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ASTM ISO/ASTM51607-13

(Main)

Standard Practice for Use of the Alanine-EPR Dosimetry System

Standard Practice for Use of the Alanine-EPR Dosimetry System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The alanine-EPR dosimetry system provides a means for measuring absorbed dose. It is based on the measurement of specific stable free radicals in crystalline alanine generated by ionizing radiation.
Alanine-EPR dosimetry systems are used in reference- or transfer-standard or routine dosimetry systems in radiation applications that include: sterilization of medical devices and pharmaceuticals, food irradiation, polymer modifications, medical therapy and radiation damage studies in materials (1, 13-15).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers dosimeter materials, instrumentation, and procedures for using the alanine-EPR dosimetry system for measuring the absorbed dose in the photon and electron radiation processing of materials. The system is based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of free radicals derived from the amino acid alanine.  
1.2 The alanine dosimeter is classified as a type I dosimeter as it is affected by individual influence quantities in a well-defined way that can be expressed in terms of independent correction factors (see ASTM Practice E2628). The alanine dosimeter may be used in either a reference standard dosimetry system or in a routine dosimetry system.
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ASTM E2628 “Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing” for alanine dosimetry system. It should be read in conjunction with ASTM E2628.
1.4 This practice covers alanine-EPR dosimetry systems for dose measurements under the following conditions:
1.4.1 The absorbed dose range is between 1 and 1.5 × 105Gy.
1.4.2 The absorbed dose rate is up to 102Gy s-1 for continuous radiation fields and up to 3 × 1010Gy s-1 for pulsed radiation fields (1-4).  
1.4.3 The radiation energy for photons and electrons is between 0.1 and 30 MeV (1, 2, 5-8).
1.4.4 The irradiation temperature is between –78 °C and + 70 °C (2, 9-12).
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2012
ICS
17.240 - Radiation measurements
Technical Committee
E61 - Radiation Processing
Drafting Committee
E61.02 - Dosimetry Systems
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM ISO/ASTM51607-22 - Standard Practice for Use of an Alanine-EPR Dosimetry System
Effective Date
01-Jan-2022
Refers
ASTM E170-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
Effective Date
01-Jun-2017
Refers
ASTM E170-16a - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
Effective Date
01-Oct-2016
Refers
ASTM E170-16 - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
Effective Date
15-Feb-2016
Refers
ASTM E170-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
Effective Date
01-Sep-2015
Refers
ASTM E170-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
Effective Date
15-Mar-2015
Refers
ASTM E170-14a - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
Effective Date
15-Oct-2014
Refers
ASTM E170-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
Effective Date
01-Sep-2014
Refers
ASTM E170-10 - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Refers
ASTM E2628-09 - Standard Practice for Dosimetry for Radiation Processing
Effective Date
15-Aug-2009
Refers
ASTM E170-09a - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
Effective Date
15-Aug-2009
Refers
ASTM E170-09 - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
Effective Date
15-Jun-2009
Refers
ASTM E170-08d - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
Effective Date
01-Nov-2008
Refers
ASTM E170-08c - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
Effective Date
01-Jun-2008
Refers
ASTM E170-08b - Standard Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
Effective Date
01-May-2008

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ISO/ASTM 51607:2013(E)
Standard Practice for
1
Use of an Alanine-EPR Dosimetry System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51607; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This practice covers dosimeter materials,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
instrumentation, and procedures for using the alanine-EPR
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
dosimetry system for measuring the absorbed dose in the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
photon and electron radiation processing of materials. The
system is based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
2. Referenced documents
spectroscopy of free radicals derived from the amino acid
4
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
alanine.
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
1.2 The alanine dosimeter is classified as a type I dosimeter
Dosimetry
as it is affected by individual influence quantities in a well-
E2628Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing
defined way that can be expressed in terms of independent
E2701Guide for Performance Characterization of Dosim-
correction factors (see ASTM Practice E2628). The alanine
eters and Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Pro-
dosimetermaybeusedineitherareferencestandarddosimetry
cessing
system or in a routine dosimetry system.
