ASTM E1360-90(2000)e1

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e1
Designation: E 1360 – 90 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Practice for
Specifying Color by Using the Optical Society of America
Uniform Color Scales System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1360; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Keywords were added editorially in July 2000.
INTRODUCTION
TheOpticalSocietyofAmericaUniformColorScales(OSA-UCS)weredevelopedbyacommittee
oftheOpticalSocietyofAmericaintheyearsbetween1947and1974inanefforttoprovideasystem
andasetofsamplesthatrepresenttheclosestpossibleapproximationtoequalvisualspacing(1). The
system is defined by a set of equations derived from the results of visual scaling experiments and
relatedtothe1964CIEsystem.TheOSAsamplesetconsistsof558atlassamplesthatfallatthelattice
points of a rhombohedral close-packed arrangement within the color space defined by the equations.
Theunitinthisspacingisacuboctahedron,eachcolorbeingsurroundedbytwelveequidistantnearest
neighbors. See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Fig. 3 shows a OSA-UCS lightness plane plotted on the CIE 1964
chromaticity diagram. The OSA-UCS system is described in Appendix X1.
The system is independent of the OSA-UCS atlas samples, and other groups of samples could be
chosenwithinthedefinedcolorspace;however,forthevisualdeterminationofcolorsdescribedinthis
standard the OSA set of samples is used.
1. Scope E284 Terminology of Appearance
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by
1.1 This practice provides a means for specifying the colors
Using the CIE System
of objects in terms of the Optical Society ofAmerica Uniform
E1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrophotometric Data for
Color Scales. Both computational and visual methods are
Object-Color Evaluation
included. The practice is limited to opaque objects, such as
painted surfaces, viewed in daylight by an observer having
3. Terminology
normal color vision.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 This practice does not cover the preparation of speci-
3.1.1 chromaticness, n—an attribute of a visual sensation
mens. If the preparation of specimens is required in conjunc-
combining hue and chroma; the visual correlate of the colori-
tion with this practice, a mutually agreed upon procedure shall
metric quantity chomaticity.
be established.
3.1.2 hue, n—the attribute of color perception by means of
2. Referenced Documents which an object is judged to be red, yellow, green, blue, or
intermediate between some adjacent pair of these. In the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
OSA-UCS system each hue is denoted by its angle within a
D1535 Practice for Specifying Color by the Munsell Sys-
360° circle beginning in the yellow direction on the right hand
tem
sideofthehuecircleandproceedingcounterclockwisethrough
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
the greens, blues, and reds to return to the yellow hue, 360, on
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
the+j axis.
3.1.3 OSA-UCS color system, n—Optical Society of
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E 12 on Color and America Uniform Color Scales color order system based on
Appearanceand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.07 on Color Order
equality of visual spacing, which uses the lightness scale 6L
Systems US TAG TC 187.
and the opponent-color scales 6j (yellowness-blueness) and6
Current edition approved May 25, 1990. Published August 1990.
g(greenness-redness).AcolorintheOSA-UCSsystemmaybe
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
this practice.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 1360
NOTE 1—Cuboctahedron of Fig. 1 showing a typical vertical plane ()
and a typical oblique plane (.) containing nearest-neighbor colors.
From Billmeyer, F. W., Jr., “Survey of Color Order Systems,” Color
Research and Application, Vol 12, (10). Copyright r 1987, John Wiley &
Sons.
FIG. 2 Cuboctahedron Showing Vertical and Oblique Planes
NOTE 1—CIE 1964 (x , y )-chromaticity diagram showing chroma-
10 10
ticitypoints(j,g)ofcolorsofOSAColorSystemforlightnesslevelL=0.
The chromaticity point N is that of the nominal gray (D ) in the system.
From Wyszecki, G., and Stiles, W. S., Color Science, 2nd ed., (11).
Copyrightr 1982, John Wiley & Sons.
FIG. 3 OSA L = O Plane on the CIE 1964 Chromaticity Diagram
3.1.4 OSA-UCS samples, n—current Optical Society of
America physical exemplification of the OSA-UCS color
system, consisting of 558 samples displayed in a face-centered
lattice in three-dimensional space such that each interior
samplehas12nearestneighborsatequalintervalsfromit.This
configuration is sometimes referred to as a cuboctahedral or
rhombohedral lattice.
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 The definitions in Practice D1535 and Definitions
E284 are applicable to this practice.
