ASTM D4957-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Asphalt Emulsion Residues and Non-Newtonian Bitumens by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer (Withdrawn 2017)
Standard Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Asphalt Emulsion Residues and Non-Newtonian Bitumens by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer (Withdrawn 2017)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful for characterizing the flow behavior of asphalt emulsion residues and non-Newtonian bitumens. However, since non-Newtonian viscosity values depend on the level of shearing stress, its duration, and the shear history of the material, a non-Newtonian viscosity is not a unique material property. Instead, it is a parameter which is characteristic of the fluid-viscometer system under the conditions of the measurement procedure. Therefore, comparisons of non-Newtonian material behavior should only be made using apparent viscosities determined in similar viscometers under similar conditions of shearing stress and stress history. Procedures of sample preparation are especially important for repeatability or reproducibility of test results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures primarily designed to determine the apparent viscosities of residues obtained by distilling asphalt emulsions according to Test Method D 6997`. It is also recommended for use on non-Newtonian asphalts at any temperature within the capability of the apparatus. This test method is useful in characterizing rheological properties of non-Newtonian bitumens as a function of shear rate under the conditions of the test method. This test is run in straight open-end tube viscometers, normally at 60°C (140°F), but is suitable for use at other temperatures. It is applicable over the range from 5 to 50 000 Pa·s (50 to 500 000 P).
Note 1—The precision for this test method is based on determinations made at 60°C (140°F).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method described procedures primarily designed to determine the apparent viscosities of residues obtained by distilling asphalt emulsions according to Test Method D6997.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials, this test method was withdrawn in January 2017 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
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Designation: D4957 − 08
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Viscosity of Asphalt Emulsion Residues and Non-
1
Newtonian Bitumens by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4957; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 apparent viscosity—the determined viscosity obtained
bythetestmethodunderdescription.Viscosityistheresistance
1.1 This test method describes procedures primarily de-
to deformation or internal friction of a liquid expressed as the
signed to determine the apparent viscosities of residues ob-
ratio of the shear stress to shear rate, whether this ratio is
tainedbydistillingasphaltemulsionsaccordingtoTestMethod
constant or not. The unit of viscosity obtained by dividing the
D6997. It is also recommended for use on non-Newtonian
2
shearing stress in N/m by the rate of shear in reciprocal
asphalts at any temperature within the capability of the
seconds is called the pascal second (Pa·s). The English unit of
apparatus. This test method is useful in characterizing rheo-
2
viscosity is the poise (P) with dimensions of 0.1N·s/m ,
logical properties of non-Newtonian bitumens as a function of
2
(dynes/cm /s) and is equivalent to 0.1 Pa·s.
shear rate under the conditions of the test method. This test is
3.1.2 Newtonian liquid—a liquid in which the rate of shear
run in straight open-end tube viscometers, normally at 60°C
is proportional to the shearing stress. The constant ratio of the
(140°F), but is suitable for use at other temperatures. It is
shearing stress to rate of shear is the viscosity of the liquid. If
applicable over the range from 5 to 50 000 Pa·s (50 to 500 000
the ratio is not constant, the liquid is non-Newtonian.
P).
NOTE 2—Apower law fluid is a material in which the relation between
NOTE 1—The precision for this test method is based on determinations
thelogoftheshearstressislinearwiththelogoftheshearrate.Theslope
made at 60°C (140°F).
of this relation is called the shear susceptibility, C.If C is less than unity,
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the material is classified as pseudoplastic and the apparent viscosity
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
decreases with increased stress. If C is greater than one, the material is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
dilatant and the apparent viscosity increases with stress. If C is unity the
material shows Newtonian flow. Most real materials show some non-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Newtonian behavior and the apparent viscosity, computed as stress
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
divided by the shear rate, is reported.
3.1.3 rheogram—a rheological diagram which shows how
2. Referenced Documents
the apparent viscosity of a material varies with the shear rate.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
−1
An apparent viscosity at a specific shear rate, normally 1 s
D2171Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum
can be estimated from this plot. A typical rheogram with an
Capillary Viscometer
example is shown in Fig. 1.
