ASTM D4158-92

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Designation: D 4158 – 92
Standard Test Method for
Abrasion Resistance of Textile Fabrics (Uniform Abrasion
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4158; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope material by rubbing against another surface.
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in these methods,
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resis-
refer to Terminology D 123.
tance to abrasion of a wide range of textile materials using the
uniform abrasion testing machine.
4. Summary of Test Method
NOTE 1—Other procedures for measuring the abrasion resistance of
4.1 Abrasive action is applied uniformly in all directions in
textile fabrics are given in: Test Methods D 3884, D 3885, D 3886,
the plane of the surface of the specimen about every point in it.
D 4157, and AATCC 93.
The settings of the machine, method of mounting specimens,
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
conditions of test (as, dry or wet), and criteria to be used in
standard; the values in English units are provided as informa-
evaluating abrasive wear in the test, depend upon the nature of
tion only and are not exact equivalents.
the specimen to be tested and the use to be made of the test
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
results. Resistance to abrasion is evaluated by various means
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
which are described in Section 12, Evaluation of Abrasion.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.1 The resistance to abrasion of textile materials is affected
by many factors in a very complex and as yet little understood
2. Referenced Documents
manner. The abrasion machine covered in this test method
2.1 ASTM Standards:
provides a very sensitive means for studying the influence of
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
the involved factors. The machine should therefore be used
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
primarily as a research instrument. The results may not only
D 3884 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
shed much needed light on this complex problem but may also
Fabrics (Rotary Platform, Double Head Method)
provide information on the effects of mechanical and chemical
D 3885 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
treatments on fibers, yarns, and fabrics, and on the influence of
Fabrics (Flexing and Abrasion Method)
variations in yarn and fabric construction on the properties of
D 3886 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
the final textile product. The results of comparative tests of the
Fabrics (Inflated Diaphragm Method)
abrasion resistance of several fabrics of similar types are often
D 4157 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Textile
very useful in the evaluation of the serviceability of fabrics for
Fabrics (Oscillatory Cylinder Method)
a specific end use. In many instances, the relative results
2.2 Other Documents:
obtained with this machine on a series of fabrics agreed well
AATCC 93, Impeller Tumble Method
with those obtained by the supplier of the fabrics, based upon
performance in end use. The experimenter, however, should be
3. Terminology
constantly on the alert for anomalous results which can be
3.1 Definitions:
attributed in most instances to uncontrolled factors in manu-
3.1.1 abrasion, n—the wearing away of any part of a
facturing or other processes. Specific instances of this type
5,6
have been described. Others may be encountered as the
This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific. Schiefer, H. F. and Krasny, J. F., “Note on the Disintegration of Wool in
Current edition approved June 15, 1992. Published August 1992. Originally Abrasion Tests,” Textile Research Journal, Vol 19, January 1950, pp. 802–809;
published as D 4158 – 82. Last previous edition D 4158 – 82. Journal of Research, Nat. Bureau Standards, Vol 44, January 1950, pp. 9–14
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. (Research Paper RP 2054).
3 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02. Shiefer, H. F., Crean, L. E. and Krasny, J. F. “Improved Single-Unit Schiefer
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, P.O. Abrasion Testing Machine,” Journal of Research, Nat. Bureau Standards, Vol 42,
Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709. May, 1949, pp. 259–269. ASTM Bulletin, No. 159, July 1949, pp. 73–78 (TP133).
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 4158
machine is used more extensively and a greater variety of
textiles have been tested. These anomalous results are fre-
quently very fruitful in the attainment of more durable and
satisfactory fabrics. As a rule they are not attributable to a
faulty operation of the testing machine or carelessness of the
operator. These results should not be discarded but should be
studied very intensively, for an understanding of the factors
which cause such anomalous results adds immeasurably to a
better understanding to this complex problem and to its more
intelligent application.
5.2 Test Method D 4158 for the determination of the abra-
sion resistance of textile fabrics, uniform abrasion method,
may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial ship-
ments of textile fabrics but caution is advised since technicians
may fail to get good agreement between results on certain
fabrics. Comparative tests as directed in 5.2.1 may be desir-
able.
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in
reported test results when using Test Method D 4158 for
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Uniform Abrasion Testing Machine
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
mounting of thick, stiff materials. For the first, a plastic
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
1 1 1
pressure foot 12.7, 25.4, 31.3, 38.1, 50.8 mm ( ⁄2,1,1 ⁄4,1 ⁄2,
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
or 2 in.) in diameter, as called for, shall be mounted at the upper
to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two
end of the specimen shaft to fix the area of the specimen to be
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test and an
abraded. A conical clamp seat fitted to the shaft rotates with it
acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before
but is free to move vertically on the shaft. A cam is provided
the testing began. If a bias is found, either its cause must be
for raising and lowering the clamp seat. The specimen clamp
found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must
shown unassembled in Fig. 3 fits on the seat (C, Fig. 3) and can
agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known
be fastened to it by merely rotating it slightly to engage the two
bias.
pins in the slots. The clamp and specimen assembly can be
6. Apparatus removed quickly for examining the specimen and measuring
the wear and returned to the machine without unclamping the
6.1 The machine, shown in Figs. 1 and 2, consists of an
specimen. When the clamp seat is lowered by turning the cam,
abrading mechanism, specimen supporting mechanism, and
the combined weight of the clamp seat and specimen clamp is
driving mechanism. Essentially, the surface of the abradant lies
suspended by the specimen over the presser foot. This places
in a plane parallel to the plane surface supporting the specimen
the specimen under constant tension throughout the test with
and presses upon the specimen. The abradant and specimen
take-up of any stretch in the specimen. Different tensions may
rotate in the same direction at very nearly but not quite the
be applied to the specimen by changing the weight of the clamp
same angular velocity (250 rpm) on noncoaxial axes which are
seat, for example, by adding auxiliary weights. For rigid
parallel to 0.0025 mm (0.0001 in.). The small difference in
mounting of thick, stiff cloths such as carpeting and felts, the
speed is to permit each part of the specimen to come in contact
specimen clamp and mounting aids shown in Fig. 4 shall be
with a different part of the abradant at each rotation.
used and the assembly screwed onto the specimen shaft in
6.1.1 The abrading mechanism consists of the abradant
place of the presser foot and specimen clamp seat (E, Fig. 2).
mounted at the lower end of a shaft, weights placed upon the
6.1.3 The driving mechanism consists of a motor-driven
upper end of the shaft to produce constant pressure between
auxiliary drive shaft connected to the abradant shaft and
abradant and specimen throughout the test, lever and cam for
specimen shaft by spur gears.
raising and lowering the abradant, shaft, and weights. A
6.1.4 The machine shall be equipped with a resettable
counterweight for balancing the abradant and abradant shaft is
counter (G, Fig. 2) to indicate the number of rotations in a test;
needed when tests are to be carried out at low pressure.
sensitive microswitch (H, Fig. 2) to stop the machine automati-
6.1.2 The specimen-supporting mechanism provides for
cally when a tension-suspended specimen is worn through;
tension mounting of thinner, more flexible materials and rigid
thickness gage (I, Fig. 2), when specified, for indicating
changes in thickness of the specimen during a test.
6.1.5 Abradant—The working surface of the abradant disk
The Schiefer machine meets these requirements and is manufactured by Frazier
Precision Co., Gaithersburg, Md. shall be sufficiently greater in diameter than the specimen
D 4158
A—Abradant.
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