4. Summary of Practice
NOTE 1—Cuboctahedron showing location of L, j, and g axes through
its center and the locations and L, j, g coordinates of the center point and
4.1 Computation Method—CIE 1964 tristimulus values for
its12nearestneighbors.ThelatticeoftheOSA-UCSsystemisderivedby
standard illuminant D and the 1964 supplementary (10°)
extending this unit in all directions to the extremes of color space. In this
standard observer are obtained from spectrophotometric or
drawing horizontal nearest-neighbor planes are emphasized with heavy
colorimetric measurements. See Practice E308 and Practice
lines.FromBillmeyer,F.W.,Jr.,“SurveyofColorOrderSystems,” Color
Research and Application, Vol 12, (10). Copyright r 1987, John Wiley & E1164. Transformation equations (3) from CIE 1964 tristimu-
Sons.
lus values to OSA-UCS notations are given in Section 7, and
FIG. 1 Cuboctahedron Showing Axes and Horizontal Planes
the OSA-UCS notations and CIE specifications of the OSA
atlas samples are given in Table 1.
4.2 Visual Method—Observers must have normal color
describedbyitsL,j,gnotationorbyitslightness,L;hueangle,
vision. Specimens should be viewed on an essentially nonse-
h , and chroma, c , designation. lectivegraybackgroundof30%luminousreflectance,equiva-
OSA OSA
lent to the OSA-UCS notationL=0,j=0,g=0, abbreviated
NOTE 1—The conventional terms yellowness, greenness, blueness, and
as (0,0,0), and illuminated with natural or artificial daylight.
redness are used throughout this practice for convenience. However, this
OSA-UCS atlas samples are used as references in judging
does not imply that the j and g axes indicate the locations of the
test-specimen color.
corresponding unitary hues: The+j axis closely approximates the direc-
tion toward unitary yellow; but the+g axis divides the green and blue
5. Significance and Use
regions, the−j axis divides the blue and purple regions, and the− g axis
5.1 Notational systems that specify and identify colors have
locates pinks and magentas. It is probably best to think of j and g as
abstract symbols unassociated with color names (2). provedtobeveryuseful.Thispracticedescribeshowtoassign
E 1360
anOSA-UCSnotationtoacolorspecimen.Thisnotationgives 6.2 Daylight Illuminating Equipment, as described in Prac-
its position within the color space determined by the Optical tice D1729 or equivalent. A source simulating CIE standard
Society of America Committee on Uniform Color Scales to
illuminant D is preferred.
representtheclosestpossibleapproximationtoacolorspacein
which equal distances equate to equal visually perceived
differences. The cuboctahedral sampling fills the color space
with a more closely spaced set of samples than would a cubic
lattice or samples placed on polar coordinates.
6. Apparatus (Visual Method)
6.1 OpticalSocietyofAmericaUniformColorScales,setof
558 samples.
Available from the Optical Society ofAmerica, 2010 MassachusettsAve., NW,
Washington, DC 20036.
TABLE 1 CIE Specification for OSA-UCS Notations
OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications
L jg Y x y L jg Y x y
10 10 10 10 10 10
A: Full-Step Colors A: Full-Step Colors