4
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides 51261Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Sys-
recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in
tems for Radiation Processing
radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving 51707Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for
compliance with the requirements of ASTM E2628 “Practice
Radiation Processing
5
for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing” for alanine dosimetry 2.3 ICRU Reports:
system. It should be read in conjunction with ASTM E2628.
ICRU Report 85aFundamental Quantities and Units for
Ionizing Radiation
1.4 Thispracticecoversalanine-EPRdosimetrysystemsfor
ICRU Report 80Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation
dose measurements under the following conditions:
Processing
1.4.1 The absorbed dose range is between 1 and 1.5 ×
5
2.4 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM)
10 Gy.
2 -1
Reports:
1.4.2 The absorbed dose rate is up to 10 Gy s for continu-
10 -1 JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995, with minor corrections,
ous radiation fields and up to3×10 Gy s for pulsed
3
Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the Expres-
radiation fields (1-4).
6
sion of Uncertainty in Measurement
1.4.3 The radiation energy for photons and electrons is
JCGM 100:2008, VIM, International vocabulary of metrol-
between 0.1 and 30 MeV (1, 2, 5-8).
7
ogy – Basis and general concepts and associated terms
1.4.4 The irradiation temperature is between –78 °C and +
70 °C (2, 9-12).
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation
4
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.02 on Dosimetry For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
Systems, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3. www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For
Current edition approved April 9, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
ε1
published as ASTM E1607–94. Last previous ASTM edition E1607–96 . Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
5
ASTM E1607–94 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation Available from International Commission on Radiation Units and
ISO 15566:1998(E).The present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51607:2013(E) Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
6
replaces ISO 15566 and is a major revision of the last previous edition ISO/ASTM DocumentproducedbyWorkingGroup1oftheJointCommitteeforGuidesin
51607–2004(E). Metrology (JCGM/WG 1). Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http://
2
The term “electron spin resonance” (ESR) is used interchangeably with www.bipm.org).
7
electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). DocumentproducedbyWorkingGroup2oftheJointCommitteeforGuidesin
3
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothebibliographyattheendofthis Metrology (JCGM/WG 2). Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http://
standard. www.bipm.org).
© ISO/ASTM International 2018 – All rights reserved
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------
...

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
ISO/ASTM 51607:2013(E)
Standard Practice for
1
Use of an Alanine-EPR Dosimetry System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51607; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This practice covers dosimeter materials,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
instrumentation, and procedures for using the alanine-EPR
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
dosimetry system for measuring the absorbed dose in the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
photon and electron radiation processing of materials. The
system is based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)
2. Referenced documents
spectroscopy of free radicals derived from the amino acid
4
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
alanine.
E170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
1.2 The alanine dosimeter is classified as a type I dosimeter
Dosimetry
as it is affected by individual influence quantities in a well-
E2628 Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing
defined way that can be expressed in terms of independent
E2701 Guide for Performance Characterization of Dosim-
correction factors (see ASTM Practice E2628). The alanine
eters and Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Pro-
dosimeter may be used in either a reference standard dosimetry
cessing
system or in a routine dosimetry system. 4
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides
51261 Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Sys-
recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in tems for Radiation Processing
radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving
51707 Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for
compliance with the requirements of ASTM E2628 “Practice Radiation Processing
5
for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing” for alanine dosimetry
2.3 ICRU Reports:
system. It should be read in conjunction with ASTM E2628. ICRU Report 85a Fundamental Quantities and Units for
Ionizing Radiation
1.4 This practice covers alanine-EPR dosimetry systems for
ICRU Report 80 Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation
dose measurements under the following conditions:
Processing
1.4.1 The absorbed dose range is between 1 and 1.5 ×
5
2.4 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM)
10 Gy.
2 -1 Reports:
1.4.2 The absorbed dose rate is up to 10 Gy s for continu-
10 -1
JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995, with minor corrections,
ous radiation fields and up to 3 × 10 Gy s for pulsed
3 Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the Expres-
radiation fields (1-4).
6
sion of Uncertainty in Measurement
1.4.3 The radiation energy for photons and electrons is
JCGM 100:2008, VIM , International vocabulary of metrol-
between 0.1 and 30 MeV (1, 2, 5-8).
