ASTM D2697-86(1998)

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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D2697–86 (Reapproved 1998)
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTINGAND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA19428
Reprinted from theAnnual Book ofASTM Standards. CopyrightASTM
Standard Test Method for
Volume Nonvolatile Matter in Clear or Pigmented Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2697; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope liquid depends upon the nature of the coating tested.
1.1 This test method is believed to be applicable to the
NOTE 1—Distilled water is suitable for most paints. Exceptions are
determination of the volume of nonvolatile matter of a variety
coatings that contain ingredients that are readily leached out of the dry
film by the water and low-gloss coatings, the surface of which is poorly
of coatings.An interlaboratory study to establish the precision
wet by water even with surfactant added. (Note 2) Low-solvency
of this test method included a water-reducible exterior latex
hydrocarbon solvent (KB below 36) is also practical for most paints and
paint and three automotive coatings that included a solvent-
is preferred by some workers. It is considered to be particularly good for
reducible primer surfacer, water reducible primer surfacer,
paint films not readily wet by water. Analogously, organic solvents must
water reducible enamel topcoat, and acrylic dispersion lacquer
not be used if the coating to be tested contains ingredients that will be
topcoat. Earlier collaborative studies included a gloss enamel,
dissolved readily by the solvent. Lacquers containing monomeric plasti-
a flat wall paint, a gloss house enamel, an industrial baking cizers would be examples where hydrocarbon solvents should definitely
not be used. Coatings formulated much above the CPVC present a special
enamel, an interior latex paint, and an exterior latex paint.
problem, where mercury might be the desired “suspending” liquid (Note
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3), and for solvent-reducible paints hydrocarbon solvent might be consid-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ered the poorest (unless it is the objective to obtain values closer to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
“theoretical” spaces between pigment particles not filled with binder,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
becoming partially filled with solvent during the test).
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 2—Concentration of surfactant must be kept very low or litera-
ture values for the density of the water cannot be used.
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 3—Details of the mercury displacement techniques can be found
in the literature.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1475 Test Method for Density of Liquid Coatings, Inks, 3.2 From the measured weights and volumes of the disk
and Related Products
before and after coating, the weight and volume of the dried
D2369 Test Method for Volatile Content of Coatings coating film are calculated. Based on the density of the liquid
D3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
coating and the weight percent nonvolatile matter, the volume
Pigmented Coatings of the liquid coating deposited on the coated disk is calculated.
D3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and
The volume of the dried coating divided by the volume of
Related Materials liquid coating, multiplied by 100, provides the volume percent
nonvolatile matter in the total liquid coating.
3. Summary of Test Method
4. Significance and Use
3.1 The weight and volume of a stainless steel disk is to be
determined; after the disk is coated with the material being
4.1 This test method is intended to provide a measure of the
tested.The weight and volume of the disk plus dried coating is volume of dry coating obtainable from a given volume of
determinedbyweighinginairandthenbyweighinginaliquid
liquid coating.This value is useful for comparing the coverage
of known density. The volume being equal to the quotient of (squarefeetofsurfacecoveredataspecifieddryfilmthickness
the weight loss of the coated disk (due to the Archimedes
per unit volume) obtainable with different coating products.
buoyancyeffect)dividedbythedensityoftheliquiddisplaced. 4.2 Forvariousreasonsthevalueobtainedmaynotbeequal
The liquid may be water, organic liquid such as low-solvency
to that predicted from simple additivity of the weights and
mineral spirits or kerosine, or with special modifications not
volumes of the raw materials in a formulation. One reason is
covered specifically in this method, mercury. The choice of that the volume occupied by a solution of resin in solvent may
be the same, greater, or less than the total volume of the
separate ingredients: such contraction or expansion in resin
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.21 on Chemical Analysis of Paints and Paint Materials.
Current edition approved April 25, 1986. Published June 1986. Originally Bissey,J.E.,OffıcialDigest,FederationofPaintandVarnishProductionClubs,
published as D2697–68. Last previous edition D2697–73 (1979). Vol 35, 1963, p. 1072, andAshton, H. E., Materials Research and Standards,Vol 1,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 06.01. 1961, p. 549.
3 5
Discontinued; see l997 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 06.01. Cole, R. J., Journal, Oil Colour Chemists’ Assn., Vol. 45, 1962, p. 776.
D2697
solutions is governed by a number of factors, one of which is 6.4 Calculate the volume of the disk, G, in millilitres as
the extent and direction of spread between solubility param- follows:
eters of the resin and solvent.
G5~w 2 w !/D (1)
1 2
4.3 The spatial configuration of the pigment particles and
the degree to which the spaces between the pigment particles where:
w 5 weight of disk in air, g
arefilledwiththebinderalsoaffectthevolumeofadrycoating
w 5 weight of disk in liquid, g, and
formulation.Above the critical pigment volume concentration, 2
D 5 density of liquid at temperature of test, g/mL.
theapparentvolumeofthedryfilmissignificantlygreaterthan
theoretical due to the increase in unfilled voids between
7. Procedure
pigmentparticles.Theuseofvolumenonvolatilemattervalues
7.1 Take a representative sample of the liquid coating in
in such instances should be carefully considered as the in-
accordance with Practice D3925. Mix thoroughly before
creased volume is largely due to air trapped in these voids.
taking specimens for the individual tests.
7.2 Determine the weight nonvolatile of the liquid coating
5. Apparatus
by drying 1 h at 110° 6 5°C in accordance with Test Method
5.1 Analytical Balance.
D2369.
5.2 Steel Disk, preferably stainless steel, 2 ⁄8 in. (60 mm) in
diameterand22gage(0.65mm)inthicknesswithasmallhole
NOTE 5—Ifthismethoddoesnotapply,thent
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