accord-
shown in Table 1. Such pipe must meet all of the tests and
ance with Test Method
performance requirements specified by the owner in accor-
D 1149
dance with Section 5.
A
Allowable variation 65 from manufacturers’ specified nominal hardness.
7.3 Laying Lengths—The maximum laying lengths of pipe
6.9.1.2 Oil Resistant Gasket Requirements— The com-
units that will be acceptable are as follows and are subject to
pound shall contain not less than 50 % by volume oil resistant
the provisions of 11.4:
polymer and shall meet the following physical requirements:
Internal Diameter of Pipe, in. Maximum Laying Length of Pipe, ft
Tensile strength, min, psi 1500
12 to 15 12
Elongation at break, min, % 350 18 14
Shore durometer hardness, nominal:
21 to 24 16
A
Min 40 27 to 30 18
A
Max 60
33 to 36 20
Durometer aging, max, increase 15 39 and larger 24
Compression set, max, % of original deflection 20
7.4 Placement of Reinforcement—The circumferential rein-
Accelerated aging, max, % of original
Decrease in tensile strength 20
forcement shall be a single-cage circular, double-cage circular,
Decrease in elongation 40
or elliptical cage as shown in Table 1. Elliptical reinforcement
Liquid immersion, max, % volume change:
Oil, in ASTM #3 (70 h at 212°F) 80 will be permitted for 25 and 50-ft head classes only and only
Water absorption 15
in pipe 18 to 72 in. in diameter, inclusive. All pipe with a wall
Ozone resistance, 72 h exposure in 50 no visible cracking in accord-
thickness of less than 3 ⁄4 in. shall be reinforced with either a
PPHM ozone concentration at 104°F ance with Test Method
D 1149 circular cage or a single elliptical cage of steel as provided in
Table 1. All pipe with wall thickness of 3 ⁄4 in. and greater shall
A
Allowable variation 65 from manufacturers specified nominal hardness.
be reinforced with either two separate cages or a single
6.9.1.3 Durometer Hardness—The shore durometer hard-
elliptical cage of steel as provided in Table 1, except that for
ness shall be in the range of from 35 to 50 for concrete spigots
pipe sizes 36 in. and less with wall thicknesses equal to or
and 35 to 65 for steel spigots where the range includes the
greater than 3 ⁄4 in., a single circular cage may be accepted if
allowable variation as given in 6.9.1.1 and 6.9.1.2.
the steel area is equal to or greater than the least area shown for
6.9.2 Storage—All rubber shall be stored in as cool a place
a single circular cage for that particular class of pipe. The areas
as practicable, preferably at 70°F or less, and in no case shall
of circumferential reinforcement shown in Table 1 are the
the rubber for joints be exposed to the direct rays of the sun for
design requirements for each of the wall thicknesses shown in
more than 72 h.
the table. Where single-cage circular reinforcement is used, the
6.10 Gasket Lubricants:
center-line of the reinforcement shall be placed from 40 to
6.10.1 Where the joint design utilizing a rubber gasket
50 % of the wall thickness from the inner surface of the
...