7
ogy – Basis and general concepts and associated terms
1.4.4 The irradiation temperature is between –78 °C and +
70 °C (2, 9-12).
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation
4
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.02 on Dosimetry For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
Systems, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3. www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For
Current edition approved April 9, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
ε1
published as ASTM E 1607 – 94. Last previous ASTM edition E 1607 – 96 . Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
5
ASTM E 1607 – 94 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation Available from International Commission on Radiation Units and
ISO 15566:1998(E). The present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51607:2013(E) Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
6
replaces ISO 15566 and is a major revision of the last previous edition ISO/ASTM Document produced by Working Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in
51607–2004(E). Metrology (JCGM/WG 1). Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http://
2
The term “electron spin resonance” (ESR) is used interchangeably with www.bipm.org).
7
electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Document produced by Working Group 2 of the Joint Committee for Guides in
3
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the bibliography at the end of this Metrology (JCGM/WG 2). Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http://
standard. www.bipm.org).
© ISO/ASTM International 2024 – All rights reserved
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/ASTM 51607:2013(E)
3.1.1 alanine dosimeter—specified quantity an
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Fricke dosimetry system provides a reliable means for measurement of absorbed dose to water, based on a process of oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric ions in acidic aqueous solution by ionizing radiation (ICRU 80, PIRS-0815, (4)). In situations not requiring traceability to national standards, this system can be used for absolute determination of absorbed dose without calibration, as the radiation chemical yield of ferric ions is well characterized (see Appendix X3).  
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1.3 The practice describes the spectrophotometric analysis procedures for the Fricke dosimetry system.  
1.4 This practice applies only to gamma radiation, X-radiation (bremsstrahlung), and high-energy electrons.  
1.5 This practice applies provided the following are satisfied:  
1.5.1 The absorbed dose range shall be from 20 Gy to 400 Gy (1).2  
1.5.2 The absorbed dose rate does not exceed 106 Gy·s−1 (2).  
1.5.3 For radioisotope gamma sources, the initial photon energy is greater than 0.6 MeV. For X-radiation (bremsstrahlung), the initial energy of the electrons used to produce the photons is equal to or greater than 2 MeV. For electron beams, the initial electron energy is greater than 8 MeV.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Standards such as ISO 11137-1 (radiation sterilization of health care products) and ISO 14470 (irradiation of food) contain requirements that dosimetry used in the development, validation, and routine control of the process shall have measurement traceability to national or international standards and shall have a known level of uncertainty. The magnitude of the measurement uncertainty is important for assessing the results of the measurement system.  
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Standard Practice for Blood Irradiation Dosimetry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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4.3 An irradiation process usually requires a minimum ab...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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4.1.5 Curing composite material;  
4.1.6 Polymerization of monomers and oligomer and grafting of monomers onto polymers;  
4.1.7 Enhancement of color in gemstones and other materials;  
4.1.8 Modification of characteristics of semiconductor devices; and  
4.1.9 Research on materials effects of irradiation.
Note 3: Dosimetry with measurement traceability and with known measurement uncertainty is required for regulated irradiation processes, such as the sterilization of health care products and treatment of food. Dosimetry may be less important for other industrial processes, such as polymer modification, which can be evaluated by changes in the physical properties of the irradiated materials. Nevertheless, routine dosimetry may be used to monitor the reproducibility of the radiation process.  
4.2 Radiation processing specifications usually include a pair of absorbed-dose limits: a minimum value to ensure the intended beneficial effect and a maximum value that the product can tolerate while still meeting its functional or regulatory specifications. For a given application, one or both of these values may be prescribed by process specifications or regulations. Knowledge of the dose distribution within irradiated material is essential to help meet these requirements. Dosimetry is essential to the radiation process since it i...
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1.1 This practice outlines the dosimetric procedures to be followed during installation qualification, operational qualification, performance qualification and routine processing at an X-ray (bremsstrahlung) irradiator. Other procedures related to operational qualification, performance qualification and routine processing that may influence absorbed dose in the product are also discussed.
Note 1: Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program for adherence to good manufacturing practices used in radiation processing applications.
Note 2: ISO/ASTM Practices 51649, 51818 and 51702 describe dosimetric procedures for electron beam and gamma facilities for radiation processing.  
