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ASTM D3162-21

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometry)

Standard Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometry)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Determination of carbon monoxide is essential to evaluation of many air pollution concerns and pollution control strategies. This test method derives significance from providing such determination.  
5.2 Carbon monoxide is formed in the process of incomplete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels, and is a constituent of the exhaust of gasoline engines. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards for CO that are designed to protect the public health and welfare (3, 4).  
5.3 This test method is suitable for measurements appropriate for the purposes noted in 5.1 and 5.2.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of the carbon monoxide (CO) concentration of the atmosphere between 0.6 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm(v)) and 115 mg/m3 (100 ppm(v)). The measuring principle is based on the absorption of infrared radiation by CO in the 4.7 μm region (1).2  
1.2 The test method has a limit of detection of about 0.6 mg/m3 (0.5 ppm(v)) carbon monoxide in air.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values and units in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for additional precautions.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Oct-2021
ICS
13.040.20 - Ambient atmospheres
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.03 - Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D1356-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Sep-2020
Refers
ASTM D1356-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020

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ASTM D3162-21 - Standard Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometry)ASTM D3162-21 - Standard Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometry)
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ASTM D3162-21 - Standard Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometry)
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REDLINE ASTM D3162-21 - Standard Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometry)REDLINE ASTM D3162-21 - Standard Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometry)
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REDLINE ASTM D3162-21 - Standard Test Method for Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (Continuous Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometry)
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D3162 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (Continuous
1
Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometry)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient
Atmosphere
1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of
D1914 PracticeforConversionUnitsandFactorsRelatingto
the carbon monoxide (CO) concentration of the atmosphere
3 3 Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
between0.6mg/m (0.5ppm(v))and115mg/m (100ppm(v)).
D3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Proce-
The measuring principle is based on the absorption of infrared
2 dures
radiation by CO in the 4.7 µm region (1).
D3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric
1.2 The test method has a limit of detection of about 0.6
Pressure
3
mg/m (0.5 ppm(v)) carbon monoxide in air.
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. The values and units in parentheses are provided for Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-
4
cialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)
information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
to Terminology D1356 and Practice D3249.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
See Section 9 for additional precautions.
3.2.1 fall time, n—the time interval between initial response
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
and 90 % of final response after a step decrease in input
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
concentrations.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4. Summary of Test Method
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. 4.1 An atmospheric sample is introduced into a sample
conditioning system and then into a nondispersive infrared
spectrometer (NDIR). The spectrometer measures the absorp-
2. Referenced Documents
tionbyCOat4.7µmusingeitherasinglepathmonitorcapable
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of distinguishing between sample and reference gases, or two
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
parallel infrared beams through a sample and a reference cell
Atmospheres
and a selective detector. The detector signal is conducted to an
amplifier control section, and the analyzer output measured on
a meter and recording system (2).
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
4.1.1 Some instruments use gas filter correlation to compare
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient
the IR absorption spectrum between the measured gas and
Atmospheres and Source Emissions.
othergasespresentinthegasbeingsampled,inasinglesample
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2021. Published May 2022. Originally
approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as D3162 – 12 (2020).
cell. These instruments use a concentrated sample of CO as a
DOI: 10.1520/D3162-21.
filter for the IR transmitted through the sample cell to produce
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
a beam that cannot be further attenuated by the CO in the
the standard.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3162 − 21
sample, and thus produces the reference beam. The broadband 7. Apparatus
radiat
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D3162 − 12 (Reapproved 2020) D3162 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Carbon Monoxide in the Atmosphere (Continuous
1
Measurement by Nondispersive Infrared Spectrometry)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3162; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of the carbon monoxide (CO) concentration of the atmosphere between 0.6
3 3
mg/m (0.5 ppm(v)) and 115 mg/m (100 ppm(v)). The measuring principle is based on the absorption of infrared radiation by CO
2
in the 4.7 μm region (1).
3
1.2 The test method has a limit of detection of about 0.6 mg/m (0.5 ppm(v)) carbon monoxide in air.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values and units in parentheses are provided for information
only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for additional precautions.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
D1914 Practice for Conversion Units and Factors Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D3249 Practice for General Ambient Air Analyzer Procedures
D3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Pressure
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Specialty Chemicals
4
(Withdrawn 2009)
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres
and Source Emissions.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2020Nov. 1, 2021. Published September 2020May 2022. Originally approved in 1973. Last previous edition approved in 20122020 as
D3162 – 12.D3162 – 12 (2020). DOI: 10.1520/D3162-12R20.10.1520/D3162-21.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of the standard.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D3162 − 21
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D1356 and Practice D3249.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 fall time, n—the time interval between initial response and 90 % of final response after a step decrease in input
concentrations.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 An atmospheric sample is introduced into a sample conditioning system and then into a nondispersive infrared spectrometer
(NDIR). The spectrometer measures the absorption by CO at 4.7 μm using either a single path monitor capable of distinguishing
between sample and reference gases, or two parallel infrared beams through a sample and a reference cell and a selective detector.
The detector signal is conducted to an amplifier control section, and the analyzer output measured on a meter and recording system
(2).
4.1.1 Some instruments use gas filter correlation to compare the IR absorption spectrum between the measured gas and other gases
present in the gas being sampled, in a single sample cell. These instruments util
...

