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ASTM D3939-09

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics (Mace)

Standard Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics (Mace)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabrics because the between-laboratory precision of the test method is poor (see 15.1).
If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical significant difference between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or future testing for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the statistically significant differences.
This test method may be used for quality control testing of fabrics during manufacturing and product comparisons of different fabrics by manufacturers, retailers, and users. This test method may also be used by researchers to examine the effect of new fibers, yarns, fabric constructions, and finishes on the snagging resistance of fabrics.
This test method may be used to test the snagging resistance of most apparel and home furnishings fabrics. However, a different test method may be needed for different types of fabrics and different end-uses (such as towels, pants, and upholstery) (see 5.3.1).
Some fabrics that may not be suitable for this test method are described in 1.2. Many open construction fabrics can be tested for snagging resistance using AATCC Test Method 65. The snagging resistance of many pile floor coverings can be tested by Test Method D 1335. Test Method D 5362 (Bean Bag) may also be considered as an...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the snagging resistance of a fabric.
1.2 Studies of fabric snagging have shown that this test method is suitable for a range of woven and knitted fabrics made from textured or untextured filament yarns or spun yarns or combinations of these yarns. , This test method is not suitable for (1) open construction fabrics (such as a net) because the points on the mace will snag the felt pad rather than the specimen, (2) very heavy or very stiff fabrics that cannot be made to fit tightly on the drum and felt pad, and (3) tufted or nonwoven fabrics because the apparatus is designed for woven and knitted fabrics.
1.3 If after using this test method it is found to be too severe for your fabrics, an alternative method can be used, such as BS 8479 Textiles: Method for Determination of the Propensity of Fabrics to Snagging and Related Surface Defects - Rotating Chamber Method.
1.4 The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way. In case of referee decisions, the metric units will prevail.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2009
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.59 - Fabric Physical Test Methods A
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D3939-08 - Standard Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics (Mace)
Effective Date
01-May-2009
Replaced By
ASTM D3939/D3939M-10 - Standard Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics (Mace)
Effective Date
15-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM D5362-13(2018) - Standard Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics (Bean Bag)
Effective Date
01-May-2009