1.2 For radiation sterilization of health care products, see ISO 11137-1, Sterilization of health care products – Radiation – Part 1: Requirements for development, validation and routine control of a sterilization process for medical devices. In those areas covered by ISO 11137-1, that standard takes precedence.  
1.3 For irradiation of food, see ISO 14470, Food irradiation – Requirements for development, validation and routine control of the process of irradiation using ionizing radiation for the treatment of food. In those areas covered by ISO 14470, that standard takes precedence.  
1.4 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing and utilizing dosimetry in radiation processing. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628, “Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing”.  
1.5 In contrast to monoenergetic gamma radiation, the X-ray energy spectrum extends from low values (about 35 keV) up to the maximum energy of the electrons incident on the X-ray target (see Section 5 and Annex A1).  
1.6 Information about effective or regulatory dose limits and energy limits for X-ray applications is not within the scope of this practice.  
1.7 This ...

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ASTM ISO/ASTM51607-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of an Alanine-EPR Dosimetry System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The alanine-EPR dosimetry system provides a means for measuring absorbed dose. It is based on the measurement of specific stable free radicals in crystalline alanine generated by ionizing radiation.  
4.2 Alanine-EPR dosimetry systems are used in reference- or transfer-standard or routine dosimetry systems in radiation applications that include: sterilization of medical devices and pharmaceuticals, food irradiation, polymer modifications, medical therapy and radiation damage studies in materials (1, 13-15).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers dosimeter materials, instrumentation, and procedures for using the alanine-EPR dosimetry system to measure the absorbed dose in the photon or electron radiation processing of materials. The alanine system is based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of free radicals derived from the amino acid alanine.2  
1.2 The alanine dosimeter is classified as a type I dosimeter as it is affected by individual influence quantities in a well-defined way that can be expressed in terms of independent correction factors (see ISO/ASTM Practice 52628). The alanine dosimeter may be used in either a reference standard dosimetry system or in a routine dosimetry system.  
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM 52628 “Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing” for alanine dosimetry system. It should be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM 52628.  
1.4 This practice covers the use of alanine-EPR dosimetry systems under the following conditions:  
1.4.1 The absorbed dose range is between 0.001 kGy and 150 kGy.  
1.4.2 The absorbed dose rate is up to 1 × 102 Gy s-1 for continuous radiation fields and up to 3 × 1010 Gy s-1 for pulsed radiation fields (1-4).3  
1.4.3 The radiation energy for photons and electrons is between 0.1 MeV and 30 MeV (1, 2, 5-8).  
1.4.4 The irradiation temperature is between –78 °C and +70 °C (2, 9-12).  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM ISO/ASTM51401-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of a Dichromate Dosimetry System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The dichromate system provides a reliable means for measuring absorbed dose to water. It is based on a process of reduction of dichromate ions to chromic ions in acidic aqueous solution by ionizing radiation.  
4.2 The dosimeter is a solution containing silver and dichromate ions in perchloric acid in an appropriate container such as a sealed glass ampoule. The solution indicates absorbed dose by a change (decrease) in optical absorbance at a specified wavelength(s) ((3), ICRU Report 80). A calibrated spectrophotometer is used to measure the absorbance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation, testing, and procedure for using the acidic aqueous silver dichromate dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose to water when exposed to ionizing radiation. The system consists of a dosimeter and appropriate analytical instrumentation. For simplicity, the system will be referred to as the dichromate system. The dichromate dosimeter is classified as a type I dosimeter on the basis of the effect of influence quantities. The dichromate system may be used as either a reference standard dosimetry system or a routine dosimetry system.  
1.2 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice 52628 for the dichromate dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.  
