ASTM D2924-12(2017)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2924 − 12 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Test Method for
External Pressure Resistance of “Fiberglass”
(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2924; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers determination of the resistance
3.1 Definitions:
of fiberglass pipe to external pressure. It classifies failures as
3.1.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology D883
buckling, compressive, and leaking. Both glass-fiber-
or F412 and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology
reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-
D1600, unless otherwise indicated.
reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
NOTE 1—For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include
3.2.1 aggregate, n—a siliceous sand conforming to the
natural polymers.
requirements of Specification C33, except that the require-
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
ments for gradation shall not apply.
as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for informa-
3.2.2 buckling failure pressure— the external gage pressure
tion only.
at which buckling occurs. Buckling is characterized by a sharp
NOTE 2—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
discontinuity in the pressure-volume change graph and subse-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
quent fracture in the test specimen appearing as an axially
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
oriented crack. Buckling is an elastic instability type of failure
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and is normally associated with thin-wall pipe.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.2.3 compressive failure pressure—the maximum external
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
gage pressure that the specimen will resist without transmis-
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
sion of the testing fluid through the wall. Compressive failure
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
pressure will not be associated with a sharp discontinuity in the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
pressure-volume change graph nor lead to a fracture appearing
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical as a sharp axially oriented crack. It will appear as a fracture
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. which is the result of reaching the compressive strength limits
of the material and is normally associated with thick-wall pipe.
2. Referenced Documents
Failure is usually identified by a sudden drop in pressure.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.4 fiberglass pipe, n—a tubular product containing glass
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
fiber reinforcements embedded in or surrounded by cured
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
thermosetting resin; the composite structure may contain
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
aggregate, granular, or platelet fillers, thixotropic agents,
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plas-
pigments, or dyes; thermoplastic or thermosetting liners or
tics
coatings may be included.
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
3.2.5 leaking pressure—the external gage pressure at which
the test fluid is transmitted through the pipe wall. It is
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Plastic
characterized in this test by continuous volume change indica-
Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment.
tions with no pressure increase.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2017. Published September 2017. Originally
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D2924 – 12. DOI:
3.2.6 reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP), n—a fiber-
10.1520/D2924-12R17.
glass pipe with aggregate.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.2.7 reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP), n—a fi-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. berglass pipe without aggregate.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2924 − 12 (2017)
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method consists of loading a specimen to
failure in a short time interval by means of incrementally
increasing external fluid pressure at a controlled constant
temperature. Fluid is also maintained inside the pipe, and
changes in the inside volume are monitored with a bleed hole
and fluid level tube. On Cartesian coordinates, pressure versus
change in volume is plotted and the failure pressure selected as
indicated by the graph. Scaling constants are presented for
extending the results to other diameters.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The values obtained by this test method are applicable
only to conditions that specifically duplicate the procedures
used.
5.2 After a scaling constant is determined for one diameter,
this may be used for calculating the external failure pressures
of other diameters as long as the resin and reinforcement (if
used), the wall thickness-to-diameter ratio, and the reinforce-
ment pattern (if reinforcement is used) are the same.
NOTE 3—Based upon tests conducted on one size of pipe, a scaling
constant is calculated according to 10.1 or 10.2. The appropriate constant
is used to calculate failure pressure for other pipe diameters, but it can
only be applied if the same resin and reinforcement are used, the wall
thickness to diameter ratios are similar, and the reinforcement pattern is
constant.
5.3 In the application of the following test requirements and
recommendations, care must be exercised to ensure that the
FIG. 1 Apparatus Showing Specimen Loading with Both Hoop
specimens tested are truly representative of the group being and Axial Loads
studied.
6. Apparatus (see Figs. 1 and 2)
6.6 Temperature Regulator—When temperatures other than
6.1 Test Chamber—An external chamber capable of with-
ambient are being studied, a temperature-regulating system
standing pressures to be encountered. It may be either the type
will be employed that will maintain the temperature of the
that applies both hoop and axial loads as shown in Fig. 1 or the
testing fluid and specimen at a specified amount 62°C.
type that applies hoop load only as shown in Fig. 2. In either
event, the report shall state which type loading was used for
7. Test Specimens
test.
7.1 Number of Specimens—A minimum of five specimens
6.2 Weight Change Indicator—The specimen shall be in-
shall be used for determining the external pressure resistance.
strumented to measure changes in weight by use of a balance
Any specimens that are tested and fall outside the specified
accurate to within 60.1 g.
time limits shall be discounted and replaced with equivalent
6.2.1 Transparent Tube—Connected to the test specimen so
specimens, so that a minimum of five valid specimens are
that the volume changes of the specimen result in changes in
tested.
the level of fluid in the tub
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2924 − 12 D2924 − 12 (Reapproved 2017) An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
External Pressure Resistance of “Fiberglass”
(Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermosetting-Resin) Pipe
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2924; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*Scope
1.1 This test method covers determination of the resistance of fiberglass pipe to external pressure. It classifies failures as
buckling, compressive, and leaking. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced
polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.
