ASTM D7035-04

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D7035 – 04
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Metals and Metalloids in Airborne
Particulate Matter by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic
Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7035; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard.
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for collection,
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sample preparation, and analysis of airborne particulate matter
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
for the content of metals and metalloids using inductively
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES).
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2 The method is applicable to personal sampling of the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
inhalable or respirable fraction of airborne particles and to area
sampling.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 This method specifies a number of alternative methods
2.1 ASTM Standards:
for preparing test solutions from samples of airborne particu-
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
late matter. One of the specified sample preparation methods is
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
applicable to the measurement of soluble metal or metalloid
Atmospheres
compounds. Other specified methods are applicable to the
D4185 Practice for Measurement of Metals in Workplace
measurement of total metals and metalloids.
Atmospheres by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectropho-
1.4 The following is a non-exclusive list of metals and
tometry
metalloids for which one or more of the sample dissolution
D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
methods specified in this document is applicable. However,
D5011 Practices for Calibration of Ozone Monitors Using
there is insufficient information available on the effectiveness
Transfer Standards
of dissolution methods for those elements in italics.
D6062 Guide for Personal Samplers of Health-Related
Aluminum Indium Sodium
Aerosol Fractions
Antimony Iron Strontium
Arsenic Lead Tantalum
D6785 Test Method for Determination of Lead in Work-
Barium Lithium Tellurium
place Air Using Flame or Graphite Furnace Atomic Ab-
Beryllium Magnesium Thallium
sorption Spectrometry
Bismuth Manganese Tin
Boron Molybdenum Titanium
E882 Guide for Accountability and Quality Control in the
Cadmium Nickel Tungsten
Chemical Analysis Laboratory
Calcium Phosphorus Uranium
E1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and
Cesium Platinum Vanadium
Chromium Potassium Yttrium
Workplace Protection
Cobalt Rhodium Zinc
E1613 Test Method for Determination of Lead by Induc-
Copper Selenium Zirconium
tively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry
Hafnium Silver
(ICP-AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
1.5 The method is not applicable to the sampling of elemen-
(FAAS), or Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spec-
tal mercury, or to inorganic compounds of metals and metal-
trometry (GFAAS) Techniques
loids that are present in the gaseous or vapor state.
E1728 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples
1.6 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and
Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead
are not part of the mandatory requirements of the method.
Determination
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on
Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
mittee D22.04 on Workplace Atmospheres. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved October 1, 2004. Published October 2004. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7035-04. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7035 – 04
2.2 ISO and European Standards: 3.2.9 breathing zone—the space around a worker’s face
ISO 1042 Laboratory Glassware—One-mark Volumetric from where he or she takes his or her breath. For technical
Flasks purposes a more precise definition is as follows:Ahemisphere
ISO 3585 Glass Plant, Pipelines and Fittings—Properties of (generally accepted to be 0.3 m in radius) extending in front of
Borosilicate Glass the human face, centered on the midpoint of a line joining the
ISO 6879 Glass Plant, Pipelines and Fittings—Properties of ears;thebaseofthehemisphereisaplanethroughthisline,the
Borosilicate Glass top of the head and the larynx. The definition is not applicable
ISO 7708 Particle Size Definitions for Health-Related Sam- when respiratory protective equipment is used. EN1540
pling
3.2.10 chemical agent—any chemical element or com-
ISO 8655 Piston-Operated Volumetric Instruments (6 pound, on its own or admixed as it occurs in the natural state
parts)
or as produced, used or released including release as waste, by
ISO 12235 Chemistry—General Guidelines for Inductively any work activity, whether or not produced intentionally and
Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (2
whether or not placed on the market. EN1540
parts)
3.2.11 excitation interferences—non-spectral interferences
ISO 15202 Workplace Air—Determination of Metals and
that manifest as a change in sensitivity due to a change in
Metalloids in Airborne Particulate Matter by Inductively
inductively coupled plasma conditions when the matrix of a
Coupled PlasmaAtomic Emission Spectrometry (3 parts)
calibration or test solution is introduced into the plasma.
