ASTM D1424-09(2013)e1

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation: D1424 − 09 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Tearing Strength of Fabrics by Falling-Pendulum
(Elmendorf-Type) Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1424; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—In Table A3.1, typographical errors in the Useable Test Ranges were corrected editorially in January 2015.
1. Scope D629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force
D2261 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by the
required to propagate a single-rip tear starting from a cut in a
Tongue (Single Rip) Procedure (Constant-Rate-of-
fabric and using a falling-pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) appa-
Extension Tensile Testing Machine)
ratus.
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
woven, layered blankets, napped pile, blanket, and air bag
drawn 2008)
fabrics, provided the fabric does not tear in the direction
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
crosswise to the direction of the force application during the
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
test. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated,
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and
resin-treated,orotherwisetreated.Instructionsareprovidedfor
Related Properties of Textiles
testing specimens with, or without, wetting.
D4850 Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test
Methods
1.3 This test method is suitable only for the warp direction
tests of warp-knit fabrics. It is not suited for the course D5587 Test Method for Tearing Strength of Fabrics by
Trapezoid Procedure
direction of warp knit fabrics or either direction of most other
knitted fabrics.
3. Terminology
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary
3.1 For all terminology relating to D13.59, Fabric Test
units are to be regarded as standard, but must be used
Methods, General, refer to Terminology D4850.
independently of each other. The U.S. customary units may be
approximate.
3.2 For all terminology relating to Force, Deformation and
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the Related Properties in Textiles, refer to Terminology D4848.
3.2.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- cross-machine direction, CD, length of tear, machine direction,
MD, tearing energy, tearing force, tear resistance, tearing
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
strength, fabric.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.3 For all other terminology related to textiles, refer to
2. Referenced Documents
Terminology D123.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Aslit is centrally precut in a test specimen held between
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 on Textiles
two clamps and the specimen is torn through a fixed distance.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
The resistance to tearing is in part factored into the scale
Specific.
Current edition approved July 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originally reading of the instrument and is computed from this reading
approved in 1956. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D1424 – 09. DOI:
and the pendulum capacity.
10.1520/D1424-09R13E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
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D1424 − 09 (2013)
5. Significance and Use substituted by means of calculating and displaying the required
results without the use of a pointer, such as digital display and
5.1 This test method for the determination of tearing
computer driven systems. Preferably the clamps may be air
strength by the falling pendulum type apparatus is used in the
actuated, but manual clamping is permitted.
trade for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments of
6.1.4 The test instrument should be equipped to provide
fabrics, but caution is advised since technicians may fail to get
interchangeable full scale force ranges. Typical full scale
good agreement between results on certain fabrics. Compara-
ranges are shown in Table A3.1.
tive tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be needed.
5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in 6.2 Calibration Weight(s) for graduation of 50 % of the full
reported test results when using this test method for acceptance scale force range, or other means as described by the manu-
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup- facturer of the test apparatus.
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
6.3 Cutting Diehavingessentiallytheshapeanddimensions
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Statistical assis-
shown in Fig. 1(a) or (b). Either die provides the basic
tance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a
rectangular test specimen 100 62mm(4 6 0.05 in.) long by
minimum, the two parties should take a group of test speci-
63 6 0.15 mm (2.5 6 0.005 in.) wide, along with additional
mens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a
fabricatthetopedgeofthespecimentohelpensurethebottom
lot of fabric of the type in question. The test specimens should
portion of specimen will be torn during the test. The critical
then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory
dimension of the test specimen is the distance 43.0 6 0.15 mm
for testing. The average results from the two laboratories
(1.696 0.005 in.) which is to be torn during the test.
should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and
NOTE 1—The improved die model shown in Fig. 1(a) has two new
anacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythetwopartiesbefore
features not found in the original model, Fig. 1(b), namely a cutout for the
the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be
bottom of the specimen to aid in centering it in the clamps, and (optional)
found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must
provision for cutting the 20.0 mm (0.75 in.) slit prior to inserting the
agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the
specimen in the tester. These dies can be made to order by most die
manufacturers.
known bias.
6.4 Air Pressure Regulator, capable of controlling gage air
5.2 Microprocessor systems for automatic collection of data
pressure between 410 kPa and 620 kPa (60 psi and 90 psi),
can provide economical and reliable results when properly
when applicable, for air clamps.
calibrated. See Test Methods D2261 and D5587.
6.5 Setting Gage for Cutting Blade that will provide a cut
6. Apparatus
slit that leaves a 43 6 0.15 mm (1.69 6 0.005 in.) specimen
6.1 Falling-Pendulum (Elmendorf-Type) Tester —Thetester
tearing distance for a 63 6 0.15 mm (2.5 6 0.005 in.) wide
includes: a stationary clamp, a clamp carried on a pendulum
specimen, or equivalent.
that is free to swing on a bearing, means for leveling as
6.6 Jaw Spacing Gage 2.5 6 0.25 mm (0.1 6 0.01 in.)
applicable, means for holding the pendulum in a raised
width, or equivalent.
position, means for instantly releasing the pendulum, and
6.7 Oil, light weight, non-gumming clock type.
means for measuring the force to tear the test specimen.