NOTE 1—For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information
only.
NOTE 2—There is no similar or equivalent ISO standard. known ISO equivalent to this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology D883 or F412 and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology
D1600, unless otherwise indicated.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 aggregate, n—a siliceous sand conforming to the requirements of Specification C33, except that the requirements for
gradation shall not apply.
3.2.2 buckling failure pressure— the external gage pressure at which buckling occurs. Buckling is characterized by a sharp
discontinuity in the pressure-volume change graph and subsequent fracture in the test specimen appearing as an axially oriented
crack. Buckling is an elastic instability type of failure and is normally associated with thin-wall pipe.
3.2.3 compressive failure pressure—the maximum external gage pressure that the specimen will resist without transmission of
the testing fluid through the wall. Compressive failure pressure will not be associated with a sharp discontinuity in the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Plastic Piping
Systems and Chemical Equipment.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012Sept. 1, 2017. Published November 2012September 2017. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 20062012
as D2924 – 01 (2006).D2924 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/D2924-12.10.1520/D2924-12R17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2924 − 12 (2017)
pressure-volume change graph nor lead to a fracture appearing as a sharp axially oriented crack. It will appear as a fracture which
is the result of reaching the compressive strength limits of the material and is normally associated with thick-wall pipe. Failure
is usually identified by a sudden drop in pressure.
3.2.4 fiberglass pipe, n—a tubular product containing glass fiber reinforcements embedded in or surrounded by cured
thermosetting resin; the composite structure may contain aggregate, granular, or platelet fillers, thixotropic agents, pigments, or
dyes; thermoplastic or thermosetting liners or coatings may be included.
3.2.5 leaking pressure—the external gage pressure at which the test fluid is transmitted through the pipe wall. It is characterized
in this test by continuous volume change indications with no pressure increase.
3.2.6 reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP), n—a fiberglass pipe with aggregate.
3.2.7 reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP), n—a fiberglass pipe without aggregate.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method consists of loading a specimen to failure in a short time interval by means of incrementally increasing
external fluid pressure at a controlled constant temperature. Fluid is also maintained inside the pipe, and changes in the inside
volume are monitored with a bleed hole and fluid level tube. On Cartesian coordinates, pressure versus change in volume is plotted
and the failure pressure selected as indicated by the graph. Scaling constants are presented for extending the results to other
diameters.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The values obtained by this test method are applicable only to conditions that specifically duplicate the procedures used.
5.2 After a scaling constant is determined for one diameter, this may be used for calculating the external failure pressures of
other diameters as long as the resin and reinforcement (if used), the wall thickness-to-diameter ratio, and the reinforcement pattern
(if reinforcement is used) are the same.
NOTE 3—Based upon tests conducted on one size of pipe, a scaling constant is calculated according to 10.1 or 10.2. The appropriate constant is used
to calculate failure pressure for other pipe diameters, but it can only be applied if the same resin and reinforcement are used, the wall thickness to diameter
ratios are similar, and the reinforcement pattern is constant.
5.3 In the application of the following test requirements and recommendations, care must be exercised to ensure that the
specimens tested are truly representative of the group being studied.
6. Apparatus (see Figs. 1 and 2)
6.1 Test Chamber—An external chamber capable of withstanding pressures to be encountered. It may be either the type that
applies both hoop and axial loads as shown in Fig. 1 or the type that applies hoop load only as shown in Fig. 2. In either event,
the report shall state which type loading was used for test.
6.2 Weight Change Indicator—The specimen shall be instrumented to measure changes in weight by use of a balance accurate
to within 60.1 g.
6.2.1 Transparent Tube—connectedConnected to the test specimen so that the volume changes of the specimen result in changes
in the level of fluid in the tube. A scale shall be affixed to the tube so variations in fluid level can be recorded. Absolute
measurement of volume change is not required.
6.3 Pressurizing System—A device capable of exerting external fluid pressure to the specimen at a specified constant rate. A
Bourdon-tube pressure gage or recording gage with an accuracy of6 1 % of full scale should be used, and the anticipated failure
pressure should be in the middle two thirds of the gage range. Care should be exercised so the gage is placed where it will give
a true reading of the external pressure on the test specimen.
6.4 Test Fluid—Water or hydraulic oil.
6.5 Timer—Any tim
...