ASTM D3376-88(2009)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D3376 − 88(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Methods of
Sampling and Testing Pulps to be Used in the Manufacture
of Electrical Insulation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3376; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Kappa Number/Permanganate 28 and . T 236,
Number (Substances 29 UM 251
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of
Oxi dizable by Permangan-
ate)
cellulosic pulps for use in the manufacture of electrical
Laboratory Processing of Pulp 54 and . T 200
insulatingpapersandboardsorinthedirectapplicationofpulp
(Beater Method) 55
fibers as insulation to electrical conductors.
Moisture in Pulp 32–34 . T 210
Neutral Aqueous Extractable 16 – 23 D202, D1126, and .
NOTE 1—The significance of any one pulp property test method, as set
Hardness in Pulp D2576
forth herein, should be considered with discretion depending on the
Pentosan Content of Pulp 30 and . T 223
product made from the pulp.
Resistance of Pulp to Dis- 46–53 . T 239,
1.2 SectionsonReagents,Sampling,andReportareintegral
inte gration (Standard RPG) UM 252
parts of each of the individual test methods that follow.
Shive Count 35–41 . .
Solvent-Soluble Matter in Pulp 26 and D202 .
1.3 Each test method is described as being a measure of
Tensile Properties 68 – 72 D202 .
either a bulk property of the pulp or a property of a handsheet
Water-Extractable Chlorides 14 and D202 .
formed from the pulp.
1.3.1 Bulk characteristics determinable by these procedures
1.3.2 Handsheet characteristics determinable by these pro-
appear in the following sections:
cedures appear in the following sections:
ASTM TAPPI
ASTM TAPPI
Sec- Method Method
Sec- Method Method
Procedure tions Reference Reference
Procedure tion Reference Reference
Aqueous Extract Conductivity 8 and 9 D202 .
Air Resistance (Porosity) 60 and D202 T 205
Aqueous Extract pH 10 and D202 .
Apparent Density 66 and D202 T 205
Aqueous Extractable Acid- 12 and D202 .
ity- Alkalinity 13
Bursting Strength 62 and D202 and D774/ T 205
Analysis of Ash for Cations by 73 – 81 D1193 and D2576 .
63 D774M
Atomic Absorption Spectro-
Folding Endurance (M.I.T.) 54 and D202 and D2176 T 205
photometry
Ash Content 82 – 85 D202 T 413
Forming Handsheets for 58 and . T 205
Dirt in Pulp 42 and . T 213
Physical Tests of Pulp 59
Tensile Strength 68 and D202 and D828 T 205
Fiber Analysis 24 and D202 and D1030 .
Fiber Length of Pulp 44 and . T 232,
NOTE 2—Methods for Ash, Silica, selected cations from Ash, Heat
45 T 233
Stability, α, β, and γ Cellulose, Viscosity, Total Chlorine, Tear, and
Freeness (Canadian Standard 56 and . T 227
Dissipation Factor and Relative Permittivity, will be considered for
Freeness) 57
addition as methods are developed.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D09.19 on Dielectric Sheet and Roll Products. only.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009. Published February 2010. Originally
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
approved in 1975. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D3776–88 (2005).
DOI: 10.1520/D3376–88R09. safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D3376 − 88 (2009)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- cellulosic fiber to achieve substantially separate fibers that are
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- suitable for a sheet-forming process.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE3—Electricalinsulationmadefrompulpmaybepapersorboards
used for capacitors, transformer coils, creped papers, etc. It may also be
2. Referenced Documents
pulp applied directly onto electrical conductors.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Summary of Test Methods
D202Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Untreated
4.1 These test methods describe the specific procedures for
Paper Used for Electrical Insulation
testingthepropertiesofpulp,bothinitsoriginalbulkformand
D774/D774MTest Method for Bursting Strength of Paper
after it has been formed into a handsheet in the testing
(Withdrawn 2010)
laboratory.