EN 482 Workplace Atmospheres—General Requirements
ISO15202
forthePerformanceofProceduresfortheMeasurementof
3.2.12 field blank—sampling media (for example, an air
Chemical Agents
filter) that is exposed to the same handling as field samples,
EN 1540 Workplace Atmospheres—Terminology
except that no sample is collected (that is, no air is purposely
drawn through the sampler). D6785
3. Terminology
3.2.12.1 Discussion—Analysis results from field blanks
3.1 For definitions of pertinent terms not listed here, see provide information on the analyte background level in the
Terminology D1356.
sampling media, combined with the potential contamination
3.2 Definitions: experienced by samples collected within the batch resulting
3.2.1 analytical recovery—ratio of the mass of analyte
from handling.
measured to the known mass of analyte in the sample,
3.2.13 inductively coupled plasma (ICP)—a high-
expressed as a percentage. D6785
temperature discharge generated by a flowing conductive gas,
3.2.2 area sampler—a device, not attached to a person, that
normallyargon,throughamagneticfieldinducedbyaloadcoil
is used to sample air in a particular location.
that surrounds the tubes carrying the gas. ISO15202
3.2.3 atomic emission—characteristic radiation emitted by
3.2.14 inductively coupled plasma (ICP) torch—a device
an electronically excited atomic species.
consisting of three concentric tubes, the outer two usually
3.2.3.1 Discussion—In atomic (or optical) emission spec-
made from quartz, that is used to support and introduce sample
trometry, a very high-temperature environment, such as a
into an ICP discharge. ISO15202
plasma, is used to create excited state atoms. For analytical
3.2.15 inhalable fraction—the total airborne particle mass
purposes,characteristicemissionsignalsfromelementsintheir
fraction inhaled through the nose and mouth, that is, which
excited states are then measured at specific wavelengths.
enters the respiratory system. D6062
3.2.4 axial plasma—a horizontal inductively coupled
3.2.16 injector tube—the innermost tube of an inductively
plasma that is viewed end-on (versus radially).
coupled plasma torch, usually made of quartz or ceramic
3.2.5 background correction—the process of correcting the
materials, through which the sample aerosol is introduced to
intensityatananalyticalwavelengthfortheintensityduetothe
the plasma. ISO15202
underlying spectral background of a blank. ISO15202
3.2.17 interelement correction—a spectral interference cor-
3.2.6 background equivalent concentration—the concentra-
rection technique in which emission contributions from inter-
tion of a solution that results in an emission signal of
fering elements that emit radiation at the analyte wavelength
equivalent intensity to the background emission signal at the
are subtracted from the apparent analyte emission after mea-
analytical wavelength. ISO15202
suring the interfering element concentrations at other wave-
3.2.7 batch—a group of field or quality control (QC)
lengths. ISO15202
samples that are collected or processed together at the same
3.2.18 inner (nebulizer) argon flow—the flow of argon gas
time using the same reagents and equipment. E1613
that is directed through the nebulizer and carries the sample
3.2.8 bias—consistent deviation of the results of a measure-
aerosol through the injector and into the plasma; typically 0.5
ment process from the true value of the air quality character-
L/min – 2 L/min. ISO15202
istic itself. ISO6879
3.2.19 internal standard—a non-analyte element, present in
all calibration, blank, and sample solutions, the signal from
which is used to correct for non-spectral interference or
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
improve analytical precision. ISO15202
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
3.2.20 intermediate (auxiliary) argon flow—the flow of
Available from CEN Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels,
Belgium. argongasthatiscontainedbetweentheintermediateandcenter
D7035 – 04
(injector) tubes of an inductively coupled plasma torch; typi- 3.2.32 personal sampler—a device attached to a person that
cally 0.1 L/min – 2 L/min. ISO15202 samples air in the breathing zone. EN1540
3.2.21 instrumental detection limit (IDL)—an instrumental
3.2.33 pneumatic nebulizer—a nebulizer that uses high-
measurement value that is used to provide a lower concentra-
speed gas flows to create an aerosol from a liquid.