−7 −3 −1 3.22 0.2588 0.2169 0 −6 10.29 0.4236 0.2940
−3 1 3.24 0.2152 0.2251 0 −4 10.83 0.3875 0.3053
0 −2 11.25 0.3511 0.3176
−1 −1 3.54 0.3113 0.2841 0 0 11.53 0.3139 0.3309
−1 1 3.59 0.2569 0.3002 0 2 11.61 0.2756 0.3455
0 4 11.45 0.2357 0.3617
1 −1 3.79 0.3783 0.3571
1 1 3.92 0.3147 0.3858 2 −8 9.49 0.5132 0.3159
2 −6 10.27 0.4751 0.3304
−6 −4 −2 4.85 0.2656 0.2044 2 −4 11.00 0.4363 0.3461
−4 0 4.89 0.2304 0.2101 2 −2 11.62 0.3968 0.3631
−4 2 4.88 0.1960 0.2164 2 0 12.04 0.3564 0.3816
2 2 12.18 0.3145 0.4023
−2 −4 5.05 0.3508 0.2471 2 4 11.97 0.2699 0.4262
−2 −2 5.22 0.3090 0.2565
−2 0 5.32 0.2665 0.2670 4 −8 9.06 0.5677 0.3432
−2 2 5.32 0.2239 0.2783 4 −6 9.97 0.5289 0.3627
4 −4 10.89 0.4883 0.3837
0 −6 4.85 0.4574 0.2841 4 −2 11.70 0.4466 0.4063
0 −4 5.24 0.4103 0.2981 4 0 12.29 0.4038 0.4310
0 −2 5.56 0.3626 0.3136 4 2 12.52 0.3592 0.4590
0 0 5.75 0.3139 0.3309 4 4 12.29 0.3110 0.4927
0 2 5.78 0.2632 0.3505
−3 −5 −1 13.44 0.2529 0.2238
2 −6 5.00 0.5240 0.3260 −5 1 13.48 0.2276 0.2287
2 −4 5.24 0.4774 0.3475 −5 3 13.45 0.2025 0.2339
2 −2 5.73 0.4249 0.3710
2 0 6.06 0.3709 0.3974 −3 −5 13.71 0.3372 0.2488
2 2 6.13 0.3139 0.4283 −3 −3 14.01 0.3088 0.2552
−3 −1 14.21 0.2802 0.2621
−5 −5 −1 6.97 0.2402 0.1997 −3 1 14.30 0.2515 0.2694
−5 1 6.99 0.2114 0.2044 −3 3 14.27 0.2224 0.2772
−5 3 6.96 0.1829 0.2095 −3 5 14.11 0.1930 0.2855
−3 −3 7.35 0.3069 0.2380 −1 −7 13.63 0.4063 0.2760
−3 −1 7.48 0.2723 0.2454 −1 −5 14.18 0.3754 0.2845
−3 1 7.52 0.2375 0.2533 −1 −3 14.64 0.3442 0.2937
−3 3 7.48 0.2027 0.2619 −1 −1 14.97 0.3126 0.3035
−1 1 15.14 0.2805 0.3140
−1 −5 7.42 0.3907 0.2740 −1 3 15.12 0.2476 0.3254
−1 −3 7.76 0.3516 0.2848 −1 5 14.89 0.2136 0.3377
−1 −1 8.00 0.3122 0.2965
−1 1 8.10 0.2720 0.3093 1 −9 12.89 0.4840 0.2981
−1 3 8.05 0.2305 0.3233 1 −7 13.71 0.4510 0.3089
1 −5 14.47 0.4176 0.3206
1 −7 6.95 0.4886 0.3026 1 −3 15.13 0.3839 0.3329
1 −5 7.53 0.4463 0.3171 1 −1 15.62 0.3496 0.3465
1 −3 8.04 0.4034 0.3329 1 1 15.90 0.3146 0.3609
1 −1 8.43 0.3596 0.3503 1 3 15.90 0.2782 0.3771
E 1360
TABLE 1 Continued
OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications
L jg Y x y L jg Y x y
10 10 10 10 10 10
1 1 8.62 0.3147 0.3695 1 5 15.57 0.2397 0.3950
1 3 8.56 0.2670 0.3916
3 −9 12.53 0.5328 0.3256
3 −7 6.67 0.5505 0.3363 3 −7 13.53 0.4984 0.3399
3 −5 7.39 0.5063 0.3568 3 −5 14.50 0.4631 0.3553
3 −3 8.08 0.4604 0.3791 3 −3 15.37 0.4272 0.3717
3 −1 8.65 0.4132 0.4035 3 −1 16.05 0.3906 0.3893
3 1 8.96 0.3646 0.4307 3 1 16.46 0.3581 0.4087
3 3 8.89 0.3127 0.4631 3 3 16.49 0.3139 0.4305
3 5 16.03 0.2716 0.4561
−4 −4 −2 10.12 0.2758 0.2303
−4 0 10.20 0.2465 0.2362 5 −7 13.07 0.5465 0.3666
−4 2 10.21 0.2172 0.2425 5 −5 14.21 0.5104 0.3863
−4 4 10.13 0.1881 0.2492 5 −3 15.28 0.4732 0.4073
5 −1 16.17 0.4349 0.4299
−2 −4 10.45 0.3435 0.2642 5 1 16.72 0.3956 0.4548
−2 −2 10.72 0.3104 0.2726 5 3 16.78 0.3543 0.4837
−2 0 10.88 0.2770 0.2818 5 5 16.20 0.3092 0.5189
−2 2 10.91 0.2430 0.2914
−2 4 10.80 0.2084 0.3022
A: Full-Step Colors A: Full-Step Colors
−2 −6 0 17.31 0.2354 0.2183 1 −9 22.22 0.4541 0.3038
−6 2 17.31 0.2133 0.2225 1 −7 23.26 0.4268 0.3129
1 −5 24.20 0.3993 0.3226