D828Test Method for Tensile Properties of Paper and
PaperboardUsingConstant-Rate-of-ElongationApparatus
5. Reagents
(Withdrawn 2009)
5.1 Purity of Reagents—Use reagent grade chemicals in all
D1030Test Method for Fiber Analysis of Paper and Paper-
tests.Unlessotherwiseindicated,itisintendedthatallreagents
board
shall conform to the specifications of the Committee on
D1126Test Method for Hardness in Water
Analytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society, where
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
such specifications are available. Other grades may be used,
D2176Test Method for Folding Endurance of Paper by the
provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of sufficiently
M.I.T. Tester (Withdrawn 2010)
high purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy of
D2576Method of Test for Metals in Water and Waste Water
the determination.
by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (Withdrawn
1979)
5.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
D3376Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Pulps to be
to water shall be understood to mean water conforming to
Used in the Manufacture of Electrical Insulation
Specification D1193, Type III.
E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
6. Sampling
Determine Conformance with Specifications
6.1 Terminology regarding sampling and evaluation termi-
2.2 TAPPI Standards:
nology shall conform to those in the sampling sections of Test
T200Laboratory Processing of Pulp (Beater Method)
T205Forming Handsheets for Physical Tests of Pulp Methods D202.
T210 Weighing, Sampling, and Testing Pulp for Moisture
6.2 Obtainthesampleofpulpfromthelottobeevaluatedin
T213Dirt in Pulp
a manner that will maximize the probability that a representa-
T221Drainage Time of Pulp
tive sample is collected. Where practicable, use one of the
T223Pentosans in Wood and Pulp
sampling plans shown in Test Methods D202. Protect the
T227Freeness of Pulp
material sample from contamination during handling and
T232Fiber Length of Pulp by Projection
transporting to a laboratory for testing. The instructions for
T233Fiber Length of Pulp by Classification
preparationofspecimensaregiveninthesectionspertainingto
T236Kappa Number of Pulp
the individual property tests. Take the sample for moisture
T413Ash in Paper and Paperboard
content in accordance with TAPPI T210.
T445Identification of Specks and Spots in Paper
6.3 Conditionsamplesinacontainersuitableforpreventing
T1002 Drainage Time for Insulating Board
moisture variation over the period of testing. When test
UM203Freeness of Pulp (William Tester)
specimens are drawn, determine the moisture content of the
UM251Permanganate Number of Pulp
materialtoallowcorrectionofweightstomoisture-freeequiva-
UM252 Resistance of Pulp and Paper Stock to Disintegra-
lent weight.
tion
7. Report
3. Terminology
7.1 At the completion of any or all of the following tests,
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
report the test results (as defined in 6.1) of the pulp properties
3.1.1 pulp,n—afibrousmaterialthatismadebychemicalor
with identifying units as follows:
mechanical treatment, or both, of wood, cotton, hemp, or other
7.1.1 Identification of the pulp sampled and tested by lot
number, type, grade, etc.,
7.1.2 Dates of testing,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
the ASTM website. Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents not
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on listed by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for Laboratory
www.astm.org. Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
Available from TechnicalAssociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmaceutical Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http://www.tappi.org. MD.
D3376 − 88 (2009)
7.1.3 Location of the testing laboratory and the person alters the hydrogen-hydroxyl equilibrium of pure water. The
responsible for the testing, presence of active acidic or alkaline contaminants in a pulp
7.1.4 Remarks indicating method or procedures used and may result in their being incorporated into the electrical
the deviation, if any, from the standard test procedures, insulation made from the pulp, and can lead to a deterioration
7.1.5 Indication of the variance in test measurements (as of the insulation in service. This test is useful for routine
defined in 6.1) such as high, low, standard deviation, etc., and acceptance testing, the comparison of different pulps, and
7.1.6 Any information particular to the cited procedure. research.
7.2 Reportthetestresults(asdefinedin6.1)ascalculatedor
13. Procedure
observed values rounded to the nearest unit in the last
13.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimen
right-hand place of figures used in the material specification to
weight equivalent to1gof moisture-free pulp.
express the limiting value. (See the rounding method of
Practice E29.)
