ASTM D3941-14
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Flash Point by the Equilibrium Method With a Closed-Cup Apparatus
Standard Test Method for Flash Point by the Equilibrium Method With a Closed-Cup Apparatus
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method, using a slow rate of heating, provides a uniform temperature throughout the specimen. The slow rate of heating is necessary because of the low thermal conductivity of some liquids such as paints, resins, and related products, and also because of the poor heat transfer by convection in high-viscosity products. Since the specimen is being heated at a reduced rate, the longer time interval between each determination is necessary to reestablish after each flash test the saturation concentration of vapor in the air space above the specimen.
Note 1: ISO 1523 is used in United Nations Recommendations for Transportation of Dangerous Goods and in the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) regulations and for similar regulations in the International Maritime Dangerous Goods (IMDG) code. Test Method D3941, which is similar to ISO 1523, is used in the United States Department of Transportation (USDOT) regulations. The ICAO and IMDG codes are used for transshipment of hazardous materials through the United States to other countries.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash point of liquids in which the specimen and the air/vapor mixture above it are approximately in temperature equilibrium.
1.2 This test method is limited to a temperature range from 0 to 110°C (32 to 230°F).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and EPA’s website, http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm, for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.5 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of material, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D3941 − 14
Standard Test Method for
Flash Point by the Equilibrium Method With a Closed-Cup
1
Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3941; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
Test Methods D56 and D93 describe procedures using the Tag Closed Tester and the Pensky-
Martens Tester, respectively. Both test methods depend on a definite rate of temperature increase to
control the precision of the test method. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the accuracy
expected because of low thermal conductivity of certain materials. To reduce this effect, ISO/TC 35,
Paints and Varnishes, and ISO/TC 28, Petroleum Products and Lubricants, have issued ISO 1523 in
which the heating rate is considerably slower. This test method is similar to ISO 1523, but uses
standard ASTM cups, style, and format. Due to the slower heating rate, the time required to make a
determination of a flash point is considerably longer than for Test Methods D56 and D93 but the
accuracy is improved.
1. Scope* to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and
should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash
fire risk of materials, products or assemblies under actual fire
point of liquids in which the specimen and the air/vapor
conditions. However, results of this test may be used as
mixture above it are approximately in temperature equilibrium.
elements of a fire risk assessment which takes into account all
1.2 This test method is limited to a temperature range from
of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire
0 to 110°C (32 to 230°F).
hazard of a particular end use.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
only.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regu-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
latory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central
nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its
2. Referenced Documents
vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Sheet (SDS) for details and EPA’s website, http://www.epa.gov/
Closed Cup Tester
mercury/faq.htm, for additional information. Users should be
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing prod-
E1137 SpecificationforIndustrialPlatinumResistanceTher-
ucts into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
mometers
1.5 This standard should be used to measure and describe
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-
the properties of material, products, or assemblies in response
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
E2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2014. Published January 2015. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D3941 – 90 (2007). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D3941-14. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3941 − 14
NOTE 2—The bath should be fitted with a cover, especially when the
2.2 ISO Standard:
specified temperature is above 160°F. At about this temperature the
ISO 1523 Paints, varnishes, petroleum, and related
inerting effect of the water vapor may prevent or delay the flashing of the
products—Determination of flash point—C
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3941 − 90 (Reapproved 2007) D3941 − 14
Standard Test Method for
Flash Point by the Equilibrium Method With a Closed-Cup
1
Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3941; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
Test Methods D56 and D93 describe procedures using the Tag Closed Tester and the Pensky-
Martens Tester, respectively. Both test methods depend on a definite rate of temperature increase to
control the precision of the test method. The rate of heating may not in all cases give the accuracy
expected because of low thermal conductivity of certain materials. To reduce this effect, ISO/TC 35,
Paints and Varnishes, and ISO/TC 28, Petroleum Products and Lubricants, have issued ISO 1523 in
which the heating rate is considerably slower. This test method is similar to ISO 1523, but uses
standard ASTM cups, style, and format. Due to the slower heating rate, the time required to make a
determination of a flash point is considerably longer than for Test Methods D56 and D93 but the
accuracy is improved.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flash point of liquids in which the specimen and the air/vapor mixture above
it are approximately in temperature equilibrium.
1.2 This test method is limited to a temperature range from 0 to 110°C (32 to 230°F).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central
nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution
should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for
details and EPA’s website, http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm, for additional information. Users should be aware that selling
mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.5 This standard should be used to measure and describe the properties of material, products, or assemblies in response to heat
and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of
materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test may be used as elements of a fire risk
assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end
use.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials.
Current edition approved June 1, 2007Dec. 15, 2014. Published June 2007January 2015. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20012007 as
D3941 – 90 (2001).(2007). DOI: 10.1520/D3941-90R07.10.1520/D3941-14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3941 − 14
D93 Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E1137 Specification for Industrial Platinum Resistance Thermometers
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision
...
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