1.3 This practice describes the spectrophotometric analysis procedures for the dichromate system.  
1.4 This practice applies only to gamma radiation, X-radiation/bremsstrahlung, and high energy electrons.  
1.5 This practice applies provided the following conditions are satisfied:  
1.5.1 The absorbed dose range is from 2 × 10 3 to 5 × 104 Gy.  
1.5.2 The absorbed dose rate does not exceed 600 Gy/pulse (12.5 pulses per second), or does not exceed an equivalent dose rate of 7.5 kGy/s from continuous sources (1).2  
1.5.3 For radionuclide gamma sources, the initial photon energy shall be greater than 0.6 MeV. For bremsstrahlung photons, the initial energy of the electrons used to produce the bremsstrahlung photons shall be equal to or greater than 2 MeV. For electron beams, the initial electron energy shall be greater than 8 MeV.  
Note 1: The lower energy limits given are appropriate for a cylindrical dosimeter ampoule of 12 mm diameter. Corrections for displacement effects and dose gradient across the ampoule may be required for electron beams (2). The dichromate system may be used at lower energies by employing thinner (in the beam direction) dosimeter containers (see ICRU Report 35).  
1.5.4 The irradiation temperature of the dosimeter shall be above 0 °C and should be below 80 °C.  
Note 2: The temperature coefficient of dosimeter response is known only in the range of 5 to 50 °C (see 5.2). Use outside this range requires determination of the temperature coefficient.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 9.3.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM ISO/ASTM51702-13(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Dosimetry in a Gamma Facility for Radiation Processing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Various products and materials routinely are irradiated at predetermined doses in gamma irradiation facilities to reduce their microbial population or to modify their characteristics. Dosimetry requirements may vary depending upon the irradiation application and end use of the product. Some examples of irradiation applications where dosimetry may be used are:  
4.1.1 Sterilization of medical devices,  
4.1.2 Treatment of food for the purpose of parasite and pathogen control, insect disinfestation, and shelf life extension,  
4.1.3 Disinfection of consumer products,  
4.1.4 Cross-linking or degradation of polymers and elastomers,  
4.1.5 Polymerization of monomers and grafting of monomers onto polymers,  
4.1.6 Enhancement of color in gemstones and other materials,  
4.1.7 Modification of characteristics of semiconductor devices, and  
4.1.8 Research on materials effects.
Note 3: Dosimetry is required for regulated irradiation processes such as sterilization of medical devices and the treatment of food. It may be less important for other industrial processes, for example, polymer modification, which can be evaluated by changes in the physical and chemical properties of the irradiated materials.  
4.2 An irradiation process usually requires a minimum absorbed dose to achieve the intended effect. There also may be a maximum absorbed dose that the product can tolerate and still meet its functional or regulatory specifications. Dosimetry is essential to the irradiation process since it is used to determine both of these limits and to confirm that the product is routinely irradiated within these limits.  
4.3 The absorbed-dose distribution within the product depends on the overall product dimensions and mass, irradiation geometry, and source activity distribution.  
4.4 Before an irradiation facility can be used, it must be qualified to determine its effectiveness in reproducibly delivering known, controllable absorbed doses. This involves testing the pro...
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1.1 This practice outlines the installation qualification program for an irradiator and the dosimetric procedures to be followed during operational qualification, performance qualification, and routine processing in facilities that process products with ionizing radiation from radionuclide gamma sources to ensure that product has been treated within a predetermined range of absorbed dose. Other procedures related to operational qualification, performance qualification, and routine processing that may influence absorbed dose in the product are also discussed.
Note 1: Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program for adherence to good manufacturing practices used in radiation processing applications.
Note 2: ISO/ASTM Practices 51818 and 51649 describe dosimetric procedures for low and high enery electron beam facilities for radiation processing and ISO/ASTM Practice 51608 describes procedures for X-ray (bremsstrahlung) facilities for radiation processing.  
1.2 For the radiation sterilization of health care products, see ISO 11137-1. In those areas covered by ISO 11137-1, that standard takes precedence.  
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing and utilizing dosimetry in radiation processing. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ASTM Practice E2628.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization...

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ASTM ISO/ASTM51956-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of a Thermoluminescence-Dosimetry System (TLD System) for Radiation Processing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In radiation processing, TLDs are mainly used in the irradiation of blood products (see ISO/ASTM Practice 51939) and insects for sterile insect release programs (see ISO/ASTM Guide 51940). TLDs may also be used in other radiation processing applications such as the sterilization of medical products, food irradiation, modification of polymers, irradiation of electronic devices, and curing of inks, coatings and adhesives. (See ISO/ASTM Practices 51608, 51649, and 51702.)  