−4 −2 18.10 0.2824 0.2474 1 −3 25.00 0.3714 0.3330
−4 0 18.23 0.2574 0.2531 1 −1 25.60 0.3432 0.3439
−4 2 18.26 0.2323 0.2591 1 1 25.96 0.3145 0.3555
−4 4 18.18 0.2071 0.2655 1 3 26.02 0.2849 0.3682
1 5 25.75 0.2541 0.3820
−2 −6 18.09 0.3658 0.2683
−2 −4 18.58 0.3386 0.2754 3 −9 21.97 0.4933 0.3291
−2 −2 18.96 0.3112 0.2829 3 −7 23.24 0.4646 0.3408
−2 0 19.19 0.2836 0.2910 3 −5 24.42 0.4357 0.3529
−2 2 19.27 0.2555 0.2995 3 −3 25.46 0.4063 0.3659
−2 4 19.16 0.2268 0.3086 3 −1 26.26 0.3764 0.3797
−2 6 18.87 0.1977 0.3182 3 1 26.77 0.3459 0.3946
3 3 26.89 0.3144 0.4109
0 −10 16.86 0.4609 0.2831 3 5 26.54 0.2812 0.4292
0 −8 17.71 0.4320 0.2914
0 −6 18.50 0.4029 0.3004 5 −9 21.43 0.5332 0.3520
0 −4 19.19 0.3736 0.3099 5 −7 22.89 0.5039 0.3664
0 −2 19.73 0.3440 0.3200 5 −5 24.31 0.4738 0.3815
0 0 20.10 0.3139 0.3309 5 −3 25.58 0.4432 0.3975
0 2 20.24 0.2831 0.3426 5 −1 26.60 0.4119 0.4146
0 4 20.12 0.2512 0.3553 5 1 27.26 0.3801 0.4330
0 6 19.71 0.2180 0.3692 5 3 27.45 0.3470 0.4535
5 5 27.01 0.3119 0.4773
2 −10 16.59 0.5043 0.3094
2 −8 17.65 0.4739 0.3203 7 −9 20.62 0.5724 0.3707
2 −6 18.66 0.4430 0.3320 7 −7 22.22 0.5431 0.3883
2 −4 19.57 0.4118 0.3443 7 −5 23.82 0.5127 0.4067
2 −2 20.32 0.3801 0.3577 7 −3 25.31 0.4814 0.4261
2 0 20.84 0.3479 0.3719 7 −1 26.55 0.4493 0.4468
2 2 21.07 0.3147 0.3874 7 1 27.38 0.4165 0.4694
2 4 20.93 0.2800 0.4046 7 3 27.63 0.3823 0.4948
2 6 20.35 0.2430 0.4243 7 5 27.09 0.3460 0.5249
4 −10 16.06 0.5486 0.3328 0 −6 0 26.50 0.2457 0.2349
4 −8 17.28 0.5175 0.3468 −6 2 26.52 0.2260 0.2391
4 −6 18.50 0.4853 0.3618
4 −4 19.64 0.4525 0.3775 −4 −2 27.49 0.2872 0.2598
4 −2 20.61 0.4192 0.3942 −4 0 27.68 0.2655 0.2652
4 0 21.32 0.3851 0.4124 −4 2 27.75 0.2437 0.2708
4 2 22.65 0.3500 0.4324 −4 4 27.68 0.2217 0.2767
4 4 21.49 0.3130 0.4551
−2 −4 28.12 0.3350 0.2835
6 −10 15.33 0.5915 0.3515 −2 −2 28.58 0.3118 0.2903
6 −8 18.65 0.5608 0.3691 −2 0 28.88 0.2883 0.2974
6 −6 18.02 0.5283 0.3877 −2 2 29.00 0.2644 0.3049
6 −4 19.36 0.4948 0.4072 −2 4 28.93 0.2401 0.3128
6 −2 20.55 0.4603 0.4282
6 0 21.45 0.4250 0.4508 0 −8 27.22 0.4130 0.2972
E 1360
TABLE 1 Continued
OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications OSA Lattice Coordinates CIE Specifications
L jg Y x y L jg Y x y
10 10 10 10 10 10
6 2 21.89 0.3885 0.4758 0 −6 28.14 0.3886 0.3050
6 4 21.91 0.3498 0.5046 0 −4 28.93 0.3640 0.3131
0 −2 29.57 0.3391 0.3218
−1 −5 −1 22.61 0.2618 0.2405 0 0 30.00 0.3138 0.3310
−5 1 22.69 0.2397 0.2454 0 2 30.20 0.2882 0.3406
−5 3 22.66 0.2176 0.2504 0 4 30.13 0.2617 0.3511
0 6 29.77 0.2345 0.3622
−3 −3 23.36 0.3099 0.2670
−3 −1 23.67 0.2856 0.2734 2 −8 27.35 0.4469 0.3230
−3 1 23.81 0.2612 0.2801 2 −6 28.50 0.4212 0.3327
−3 3 23.81 0.2364 0.2871 2 −4 29.52 0.3951 0.3429
−3 5 23.64 0.2113 0.2945 2 −2 30.36 0.3688 0.3537
2 0 30.95 0.3421 0.3652
−1 −7 22.97 0.3911 0.2841 2 2 31.25 0.3147 0.3775
−1 −5 23.68 0.3652 0.2917 2 4 31.19 0.2863 0.3909
−1 −3 24.27 0.3392 0.2996 2 6 30.73 0.2567 0.4056
−1 −1 24.70 0.3129 0.3081
−1 1 24.94 0.2861 0.3171 4 −8 27.16 0.4824 0.3475
−1 3 24.96 0.2588 0.3266
−1 5 24.74 0.2308 0.3369
A: Full-Step Colors A: Full-Step Colors
4 −6 28.55 0.4555 0.3594 9
...