6.1.1 Aknife can be mounted on a stationary post for initial
6.8 Silicone Grease, when applicable, for air clamp lubri-
slitting of the specimens centered between the clamps and
cation.
adjusted in height to give a tearing distance of 43.0 6 0.15 mm
6.9 Vacuum Cleaner, when applicable, for cleaning dust and
(1.69 6 0.005 in.); that is, the distance between the end of the
fiber from sensor, or equivalent.
slit made by the knife and the upper edge of the specimen is
43.0 6 0.15 mm (1.69 6 0.005 in.) when the lower edge of the
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
63.0-mm (2.5 6 0.005 in.) wide specimen rests against the
7.1 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
bottom of the clamp.
randomly select the number of rolls or pieces of fabric directed
6.1.2 With the pendulum in its initial position ready for a
in an applicable material specification or other agreement
test, the two clamps are separated by a distance of 2.5 6 0.25
mm (0.1 6 0.01 in.) and are aligned such that the clamped
specimen lies in a plane parallel to the axis of the pendulum,
the plane making an angle of 0.480 rad (27.5 6 0.5°) with the
perpendicular line joining the axis and the horizontal line
formed by the top edges of the clamping jaws. The distance
between the axis and the top edges of the clamping jaws is
1036 0.1 mm (4.055 6 0.004 in.). The clamping surface in
each jaw is at least 25 mm (1.0 in.) wide and 15.9 6 0.1 mm
(0.625 6 0.004 in.) deep.
6.1.3 The tester may have a pointer mounted on the same
axis as the pendulum to register the tearing force, or it may be
Apparatus is commercially available. FIG. 1 Die Diagram for Cutting Notched Specimens
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D1424 − 09 (2013)
NOTE 4—For standard test apparatus, the useable portion of the full
between the purchaser and the supplier. Consider the rolls or
scale force range is 20 to 80 %. For the high capacity test instrument, the
pieces of fabric to be the primary sampling units. In the
useable portion of the full scale force range is 20 to 60 %.
absence of such an agreement, take the number of fabric rolls
8.2 When equipped with a registering sensor, examine the
or pieces specified in Table 1.
scale and the complementary sensor, as applicable. Using care
NOTE 2—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
and without touching the sensor, vacuum away any loose fibers
purchaserandsupplierrequirestakingintoaccountthevariabilitybetween
and dust.
rolls or pieces of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll
orpieceoffabrictoprovideasamplingplanwithameaningfulproducer’s
8.3 Examine the knife edge for sharpness, wear, and central
risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
alignment as directed in A1.5 – A1.7.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—For acceptance testing, take a
8.4 For air clamps, set the air gage pressure to the clamps to
swatch extending the width of the fabric and approximately 1
about 550 kPa (80 psi).
m (1 yd) along the machine direction from each roll or piece in
8.4.1 Maximum gage pressure should be no more than 620
the lot sample. For rolls of fabric, take a sample that will
kPa (90 psi) and minimum gage pressure no less than 410 kPa
exclude fabric from the outer wrap of the roll or the inner wrap
(60 psi).
around the core of the roll of fabric.
8.5 When using microprocessor automatic data gathering
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sampling unit,
systems, set the appropriate parameters as defined in the
take five specimens from the machine direction and five
manufacturer’s instructions.
specimens from the cross-machine direction, for each test
8.6 Verifythecalibrationoftheselectedpendulumfullscale
condition described in 9.1 and 9.2, as applicable to a material
force range using the procedure described in AnnexA2, unless
specification or contract order.
otherwise specified.
7.3.1 Direction of Test—Consider the long direction of the
specimen as the direction of test.
9. Conditioning
7.3.2 Cutting Test Specimens—Take the specimens to be
used for the measurement of machine direction with the longer
9.1 Condition 1, Standard Testing Conditioning:
dimension parallel to the machine direction. Take the speci-
9.1.1 Precondition the specimens by bringing them to ap-
menstobeusedforthemeasurementofthecross-machinewith
proximate moisture equilibrium in the standard atmosphere for
the longer dimension parallel to the cross-machine direction.
preconditioning textiles as directed in Practice D1776, unless
Use the cutting die described in 6.3 and shown in Fig. 1(a) or
otherwise directed in a material specification or contract order.
(b), as applicable. When specimens are to be tested wet, cut
9.1.2 After preconditioning, bring the test specimens to
from areas adjacent to the dry test specimens. Label to
moisture equilibrium for testing in the standard atmosphere for
maintain specimen identity.
testing textiles as directed in Practice D1776 or, if applicable,
7.3.2.1 In cutting the woven fabric specimens, take care to
in the specified atmosphere in which the testing is to be
align the yarns running in the short direction parallel with the
performed,unlessotherwisedirectedinamaterialspecification
die such that when the slit is cut, the subsequent tear will take
or contract order.
placebetweentheseyarnsandnotacrossthem.Thisprecaution
9.2 Condition 2, Wet Specimen Testing Conditioning:
is most important when testing bowed fabrics.
9.2.1 When desizing treatments are specified prior to wet
7.3.2.2 Cut specimens representing a broad distribution
testing, use desizing treatments that will not affect the normal
across the width and length, and preferably along the diagonal
physical property of the fabric as directed in Test Method
of the laboratory sample, and no nearer the edge than one-tenth
D629.
its width. Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or
9.2.2 Submerge the specimens in a container of distilled or
wrinkles.Avoidgettingoil,water,grease,etc.onthespecimens
deionized water at ambient temperature until thoroughly
when handling.
soaked (see 8.2.1.1).
NOTE 3—The reading obtained is directly proportional to the length of
9.2.2.1 The time of immersion must be sufficient to wet out
the material torn, therefore, it is essential that the specimen be prepared to
the specimens, as indicated by no significant change in tearing
the exact size specified.
force followed by longer periods of immersion. For most
8. Preparation of Apparatus and Calibration
fabrics this time period will be about 1 h. For fabrics not
readily wet out with water, such as those treated with water-
8.1 Select test instrument force range, such that the tear
repelle
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