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5.1 Guidance is provided on designing model evaluation performance procedures and on the difficulties that arise in statistical evaluation of model performance caused by the stochastic nature of dispersion in the atmosphere. It is recognized there are examples in the literature where, knowingly or unknowingly, models were evaluated on their ability to describe something which they were never intended to characterize. This guide is attempting to heighten awareness, and thereby, to reduce the number of “unknowing” comparisons. A goal of this guide is to stimulate development and testing of evaluation procedures that accommodate the effects of natural variability. A technique is illustrated to provide information from which subsequent evaluation and standardization can be derived.
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5.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient air quality measurements. Public and private air monitoring interests have manifested themselves as a driving force for the deployment of air quality sensors and instruments to quantify air pollutant concentrations in communities, around schools, around industrial facilities, and elsewhere. Users of air quality sensors require information on the performance and limitations of these devices so that informed decisions regarding their suitability for various purposes can be determined. This practice describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate instrument repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift and comparability with more costly instruments typically used by entities such as government agencies. The air quality sensors are first evaluated in a laboratory chamber by comparing their response to a reference instrument and challenging the gas sensors with interferents. The sensors are then deployed outdoors for field testing at two sites with different climates against reference air quality instruments. This practice is intended to be referenced in standards and codes that establish minimum performance quality for sensor-based ambient outdoor air monitoring.  
5.2 This practice is intended for air quality sensors that measure one or more of the criteria pollutants in ambient air (ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, PM10 and PM2.5) that can be operated in outdoor environments and can log a concentration reading. It is not intended for devices or transducers that require additional enclosures for deployment outdoors or post-processing to convert their output signal into a pollutant concentration reading.  
5.3 It is anticipated that the main users of this practice will be manufacturers, developers, and distributors of outdoor air quality sensors, air quality agenc...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient outdoor air quality measurements. It describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate sensor repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift, and comparability against reference instruments.  
1.2 This practice does not apply to sensors or instruments that remotely measure atmospheric pollutants using open path, lidar, or imaging technology.  
1.3 The evaluation procedures contained in this practice are for sensors that alone or in combination measure outdoor criteria pollutants in ambient air: particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) at concentrations that are relevant to public health.  
1.4 Testing is to be performed by a competent entity able to demonstrate that it operates in conformity with internationally accepted test laboratory quality standards such as ISO/IEC 17025.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D2914-15(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sulfur Dioxide Content of the Atmosphere (West-Gaeke Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sulfur dioxide is a major air pollutant, commonly formed by the combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards (7) that are designed to protect the public health and welfare.  
5.2 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has promulgated exposure limits for sulfur dioxide in workplace atmospheres (8).  
5.3 These methods have been found satisfactory for measuring sulfur dioxide in ambient and workplace atmospheres over the ranges pertinent in 5.1 and 5.2.  
5.4 Method A has been designed to correspond to the EPA-Designated Reference Method (7) for the determination of sulfur dioxide.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the bubbler collection and colorimetric determination of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the ambient or workplace atmosphere.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable for determining SO2 over the range from approximately 25 μg/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) to 1000 μg/m3 (0.4 ppm(v)), corresponding to a solution concentration of 0.03 μg SO2/mL to 1.3 μg SO2/mL. Beer's law is followed through the working analytical range from 0.02 μg SO2/mL to 1.4 μg SO2/mL.  
1.3 The lower limit of detection is 0.075 μg SO2/mL (1),2 representing an air concentration of 25 μg SO2/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) in a 30-min sample, or 13 μg SO2/m3 (0.005 ppm(v)) in a 24-h sample.  
1.4 These test methods incorporate sampling for periods between 30 min and 24 h.  
1.5 These test methods describe the determination of the collected (impinged) samples. A Method A and a Method B are described.  
1.6 Method A is preferred over Method B, as it gives the higher sensitivity, but it has a higher blank. Manual Method B is pH-dependent, but is more suitable with spectrometers having a spectral band width greater than 20 nm.
Note 1: These test methods are applicable at concentrations below 25 μg/m3 by sampling larger volumes of air if the absorption efficiency of the particular system is first determined, as described in Annex A4.