4.2 For radiation processing, the absorbed-dose range of interest is from 1 Gy to 100 kGy. Some TLDs can be used in applications requiring much lower absorbed doses (for example, for personnel dosimetry), but such applications are outside the scope of this practice. Examples of TLDs and applicable dose ranges are given in Table 1. Information on various types of TLDs and their applications can be found in Refs (1-10).7 (A) This table is taken from Ref (6). Ranges are approximate, and may vary with batch. Supralinearity refers to a region where the slope of the response versus dose curve is greater than that for the linear region.  
4.3 Information on other dosimetry systems used for radiation processing can be found in ICRU Report 80.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the use of thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLDs) to measure the absorbed dose in materials irradiated by photons or electrons in terms of absorbed dose to water. Thermoluminescence-dosimetry systems (TLD systems) are generally used as routine dosimetry systems.  
1.2 The thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) is classified as a type II dosimeter on the basis of the complex effect of influence quantities on the dosimeter response. See ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.  
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM 52628 “Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing” for a TLD system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM 52628.  
1.4 This practice covers the use of TLD systems under the following conditions:  
1.4.1 The absorbed-dose range is from 1 Gy to 10 kGy.  
1.4.2 The absorbed-dose rate is between 1 × 10-2 and 1 × 1010 Gy s-1.  
1.4.3 The radiation-energy range for photons and electrons is from 0.1 to 50 MeV.  
1.5 This practice does not cover measurements of absorbed dose in materials subjected to neutron irradiation.  
1.6 This practice does not cover procedures for the use of TLDs for determining absorbed dose in radiation-hardness testing of electronic devices or for clinical dosimetry. Procedures for the use of TLDs for radiation-hardness testing are given in ASTM Practice E668. Procedures for use of TLDs in clinical dosimetry are given in ISO 28057.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM ISO/ASTM51650-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of a Cellulose Triacetate Dosimetry System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The CTA dosimetry system provides a means for measuring absorbed dose based on a change in optical absorbance in the CTA dosimeter following exposure to ionizing radiation (2-10).  
4.2 CTA dosimetry systems are commonly used in industrial radiation processing, for example in the modification of polymers and sterilization of health care products.  
4.3 CTA dosimeter film can be particularly useful in absorbed dose mapping because it is available in a reel of 100 m whereby the user can cut any length of strip for use. When the CTA film is measured using a strip measurement device with a narrow distance interval (for example, 2 mm), it can provide high resolution results in a linear direction.  
4.4 CTA is used to measure relative dose such as depth dose profiles in electron beam and reference phantom tests to assess irradiator changes in gamma.  
4.5 When CTA is used as a routine monitoring dosimeter the user must take into consideration the effects of the multiple influence quantities that can affect the result and use appropriate techniques, as discussed herein, for characterizing and mitigating such influences and understanding their contribution to measurement uncertainty. Without such effort the dosimetry system may not meet the user’s requirements for dosimetric release of some types of products (for example, health care products).
SCOPE
1.1 This is a practice for using a cellulose triacetate (CTA) dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose in materials irradiated by photons or electrons in terms of absorbed dose to water. CTA is used as a routine dosimetry system or used for relative dose measurements (that is, non-traceable dose measurements).  
1.2 The CTA dosimeter is classified as a type II dosimeter on the basis of the complex effect of influence quantities on its response (see ISO/ASTM Practice 52628).  
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM 52628 “Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing” for a CTA dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM 52628.  
1.4 This practice covers the use of CTA dosimetry systems under the following conditions:  
1.4.1 The absorbed dose range is 10 kGy to 300 kGy.
Note 1: The dosimeter film irradiated to doses exceeding 200 kGy becomes brittle to some degree and must be handled with care. This may limit the practical dose range depending on the type of testing and handling required.  
1.4.2 The absorbed-dose rate range is 3 Gy/s to 4 ×1010 Gy·s (1).2  
1.4.3 The photon energy range is 0.1 to 50 MeV.  
1.4.4 The electron energy range is 0.2 to 50 MeV.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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