D6997Test Method for Distillation of Emulsified Asphalt
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
4. Summary of Test Method
E77Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
4.1 The time is measured for a fixed volume of the liquid to
mometers
be drawn up through a straight open-end capillary tube by
means of vacuum, under closely controlled conditions of
3. Terminology
vacuum and temperature. The apparent viscosity in poises is
3.1 Definitions:
calculated by multiplying the flow time in seconds by the
appropriate viscometer calibration factor or calculated viscom-
1 eter constant.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.44 on
Rheological Tests.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originally
5.1 This test method is useful for characterizing the flow
approvedin1989.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin1995asD4957–95whichwas
withdrawn March 2005 and reinstated in January 2008. DOI: 10.1520/D4957-08.
behavior of asphalt emulsion residues and non-Newtonian
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
bitumens. However, since non-Newtonian viscosity values
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
depend on the level of shearing stress, its duration, and the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM websi
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4957–95 Designation: D 4957 – 08
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Viscosity of Asphalt Emulsion Residues and Non-
1
Newtonian Bitumens by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4957; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes procedures primarily designed to determine the apparent viscosities of residues obtained by
distilling asphalt emulsions according to Test Methods D244Method D6997. It is also recommended for use on non-Newtonian
asphaltsatanytemperaturewithinthecapabilityoftheapparatus.Thistestmethodisusefulincharacterizingrheologicalproperties
ofnon-Newtonianbitumensasafunctionofshearrateundertheconditionsofthetestmethod.Thistestisruninstraightopen-end
tube viscometers, normally at 140°F (60°C),60°C (140°F), but is suitable for use at other temperatures. It is applicable over the
range from 505 to 500000 P (5 50 000 Pa·s (50 to 50000 Pa·s). 500 000 P).
NOTE 1—The precision for this test method is based on determinations made at 140°F (60°C). 60°C (140°F).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: D244Test Methods for Emulsified Asphalts
2
D2171Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer
E1Specification for ASTM Thermometers Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum Capillary Viscometer
D6997 Test Method for Distillation of Emulsified Asphalt
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Thermometers
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 apparent viscosity—the determined viscosity obtained by the test method under description.Viscosity is the resistance to
deformation or internal friction of a liquid expressed as the ratio of the shear stress to shear rate, whether this ratio is constant or
2
not. The unit of viscosity obtained by dividing the shearing stress in dynes/cmN/m by the rate of shear in reciprocal seconds is
called the poise (P). pascal second (Pa·s). The SIEnglish unit of viscosity is the pascal-second (Pa·s)poise (P) with dimensions of
2 2
0.1N·s/m , and is equivalent to 10 P. , (dynes/cm /s) and is equivalent to 0.1 Pa·s.
3.1.2 Newtonian liquid—a liquid in which the rate of shear is proportional to the shearing stress. The constant ratio of the
shearing stress to rate of shear is the viscosity of the liquid. If the ratio is not constant, the liquid is non-Newtonian.
NOTE 2—A power law fluid is a material in which the relation between the log of the shear stress is linear with the log of the shear rate. The slope
of this relation is called the shear susceptibility, C. If C is less than unity, the material is classified as pseudoplastic and the apparent viscosity decreases
with increased stress. If C is greater than one, the material is dilatant and the apparent viscosity increases with stress. If C is unity the material shows
Newtonian flow. Most real materials show some non-Newtonian behavior and the apparent viscosity, computed as stress divided by the shear rate, is
reported.
3.1.3 rheogram—a rheological diagram which shows how the apparent viscosity of a material varies with the shear rate. An
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD-4onRoadandPavingMaterialsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD04.44onRheological
Tests.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1995. Published November 1995. Originally published as D4957–89. Last previous edition D4957–94.
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD04onRoadandPavingMaterialsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD04.44onRheological
Tests.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2008. Published February 2008. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as D4957–95 which was
withdrawn March 2005 and reinstated in January 2008.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 04.03.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the A
...
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