Note 2: Concentrations higher than 1000 μg/m3 can be determined by using smaller gas volumes, larger collection volumes, or by suitable dilution of the collected sample with absorbing solution prior to analysis.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 8.3.1, Section 9, and A3.1.3.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4323-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Sulfide in the Atmosphere by Rate of Change of Reflectance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Hydrogen sulfide is an odorous substance which is offensive even at low concentrations in the atmosphere and toxic at higher levels. It may be a product of biological processes in the absence of oxygen, as may occur in municipal landfills. It is emitted from geothermal sources, occurs in oil and gas, and may be emitted from industrial processes. Measurement is required for air pollution studies, for pollution control, environmental justice based monitoring, and for plume characterization. This test method is intended for hydrogen sulfide content up to 3000 ppbv. Measurement of hydrogen sulfide above this concentration in gaseous fuels, carbon dioxide or other gaseous matrices is described in Test Method D4084. Equipment described is suitable for fixed site or for mobile monitoring.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the automatic continuous determination of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the atmosphere or in gaseous samples in the range from one part per billion by volume (1 ppb/v) to 3000 ppb/v. Information obtained may be used for air-pollution studies, fence-line monitoring, and other source emission monitoring.  
1.2 The range may be extended by appropriate dilution techniques or by equipment modification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Section 9 for specific safety precautionary statements.)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7035-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Metals and Metalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The health of workers in many industries is at risk through exposure by inhalation to toxic metals and metalloids. Industrial hygienists and other public health professionals need to determine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workers’ exposures, and this is generally achieved by making workplace air measurements. This test method has been promulgated in order to make available a standard methodology for making valid exposure measurements for a wide range of metals and metalloids that are used in industry. It will be of benefit to agencies concerned with health and safety at work; industrial hygienists and other public health professionals; analytical laboratories; industrial users of metals and metalloids and their workers, and other groups.  
5.2 This test method specifies a generic method for determination of the mass concentration of metals and metalloids in workplace air using ICP-AES.  
5.3 The analysis results can be used for the assessment of workplace exposures to metals and metalloids in workplace air.  
5.4 When sampling and analysis is carried out in accordance with this test method, the overall procedure normally satisfies the performance requirements of ISO 20581.
Note 2: Refer to Guide E1370 for guidance on the development of appropriate exposure assessment and measurement strategies.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for collection, sample preparation, and analysis of airborne particulate matter for the content of metals and metalloids using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The method is generally applicable to occupational exposure monitoring.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to personal sampling of the inhalable or respirable fraction of airborne particles and to area sampling.  
1.3 This test method should be used by analysts experienced in the use of ICP-AES, the interpretation of spectral and matrix interferences, and procedures for their correction.  
1.4 This test method specifies a number of alternative methods for preparing test solutions from samples of airborne particulate matter. One of the specified sample preparation methods is applicable to the measurement of soluble metal or metalloid compounds. Other specified methods are applicable to the measurement of total metals and metalloids.  
1.5 It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for sampling materials of untested matrices.  
1.6 The following is a non-exclusive list of metals and metalloids for which one or more of the sample dissolution methods specified in this document is applicable. However, there is insufficient information available on the effectiveness of dissolution methods for those elements in italics.    
Aluminum  
Indium  
Sodium  
Antimony  
Iron  
Strontium  
Arsenic  
Lead  
Tantalum  
Barium  
Lithium  
Tellurium  
Beryllium  
Magnesium  
Thallium  
Bismuth  
Manganese  
Tin  
Boron  
Molybdenum  
Titanium  
Cadmium  
Nickel  
Tungsten  
Calcium  
Phosphorus  
Uranium  
Cesium  
Platinum  
Vanadium  
Chromium  
Potassium  
Yttrium  
Cobalt  
Rhodium  
Zinc  
Copper  
Selenium  
Zirconium  
Hafnium  
Silver  
1.7 This test method is not applicable to the sampling of elemental mercury, or to inorganic compounds of metals and metalloids that are present in the gaseous or vapor state.  
1.8 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable ICP-AES instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument. This test method does not address comparative accuracy of different devices or the precision between instruments of the same make and model.  
1.9 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this test method.  
1.10 The values stated in S...

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