tion limit for reporting optimum quantitative analysis data for
ISO15202
a given instrument. E1613
3.2.34 primary standard—an acceptable reference sample
3.2.21.1 Discussion—The IDL pertains to the maximum
or device used for establishing measurement of a physical
capabilityofaninstrumentandshouldnotbeconfusedwiththe
quantity, directly defined and established by some authority,
method detection limit (MDL).
against which all secondary standards are compared. D5011
3.2.22 linear dynamic range—the range of concentrations
3.2.35 radial plasma—an inductively coupled plasma that
over which the calibration curve for an analyte is linear. It
is viewed from the side (versus end-on).
extends from the detection limit to the onset of calibration
3.2.36 reference period—the specified period of time stated
curvature. ISO15202
for the exposure limit of a specific chemical agent. D6785
3.2.23 load coil—a length of metal tubing (typically cop-
3.2.36.1 Discussion—Examples of exposure limits having
per) which is wound around the end of an inductively coupled
different reference values include short-term and long-term
plasma torch and connected to the radio frequency generator.
exposure limits, such as those established by the ACGIH (2).
ISO15202
3.2.37 respirable fraction—the mass of inhaled particles
3.2.23.1 Discussion—The load coil is used to inductively
penetrating to the unciliated airways. ISO7708
couple energy from the radiofrequency generator to the plasma
3.2.38 sample dissolution—the process of obtaining a solu-
discharge.
tion containing the analyte(s) of interest from a sample. This
3.2.24 matrix interference—interference of a non-spectral
may or may not involve complete dissolution of the sample.
nature which is caused by the sample matrix. ISO15202
D6785
3.2.25 matrix matching—a technique used to minimize the
3.2.39 sample preparation—all operations carried out on a
effect of the test solution matrix on the analytical results.
sample, after transportation and storage, to prepare it for
ISO15202
analysis, including transformation of the sample into a mea-
3.2.25.1 Discussion—Matrix matching involves preparing
surable state, where necessary. D6785
calibration solutions in which the concentrations of acids and
3.2.40 sampling device; sampler—for purposes of this stan-
other major solvents and solutes are matched with those in the
dard, a device for collecting airborne particles.
test solutions.
3.2.26 measuring procedure—procedure for sampling and 3.2.40.1 Discussion—Devices used to collect airborne par-
ticles are often referred to by a number of other terms, such as
analyzing one or more chemical agents in the air, including
sampling heads, filter holders, filter cassettes, and so forth.
storage and transportation of the sample(s). ISO15202
3.2.27 method detection limit (MDL)—the minimum con- 3.2.41 sampling location—a specific area within a sampling
centration of an analyte measured in the sample matrix which
site that is subjected to sample collection. E1728
gives a mean signal of at least three times the standard
3.2.41.1 Discussion—Multiple sampling locations are com-
deviation of the mean blank signal (1).
monly designated for a single sampling site.
3.2.28 method quantitation limit (MQL)—the minimum
3.2.42 sampling site—a local geographic area that contains
concentration of an analyte that can be measured with accept-
the sampling locations. E1728
able precision, ordinarily taken to be at least ten times the
3.2.42.1 Discussion—Asamplingsiteisgenerallylimitedto
standard deviation of the mean blank signal (1).
an area that is easily covered by walking.
3.2.29 nebulizer—a device used to create an aerosol from a
3.2.43 secondary standard—anacceptablereferencesample
liquid. ISO15202
or device used for establishing measurement of a physical
3.2.30 outer (plasma) argon flow—the flow of argon gas
quantity, used as a means of comparison, but checked against
thatiscontainedbetweentheouterandintermediatetubesofan
a primary standard. D5011
inductively coupled plasma torch; typically 7 to 15 L/min.
3.2.44 spectral interference—an interference caused by the
ISO15202
emission from a species other than the analyte of interest.
3.2.31 overall uncertainty (of a measuring procedure or of
ISO15202
an instrument)—quantity used to characterize as a whole the
3.2.45 spray chamber—
...