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D3939–09
Standard Test Method for
1
Snagging Resistance of Fabrics (Mace)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3939; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
4
1.1 Thistestmethoddeterminesthesnaggingresistanceofa 2.1 ASTM Standards:
fabric. D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
1.2 Studies of fabric snagging have shown that this test D1335 Test Method for Tuft Bind of Pile Yarn Floor
method is suitable for a range of woven and knitted fabrics Coverings
made from textured or untextured filament yarns or spun yarns D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
2,3
or combinations of these yarns. This test method is not D2724 Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and Laminated
suitable for (1) open construction fabrics (such as a net) Apparel Fabrics
because the points on the mace will snag the felt pad rather D3136 Terminology Relating to Care Labeling forApparel,
than the specimen, (2) very heavy or very stiff fabrics that Textile, Home Furnishing, and Leather Products
cannot be made to fit tightly on the drum and felt pad, and (3) D4467 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
tufted or nonwoven fabrics because the apparatus is designed Method That Produces Non-Normally Distributed Data
for woven and knitted fabrics. D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
1.3 If after using this test method it is found to be too severe Methods
for your fabrics, an alternative method can be used, such as BS D5362 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics
8479 Textiles: Method for Determination of the Propensity of (Bean Bag)
5
Fabrics to Snagging and Related Surface Defects - Rotating 2.2 AATCC Standards:
Chamber Method. 65 Test Method for Snag Resistance of Women’s Nylon
1.4 The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in Hosiery (see Note 1)
other units shall be regarded separately as the standard. The 135 Test Method for Dimensional Changes in Automatic
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; Home Laundering of Woven and Knit Fabrics
therefore,eachsystemmustbeusedindependentlyoftheother,
NOTE 1—In 1988, theAATCC voted to withdraw this test method from
without combining values in any way. In case of referee
its technical manual; however, the ASTM task group on fabric snagging
decisions, the metric units will prevail.
decided it should be listed as an alternative for testing open construction
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
fabrics.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau- (color contrast, in textiles; distortion, in fabrics; protrusion, in
fabrics; snag, in fabrics; snagging resistance, in fabrics), refer
tionary statements are given in Section 7.
to Terminology D4850.
3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
method, refer to Terminology D123.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on Fabric Test Methods,
General.
4
Current edition approved May 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D3939 – 08. DOI: contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
10.1520/D3939-09. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
2
Finnigan,J.A., “Laboratory Prediction of the Tendency of a Fabric to Snag the ASTM website.
5
During Wear,” Textile Institute and Industry, Vol 10 , No. 6, 1972, pp. 164–167. Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
3
Leung, P., and Hershkowitz, R., “Snag- and Fuzz-Resistant Double Knits via (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://
Fabric Construction,” Textile Research Journal, Vol 45, No. 2, 1975, pp. 93–102. www.aatcc.org
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3939–09
4. Summary of Test Method subjected to controlled laboratory tests. This factor should be
considered when adopting levels of acceptability for any
4.1 A tubular specimen is placed on a cylindrical drum.
specification t
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D3939–08 Designation:D3939–09
Standard Test Method for
1
Snagging Resistance of Fabrics (Mace)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3939; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method determines the snagging resistance of a fabric.
1.2 Studies of fabric snagging have shown that this test method is suitable for a range of woven and knitted fabrics made from
,
2 3
textured or untextured filament yarns or spun yarns or combinations of these yarns. This test method is not suitable for (1) open
construction fabrics (such as a net) because the points on the mace will snag the felt pad rather than the specimen, (2) very heavy
or very stiff fabrics that cannot be made to fit tightly on the drum and felt pad, and ( 3) tufted or nonwoven fabrics because the
apparatus is designed for woven and knitted fabrics.
1.3 If after using this test method it is found to be too severe for your fabrics, an alternative method can be used, such as BS
8479Textiles:MethodforDeterminationofthePropensityofFabricstoSnaggingandRelatedSurfaceDefects-RotatingChamber
Method.
1.4 The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be regarded separately as the standard. The values
stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other, without
combining values in any way. In case of referee decisions, the metric units will prevail.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.
2. Referenced Documents
4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D 1335 Test Method for Tuft Bind of Pile Yarn Floor Coverings
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D 2724 Test Methods for Bonded, Fused, and Laminated Apparel Fabrics
D 3136 Terminology Relating to Care Labeling for Apparel, Textile, Home Furnishing, and Leather Products
D 4467 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method That Produces Non-Normally Distributed Data
D 4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods
D 5362 Test Method for Snagging Resistance of Fabrics (Bean Bag)
5
2.2 AATCC Standards:
65 Test Method for Snag Resistance of Women’s Nylon Hosiery (see Note 1)
135 Test Method for Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laundering of Woven and Knit Fabrics
NOTE 1—In1988,theAATCCvotedtowithdrawthistestmethodfromitstechnicalmanual;however,theASTMtaskgrouponfabricsnaggingdecided
it should be listed as an alternative for testing open construction fabrics.
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method: (color contrast, in textiles; distortion, in fabrics; protrusion, in
fabrics; snag, in fabrics; snagging resistance, in fabrics), refer to Terminology D 4850.
3.2 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D 123.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.59 on FabricTest Methods, General.
Current edition approved JulyMay 1, 2008.2009. Published October 2008.June 2009. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20042008 as
D3939–03(2004).D 3939 – 08.
2
Finnigan, J. A., “Laboratory Prediction of the Tendency of a Fabric to Snag During Wear,” Textile Institute and Industry, , Vol 10 , No. 6, 1972, pp. 164–167.
3
Leung, P., and Hershkowitz, R., “Snag- and Fuzz-Resistant Double Knits via Fabric Construction,” Textile Research Journal,, Vol 45, No. 2, 1975, pp. 93–102.
4
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
5
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, http://www.aatcc.org
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Un
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The measurement of the resistance to abrasion of textile and other materials is very complex. The resistance to abrasion is affected by many factors, such as the inherent mechanical properties of the fibers; the dimensions of the fibers; the structure of the yarns; the construction of the fabrics; and the type, kind, and amount of finishing material added to the fibers, yarns, or fabric.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion is also greatly affected by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension of the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must accordingly be changed at frequent intervals or checked periodically against a standard. With disposable abradants, the abradant is used only once or changed after limited use. With permanent abradants that use hardened metal or equivalent surfaces, it is assumed that the abradant will not change appreciably in a specific series of tests, but obviously similar abradants used in different laboratories will not likely change at the same rate due to differences in usage. Permanent abradants may also change due to pick up of finishing or other material from test fabrics and must accordingly be cleaned at frequent intervals. The measurement of the relative amount of abrasion may also be affected by the method of evaluation and may be influenced by the judgment of the operator.  
5.4 The resistance of textile materials to abrasion as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance or durability as experienced in the actual use of the material. While “abrasion resistance” (often stated in terms of the number of cycles on a specified machine, using a specified technique to produce a spe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of woven textile fabrics using the oscillatory cylinder tester. This test method may not be usable for some fabric constructions.
Note 1: Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics are given in: Guides D3884 and D4158, and Test Methods D3885, D3886, and AATCC 93.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4966-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Martindale Abrasion Tester Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—this test method is not considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of fabric. The between-laboratory precision of this test method is poor and, because of the nature of abrasion testing itself, technicians frequently fail to obtain results in agreement on the same type of testing instrument, both within and between laboratories. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely, especially outside the United States.  
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Students t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.  
5.2 The resistance to abrasion also is affected greatly by the conditions of the tests, such as the nature of abradant; variable action of the abradant over the area of specimen abraded, the tension on the specimen, the pressure between the specimen and abradant, and the dimensional changes in the specimen.  
5.3 Abrasion tests are all subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during specific tests. The abradant must be changed accordingly at freque...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasion resistance of textile fabrics using the Martindale abrasion tester. The method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: For other current test methods of testing the abrasion resistance of textiles refer to Test Methods D3884, D3885, D3886, D4157, D4158, and AATCC TM93.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4970/D4970M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pilling Resistance and Other Related Surface Changes of Textile Fabrics: Martindale Tester

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—This method of testing fabrics resistance to pilling is not recommended for acceptance testing. If it is used for acceptance testing, it should be used with caution because interlaboratory data are not available. In some cases the purchaser or supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing. Although this test method is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it is used widely outside the United States.  
5.2 If there is a disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using this test method, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. A minimum of two parties should take a group of test specimens, which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens then should be assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average test results from the two laboratories should be compared using an acceptable statistical protocol and probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is started. Appropriate statistical disciplines for comparing data must be used when the purchaser and supplier cannot agree. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future results with consideration for the known bias.  
5.3 The pilling of textile fabrics is a very complex property because it is affected by many factors that include type of fiber or blends, fiber dimensions, yarn and fabric construction, and fabric f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance to the formation of pills and other related surface changes on textile fabrics using the Martindale tester.
Note 1: For other methods, if testing the pilling resistance of textiles, refer to Test Methods D3511/D3511M, D3512/D3512M, and D3514.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to knit, woven, and nonwoven fabrics; however, material thickness may limit suitability for testing due to specimen holder capacity.  
1.3 The fabric may be laundered or dry cleaned before testing as agreed upon among interested parties.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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