WATER-EXTRACTABLE CHLORIDES
14. Significance and Use
AQUEOUS EXTRACT CONDUCTIVITY
14.1 The occurrence of significant amounts of chloride ion
in a pulp may lead to the incorporation of the ion in the
8. Significance and Use
electrical insulation made from the pulp. The presence of
8.1 The conductivity of the water extract of electrical grade
chloride ions may adversely affect the electrical properties and
pulp results from electrolytic impurities in the pulp which may
service life of the insulation. This test is useful for routine
be present as ionizable acids, bases, salts, or a combination of
acceptance testing, the comparison of different pulps, and
these. The presence of electrolytic impurities in electrical
research testing.
insulation is undesirable as they tend to lower insulation
15. Procedure
resistance and have corrosion-producing tendencies under
conditions of applied potential. When comparing test data it
15.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimen
should be noted that the extract conductivity of pulps, espe-
weight equivalent to4gof moisture-free pulp. For pulps with
cially those of high purity, may change with time after
higher levels of chloride (greater than 30 ppm) 10 min of
manufacturing. This test is useful for routine acceptance
masceration as in the above method for aqueous extract
testing, the comparison of different pulps, and research work.
conductivity may be used to hasten the extraction followed by
1 h refluxing as in Test Methods D202. When the chloride
9. Procedure
content is less than 30 ppm, masceration is not permitted. The
9.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimen
appropriate extraction time must be determined to give com-
weight equivalent to1gof moisture-free pulp.
plete extraction of the chloride for each pulp type. Times
greater than 1 h may be necessary.
AQUEOUS EXTRACT pH
NEUTRAL AQUEOUS EXTRACTABLE HARDNESS
10. Significance and Use
PULP
10.1 The extract pH determination measures the degree to
16. Terminology
which a pulp alters the hydrogen-hydroxyl equilibrium of pure
water. The test gives a measure of the active acidity or 16.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
16.1.1 aqueous extractable hardness, n—the amount of
alkalinity of the pulp extract. The presence of active acidic or
alkaline contaminants in a pulp may result in their being calcium and magnesium present in pulp and which may be
incorporated into the electrical insulation made from the pulp, extracted by hot neutral water under prescribed conditions.
andcanleadtoadeteriorationoftheinsulationinservice.This
16.1.2 hardness, n—a characteristic of water that represents
test is useful for routine acceptance testing, the comparison of
the total concentration of calcium and magnesium in the water
different pulps, and research work.
expressed as parts per million (ppm) CaCO .
11. Procedure 17. Significance and Use
11.1 Follow Test Methods D202 except use a specimen 17.1 Cellulose pulps may contain varying amounts of aque-
weight equivalent to1gof moisture-free pulp. ous extractable hardness as supplied to the purchaser. The
dissolved hardness from the pulp may accumulate in process
AQUEOUS EXTRACTABLE ACIDITY-ALKALINITY
water used in wet-forming methods and may interfere with the
actionofprocessadditivesandaffectproductqualityadversely.
12. Significance and Use
17.2 MethodAisthepreferredmethodandshallbeusedfor
12.1 The extract acidity-alkalinity determination for a pulp
reference purposes.
measures the quantity of extracted ionizable material, which
METHOD A
For more detailed information see Paper and Paperboard—Characteristics,
18. Procedure
Nomenclature, and Significance of Tests, ASTM STP 60 B,Am. Soc. Testing Mats.,
1963, pp. 59–61. 18.1 Extraction:
D3376 − 88 (2009)
18.1.1 Prepare extracts of the pulp specimens in accordance FIBER ANALYSIS
with the Test Methods D202 method for aqueous extract
24. Significance and Use
conductivity, except:
18.1.2 Use a specimen weight equivalent to 2.0 g of
24.1 The fiber composition of a pulp (fiber source and
moisture-freepulp.Determinethemoisturecontentofthepulp
pulping treatment) strongly affects the ultimate product char-
sample on a separate specimen taken at the same time as the
acteristics. Fiber analysis is useful both as a specification and
test specimen.
asacontroltest,andmaybeusedinrefereetestingorresearch.
18.1.3 The extraction volume shall be 200 mL.
NOTE 4—For accurate results the analyst should have considerable
18.1.4 Run a blank determination concurrently with the test
trainingandexperience.Theanalystshouldmakefrequentuseofstandard
specimen determination.
fiber sources of known composition, or of authentic fiber samples, and be
18.1.5 Following extraction and
...